--- title: "保羅的書信最早何時被閱讀？" canonical: "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hant/explore/articles/how-early-pauls-letters-were-read" published: "2026-10-23" updated: "2026-10-23" language: "zh-Hant" license: "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hant/explore/license" source: "保羅書信 · Pauline Letters" --- # 保羅的書信最早何時被閱讀？ > 保羅書信的早期接受情況，透過不同見證逐封浮現；這些見證以不同方式顯示書信曾為人所知，應保留各自不同的證據分量。 **保羅的書信最早何時已為人所知？最早的見證究竟能確立甚麼？** 按《革利免一書》通常採用的一世紀末定年，它明確重提保羅論哥林多分黨的書信。其他早期作者引用或呼應個別書信；二世紀的書信集和約公元200年的蒲草紙，補充了不同的證據。這些資料合起來，提供了可證實使用書信的年代；但見證本身的年代不確定，以及可能共享的用語，限制了部分比較。 ## 在哥林多再次被拿起的書信 《革利免一書》第47章中，羅馬教會引導哥林多信徒，回到保羅先前論他們分黨的書信。保羅、磯法和亞波羅這些名字，讓人可以辨認所談的是《哥林多前書》1:10–12。這裡的作者指名保羅，並重提一封特定書信的論點。這項證據比泛泛稱頌一位使徒更具體：羅馬教會知道這封信，並預期哥林多教會也能辨認它。 《革利免一書》通常定於約公元95–97年，但提議的年代範圍由約70年至140年。因此，這項早期見證也帶着本身年代的不確定性。它仍有相當分量：一封可辨認的保羅書信，正被重提以處理另一場教會爭端。但不能由此推論，作者擁有傳統上歸於保羅的全部十三封書信，也不能推論每段與較晚書信相似的文字，都必定取材自那封信。 ## 引文、暗引與呼應 接受史紀錄區分明確引文、很可能的暗引和可能的呼應。伊格那丟致以弗所人的書信第18章，十分貼近地重現《哥林多前書》1:20的措辭，上下文也與該信論十字架的部分相似。即使沒有指名來源，文字仍可能可辨認。他的書信慣常定於約公元105–117年，但有人把年代放得更晚。 呼應需要更多克制。伊格那丟致士每拿人的書信，把基督出自大衛的血統，與神之子的身分並列，措辭近似《羅馬書》1:3–4。由於保羅自己在那裡也可能使用較早的信仰宣認，伊格那丟也可能沿用同一宣認，而不必取材自《羅馬書》。《革利免一書》的惡行清單很可能暗引《羅馬書》，但這類清單也很常見。約公元180年，愛任紐明確指名《羅馬書》：這種作者歸屬所回答的問題，與較早的措辭相似並不相同。 士每拿的坡旅甲在致腓立比的書信中，寫下了關於金錢的格言，很可能取材自《提摩太前書》6:7及6:10；這封信通常定於約公元110–140年。相近的諺語，留下共享教導的可能。他很可能熟悉那些措辭，這對接受史很重要，卻不能決定保羅是否寫了《提摩太前書》這個有爭議的問題。 ## 分清作者、收信人與姓名 書名容易引起混淆。坡旅甲的《致腓立比信徒書》是保羅作品的見證，並非保羅自己的《腓立比書》。同樣，伊格那丟的《致羅馬人書》，與《羅馬書》是不同作品。把作者與收信對象一起寫明，能讓證據緊扣正確的文獻。 相同的人名也需要同樣小心分辨。伊格那丟提到一位名叫阿尼西謀的主教，前後的措辭可能呼應《腓利門書》。這個組合促使人提出，他可能就是保羅書信中的阿尼西謀。不過，這個名字當時很常見，身分對應仍未獲證明。一處可能的文學呼應，不能把兩個具名人物合併成同一人，並當作已確立的生平來敘述。 ## 書信集顯示讀者接受了甚麼 馬吉安於二世紀中葉的版本，收集了十封保羅書信，包括《腓利門書》，卻沒有《提摩太前書》、《提摩太後書》和《提多書》。這個版本已散佚；其內容是透過反對者而得知，尤其是三世紀初寫作的特土良。任何關於馬吉安接受或改動了甚麼的敘述，都應明示特土良的記述帶有敵意。 穆拉多利殘篇將十三封書信列為保羅的作品。它通常定於約公元170–200年，但一些學者把它放在四世紀。這些紀錄顯示，在各自有時仍有爭議的年代，哪些書信集獲得接受。單憑馬吉安的省略，不能為教牧書信定年：拒絕接受、不知其存在，以及較晚才寫成，仍是人們提出的解釋。同樣，一份書目把作品歸於保羅，記錄的是一項關於作者的判斷，並非解決了作者問題。 ## 存世抄本是另一種見證 蒲草紙46號（Papyrus 46）通常按筆跡定於約公元200年，保存了一部內容廣泛的保羅書信集。它把《希伯來書》放在《羅馬書》之後。這種編排顯示，冊式抄本的使用者如何把那些作品歸組，卻不能確立誰寫了《希伯來書》。末尾書葉散佚，也令人無法確定這份冊式抄本原來是否收有《腓利門書》或教牧書信。 《腓利門書》說明文獻中的接受情況與實物存世之間的分別。它最早的確實接受證據，是後來由特土良記載的馬吉安書信集。它已知最古老的抄本，蒲草紙87號（Papyrus 87），按筆跡定於三世紀。這塊殘片證實，到那時已有抄寫，卻不會因此確定書信的成書日期。把這兩條時間線分開，才能讓每項見證提供它實際保存的資訊。 ## 參考書目與資料來源 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 3.2 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 9.1 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 9.2 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 11.2 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 11.3 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 12.1 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 13.2 - Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — AH 3.3.4 (Polycarp's letter) - Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — AH 3.3.4 (Polycarp and Marcion) - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 5.6 - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 5.7 - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 5.1 - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot) — 1 Clem. 5.2 - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 47.1-3 - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 6.1 - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 1.1 - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. inscription (salutation) - J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 2 — Note on 1 Clem. 5 ('the extreme west'), p. 30 - J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 2 — Note on 1 Clem. 5 ('the extreme west'), p. 31 - J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 2 — Note on 1 Clem. 5 ('seven times'), p. 29 - J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 1 — Part I, vol. 1, p. 27 - J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 1 — Part I, vol. 1, p. 118 (Alexandrian MS) - J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 1 — Part I, vol. 1, p. 122 (Constantinople MS) - Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — AH 3.3.3 - Anonymous, Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — §2 in ANF numbering (on Acts) - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Kurzgefasste Liste: GA 02 (Codex Alexandrinus) — docID 20002 (GA 02; London, British Library, Royal 1 D.VIII; 5th century) - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Ephesians (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Eph. 12.2 - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Romans (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Rom. 4.3 - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Romans (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Rom. 9.2 (echo of 1 Cor 15:8-9) - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Ephesians (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Eph. 18.1 (echo of 1 Cor 1:18-20; 4:13) - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Smyrnaeans (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Smyrn. 