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Barua za Paulo · Barua na wasomaji wake

Barua za Paulo zilisomwa mapema kiasi gani

Kupokelewa mapema kwa barua za Paulo huonekana barua kwa barua, kupitia mashahidi ambao aina zao tofauti za utambuzi zinapaswa kubaki na uzito tofauti wa kiushahidi.

Imeundwa na kuhaririwa na Thomas Diong · Imesasishwa

Swali la msomaji

Barua za Paulo zilijulikana mapema kiasi gani, na mashahidi wake wa mwanzo wanathibitisha nini hasa?

1 Klementi hukumbuka wazi barua ya Paulo kuhusu migawanyiko ya Korintho, ikiwa tarehe yake ya kawaida ya mwisho wa karne ya kwanza ni sahihi. Waandishi wengine wa mapema hunukuu au kuakisi barua fulani; mikusanyo ya karne ya pili na hati za mafunjo za karibu 200 BK huongeza ushahidi tofauti. Kwa pamoja huonyesha tarehe za matumizi yaliyoshuhudiwa, huku tarehe zisizo na uhakika za mashahidi na lugha inayoweza kushirikiwa vikizuia baadhi ya ulinganishi.

Barua inarudiwa huko Korintho

Katika sura ya 47 ya 1 Klementi, kanisa la Rumi huwaelekeza Wakorintho kurudia barua ya awali ya Paulo kuhusu migawanyiko yao. Paulo, Kefa na Apolo hufanya mada itambulike kuwa 1 Wakorintho 1:10–12. Hapa mwandishi humtaja Paulo na kukumbuka hoja ya barua mahususi. Ushahidi ni mahususi zaidi kuliko heshima ya jumla kwa mtume: Rumi iliijua barua na ilitarajia Korintho kuitambua.

1 Klementi kwa kawaida hupewa tarehe ya karibu 95–97 BK, ingawa mapendekezo huanzia karibu 70 hadi 140. Kwa hiyo shahidi huyo wa mapema hubeba kutokuwa na uhakika wa tarehe yake mwenyewe. Uzito wake bado ni mkubwa: barua inayotambulika ya Paulo ilikuwa ikikumbukwa kushughulikia mgogoro mwingine wa kanisa. Haimaanishi kwamba mwandishi alikuwa na barua zote kumi na tatu zinazohusishwa na Paulo kwa mapokeo, au kwamba kila kifungu kinachofanana na barua ya baadaye lazima kitokane nayo.

Nukuu, dokezo na mwangwi

Rekodi za kupokelewa kwa barua hutofautisha nukuu ya wazi, dokezo ambalo linaelekea kurejelea barua fulani, na mwangwi unaowezekana. Barua ya Ignatius kwa Waefeso, sura ya 18, hurudia kwa karibu maneno ya 1 Wakorintho 1:20 katika muktadha unaofanana pia na mjadala wake wa msalaba. Maneno yanaweza kutambulika hata bila chanzo kutajwa. Kwa kawaida barua zake hupewa tarehe ya karibu 105–117 BK, ingawa wengine huziweka baadaye.

Mwangwi unahitaji tahadhari zaidi. Barua ya Ignatius kwa Wasmirna huunganisha ukoo wa Kristo kutoka kwa Daudi na uana wa kimungu kwa lugha inayofanana na Warumi 1:3–4. Kwa kuwa Paulo mwenyewe huenda anatumia ungamo la awali hapo, Ignatius angeweza kushiriki ungamo hilo bila kuazima Warumi. Orodha ya maovu ya 1 Klementi inaelekea kudokeza Warumi, lakini orodha za aina hiyo pia zilikuwa za kawaida. Karibu 180 BK, Irenaeus huitaja Warumi wazi: uhusishaji huo hujibu swali tofauti na mfanano wa mapema wa maneno.

Katika barua yake kwa Filipi, ambayo kwa kawaida hupewa tarehe ya karibu 110–140 BK, Polikarpo wa Smirna hujumuisha misemo kuhusu fedha ambayo inaelekea inatokana na 1 Timotheo 6:7 na 6:10. Mifano inayofanana na methali huacha nafasi ya mafundisho ya pamoja. Uwezekano mkubwa kwamba aliyafahamu maneno hayo una umuhimu katika historia ya kupokelewa kwa barua. Hauwezi kuamua swali linalobishaniwa la kama Paulo aliandika 1 Timotheo.

Tofautisha mwandishi, mpokeaji na majina

Majina ya vitabu yanaweza kuficha mkanganyiko rahisi. Barua kwa Wafilipi ya Polikarpo ni shahidi wa maandishi ya Paulo, wala si Wafilipi ya Paulo mwenyewe. Vilevile, Kwa Warumi ya Ignatius ni kazi tofauti na Warumi. Kumtaja mwandishi pamoja na mahali pa wapokeaji hufanya ushahidi ubaki umefungamana na hati sahihi.

Majina ya watu yanayofanana yanahitaji uangalifu huo huo. Ignatius humtaja askofu aitwaye Onesimo karibu na maneno ambayo huenda yanaakisi Filemoni. Muunganiko huo umefanya watu wapendekeze kumtambulisha kuwa Onesimo wa barua ya Paulo. Hata hivyo, jina hilo lilikuwa la kawaida, na utambulisho huo haujathibitishwa. Mwangwi unaowezekana wa kifasihi hauwezi kugeuza watu wawili waliotajwa kuwa wasifu mmoja uliothibitishwa.

Mikusanyo huonyesha wasomaji walipokea nini

Toleo la Marcion la katikati ya karne ya pili lilikusanya barua kumi za Paulo, ikiwemo Filemoni, huku likiacha 1 Timotheo, 2 Timotheo na Tito. Toleo limepotea; yaliyomo yanajulikana kupitia wapinzani, hasa Tertullian aliyeandika mwanzoni mwa karne ya tatu. Asili ya taarifa yake kama ya mpinzani inapaswa kuendelea kuonekana katika maelezo yoyote ya Marcion alipokea au kubadili nini.

Kipande cha Muratori hukubali barua kumi na tatu kwa jina la Paulo. Kwa kawaida hupewa tarehe ya karibu 170–200 BK, lakini baadhi ya wasomi hukipa tarehe ya karne ya nne. Hizi ni rekodi za mikusanyo iliyokubaliwa katika tarehe zao tofauti, ambazo wakati mwingine zinabishaniwa. Kuacha kwa Marcion pekee hakuwezi kuzipa tarehe Barua za Kichungaji: kuzikataa, kutozijua na kutungwa baadaye hubaki maelezo yanayopendekezwa. Vilevile, orodha kuhusisha barua na Paulo hurekodi uamuzi kuhusu uandishi badala ya kuutolea uamuzi wa mwisho.

Nakala iliyosalia ni shahidi mwingine

Hati ya mafunjo 46, ambayo kwa kawaida hupewa tarehe ya karibu 200 BK kwa kuzingatia mwandiko wake, huhifadhi mkusanyo mkubwa wa barua za Paulo. Huiweka Waebrania baada ya Warumi. Mpangilio huo huonyesha jinsi maandishi hayo yalivyowekwa pamoja na watumiaji wa kitabu hicho; hauwezi kuthibitisha nani aliandika Waebrania. Kurasa za mwisho zilizopotea pia huzuia uhakika kuhusu kama kitabu hicho kiliwahi kuwa na Filemoni au Barua za Kichungaji.

Filemoni huonyesha tofauti kati ya kupokelewa katika maandishi na kusalia kwa nakala halisi. Ushahidi wake wa mapema ulio imara zaidi wa kupokelewa ni mkusanyo wa Marcion, kama ulivyoripotiwa baadaye na Tertullian. Hati yake ya kale zaidi inayojulikana, hati ya mafunjo 87, hupewa tarehe ya karne ya tatu kwa kuzingatia mwandiko wake. Kipande hicho hushuhudia kunakiliwa kwake kufikia wakati huo, badala ya kuweka tarehe ya kutungwa kwa barua. Kutofautisha mifuatano hiyo miwili ya wakati hufanya kila shahidi achangie anachohifadhi hasa.

Vitabu na vyanzo vilivyotumika

  1. Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 3.2 Angalia chanzo
  2. Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 9.1 Angalia chanzo
  3. Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 9.2 Angalia chanzo
  4. Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 11.2 Angalia chanzo
  5. Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 11.3 Angalia chanzo
  6. Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 12.1 Angalia chanzo
  7. Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 13.2 Angalia chanzo
  8. Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — AH 3.3.4 (Polycarp's letter) Angalia chanzo
  9. Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — AH 3.3.4 (Polycarp and Marcion) Angalia chanzo
  10. Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 5.6 Angalia chanzo
  11. Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 5.7 Angalia chanzo
  12. Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 5.1 Angalia chanzo
  13. Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot) — 1 Clem. 5.2 Angalia chanzo
  14. Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 47.1-3 Angalia chanzo
  15. Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 6.1 Angalia chanzo
  16. Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 1.1 Angalia chanzo
  17. Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. inscription (salutation) Angalia chanzo
  18. J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 2 — Note on 1 Clem. 5 ('the extreme west'), p. 30 Angalia chanzo
  19. J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 2 — Note on 1 Clem. 5 ('the extreme west'), p. 31 Angalia chanzo
  20. J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 2 — Note on 1 Clem. 5 ('seven times'), p. 29 Angalia chanzo
  21. J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 1 — Part I, vol. 1, p. 27 Angalia chanzo
  22. J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 1 — Part I, vol. 1, p. 118 (Alexandrian MS) Angalia chanzo
  23. J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 1 — Part I, vol. 1, p. 122 (Constantinople MS) Angalia chanzo
  24. Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — AH 3.3.3 Angalia chanzo
  25. Anonymous, Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — §2 in ANF numbering (on Acts) Angalia chanzo
  26. Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Kurzgefasste Liste: GA 02 (Codex Alexandrinus) — docID 20002 (GA 02; London, British Library, Royal 1 D.VIII; 5th century) Angalia chanzo
  27. Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Ephesians (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Eph. 12.2 Angalia chanzo
  28. Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Romans (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Rom. 4.3 Angalia chanzo
  29. Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Romans (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Rom. 9.2 (echo of 1 Cor 15:8-9) Angalia chanzo
  30. Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Ephesians (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Eph. 18.1 (echo of 1 Cor 1:18-20; 4:13) Angalia chanzo
  31. Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Smyrnaeans (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Smyrn. 3.3 Angalia chanzo
  32. Polycarp of Smyrna, Epistle to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Pol. Phil. 13.2 Angalia chanzo
  33. Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — Haer. 5.28.4 (quoting Ign. Rom. 4.1) Angalia chanzo
  34. Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 3, on Philemon, Titus and Timothy (ANF 5:603) Angalia chanzo
  35. Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 3, on Laodiceans and Alexandrians (ANF 5:603) Angalia chanzo
  36. Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 2, on Acts and Theophilus (ANF 5:603) Angalia chanzo
  37. Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 2, on Peter's passion and Paul's journey to Spain (ANF 5:603) Angalia chanzo
  38. Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 4 (ANF 5:604) Angalia chanzo
  39. ANF vol. 5 editors (editorial headnote), Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5, note to 'Canon Muratorianus' — ANF 5:603, headnote (CCEL note 4977) Angalia chanzo
  40. Tertullian, Against Marcion, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3 (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21 Angalia chanzo
  41. Tertullian, Against Marcion, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3 (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.17 Angalia chanzo
  42. Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments (INTF NTVMR, page-level record) — Gregory-Aland P46 (INTF docID 10046) Angalia chanzo
  43. Chester Beatty online exhibition page: New Testament (label for the Pauline Epistles leaf) — CBL BP II f.61 Angalia chanzo
  44. CSNTM manuscript record: P46 — GA P46 Angalia chanzo
  45. INTF NTVMR transcription of P46 — P46 folio 20r Angalia chanzo
  46. INTF NTVMR transcription of P46 — P46 folio 21v Angalia chanzo
  47. INTF NTVMR transcription of P46 — P46 folio 75r Angalia chanzo
  48. Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 Angalia chanzo
  49. Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 Angalia chanzo
  50. Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.17.1 Angalia chanzo
  51. Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.11.12 Angalia chanzo
  52. Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.13.4 Angalia chanzo
  53. Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 1.19.2 Angalia chanzo
  54. Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 1.15 Angalia chanzo
  55. Irenaeus, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — Haer. 1.27.2 Angalia chanzo
  56. Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Muratorian Fragment, sec. 3 (ANF 5 numbering) Angalia chanzo
  57. Polycarp, Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Phil. 4.1 Angalia chanzo
  58. INTF NTVMR transcription of P46 — P46 folio 75r Angalia chanzo
  59. Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Kurzgefasste Liste (INTF NTVMR): manuscript record P87 — P87 (docID 10087) Angalia chanzo
  60. Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, INTF transcription of P87, folio 1r — P87 f. 1r (Phlm 13-15) Angalia chanzo
  61. Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, INTF transcription of P87, folio 1v — P87 f. 1v (Phlm 24-25) Angalia chanzo
  62. Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Kurzgefasste Liste (INTF NTVMR): manuscript record P139 — P139 (docID 10139) Angalia chanzo
  63. Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Kurzgefasste Liste (INTF NTVMR): manuscript record 01 (Codex Sinaiticus) — 01 (docID 20001) Angalia chanzo
  64. Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Kurzgefasste Liste (INTF NTVMR): manuscript record P46 — P46 (docID 10046) Angalia chanzo
  65. CSNTM manuscript catalogue: GA P87 — GA P87 Angalia chanzo
  66. Tertullian, Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3) (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21 Angalia chanzo
  67. Clement of Rome (traditional attribution), 1 Clement (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — 1 Clem. 35.6 Angalia chanzo
  68. Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Smyrnaeans (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Smyrn. 1.1 Angalia chanzo
  69. Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Phil. 6.2 Angalia chanzo
  70. Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.13 Angalia chanzo
  71. Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — Haer. 3.16.3 Angalia chanzo
  72. Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 3, on Paul's letters to seven churches Angalia chanzo
  73. CSNTM manuscript record: P46 — GA P46 Angalia chanzo
  74. Clement of Rome, The Epistle of S. Clement to the Corinthians (Lightfoot, Apostolic Fathers Part I, vol. 2) (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 47.1-3 Angalia chanzo
  75. Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Ephesians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Ign. Eph. 18.1 Angalia chanzo
  76. Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Romans (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Ign. Rom. 9.2 Angalia chanzo
  77. Polycarp, Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Pol. Phil. 11.2 Angalia chanzo
  78. Tertullian, Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3) (P. Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.10 Angalia chanzo
  79. Irenaeus, Against Heresies (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 1) (A. Roberts and W. H. Rambaut, 1885) — Haer. 4.27.3 Angalia chanzo
  80. Muratorian Fragment (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Muratorian Fragment, section 3 (ANF 5 numbering) Angalia chanzo
  81. CSNTM manuscript record, Gregory-Aland P46 — GA P46 (Dublin, CBL BP II) Angalia chanzo
  82. Clement of Rome (traditional attribution), 1 Clement (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — 1 Clem. 61.2 Angalia chanzo
  83. Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to Polycarp (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Pol. 3.1 Angalia chanzo
  84. Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Phil. 4.1 Angalia chanzo
  85. Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 3, on Philemon, Titus and Timothy (ANF 5:603) Angalia chanzo
  86. Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — AH 1, preface 1 Angalia chanzo
  87. Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Münster, Kurzgefasste Liste (NTVMR), P133 — Gregory-Aland P133 (INTF docID 10133) Angalia chanzo
  88. Tertullian, Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3) (Peter Holmes, 1885) — 5.21 Angalia chanzo
  89. Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Ephesians (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Eph. 2.1-2 Angalia chanzo
  90. Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 (Marcion's Apostolicon) Angalia chanzo
  91. Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Muratorian Fragment, sec. 3 (ANF 5 numbering) Angalia chanzo
  92. Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts, CSNTM manuscript catalogue: GA P87 — GA P87 (3rd century; Köln, Institut für Altertumskunde, Inv. Nr. 12) Angalia chanzo
  93. Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 (Philemon's brevity) Angalia chanzo

Rejelea ukurasa huu

Thomas Diong. “Barua za Paulo zilisomwa mapema kiasi gani.” Barua za Paulo · Pauline Letters. Imesasishwa 2026-10-23. https://paulineletters.com/sw/explore/articles/how-early-pauls-letters-were-read

BibTeX
@online{paulineletters-sw-articles-how-early-pauls-letters-were-read,
  author = {Diong, Thomas},
  title = {Barua za Paulo zilisomwa mapema kiasi gani},
  organization = {Barua za Paulo · Pauline Letters},
  date = {2026-10-23},
  url = {https://paulineletters.com/sw/explore/articles/how-early-pauls-letters-were-read},
  langid = {sw}
}
RIS
TY  - ELEC
TI  - Barua za Paulo zilisomwa mapema kiasi gani
AU  - Diong, Thomas
T2  - Barua za Paulo · Pauline Letters
DA  - 2026/10/23
UR  - https://paulineletters.com/sw/explore/articles/how-early-pauls-letters-were-read
LA  - sw
ER  -
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