3.3 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Epistle to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Pol. Phil. 13.2 - Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — Haer. 5.28.4 (quoting Ign. Rom. 4.1) - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 3, on Philemon, Titus and Timothy (ANF 5:603) - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 3, on Laodiceans and Alexandrians (ANF 5:603) - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 2, on Acts and Theophilus (ANF 5:603) - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 2, on Peter's passion and Paul's journey to Spain (ANF 5:603) - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 4 (ANF 5:604) - ANF vol. 5 editors (editorial headnote), Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5, note to 'Canon Muratorianus' — ANF 5:603, headnote (CCEL note 4977) - Tertullian, Against Marcion, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3 (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21 - Tertullian, Against Marcion, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3 (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.17 - Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments (INTF NTVMR, page-level record) — Gregory-Aland P46 (INTF docID 10046) - Chester Beatty online exhibition page: New Testament (label for the Pauline Epistles leaf) — CBL BP II f.61 - CSNTM manuscript record: P46 — GA P46 - INTF NTVMR transcription of P46 — P46 folio 20r - INTF NTVMR transcription of P46 — P46 folio 21v - INTF NTVMR transcription of P46 — P46 folio 75r - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.17.1 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.11.12 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.13.4 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 1.19.2 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 1.15 - Irenaeus, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — Haer. 1.27.2 - Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Muratorian Fragment, sec. 3 (ANF 5 numbering) - Polycarp, Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Phil. 4.1 - INTF NTVMR transcription of P46 — P46 folio 75r - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Kurzgefasste Liste (INTF NTVMR): manuscript record P87 — P87 (docID 10087) - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, INTF transcription of P87, folio 1r — P87 f. 1r (Phlm 13-15) - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, INTF transcription of P87, folio 1v — P87 f. 1v (Phlm 24-25) - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Kurzgefasste Liste (INTF NTVMR): manuscript record P139 — P139 (docID 10139) - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Kurzgefasste Liste (INTF NTVMR): manuscript record 01 (Codex Sinaiticus) — 01 (docID 20001) - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Kurzgefasste Liste (INTF NTVMR): manuscript record P46 — P46 (docID 10046) - CSNTM manuscript catalogue: GA P87 — GA P87 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3) (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21 - Clement of Rome (traditional attribution), 1 Clement (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — 1 Clem. 35.6 - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Smyrnaeans (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Smyrn. 1.1 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Phil. 6.2 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.13 - Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — Haer. 3.16.3 - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 3, on Paul's letters to seven churches - CSNTM manuscript record: P46 — GA P46 - Clement of Rome, The Epistle of S. Clement to the Corinthians (Lightfoot, Apostolic Fathers Part I, vol. 2) (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 47.1-3 - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Ephesians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Ign. Eph. 18.1 - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Romans (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Ign. Rom. 9.2 - Polycarp, Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Pol. Phil. 11.2 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3) (P. Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.10 - Irenaeus, Against Heresies (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 1) (A. Roberts and W. H. Rambaut, 1885) — Haer. 4.27.3 - Muratorian Fragment (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Muratorian Fragment, section 3 (ANF 5 numbering) - CSNTM manuscript record, Gregory-Aland P46 — GA P46 (Dublin, CBL BP II) - Clement of Rome (traditional attribution), 1 Clement (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — 1 Clem. 61.2 - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to Polycarp (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Pol. 3.1 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Phil. 4.1 - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 3, on Philemon, Titus and Timothy (ANF 5:603) - Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — AH 1, preface 1 - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Münster, Kurzgefasste Liste (NTVMR), P133 — Gregory-Aland P133 (INTF docID 10133) - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3) (Peter Holmes, 1885) — 5.21 - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Ephesians (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Eph. 2.1-2 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 (Marcion's Apostolicon) - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Muratorian Fragment, sec. 3 (ANF 5 numbering) - Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts, CSNTM manuscript catalogue: GA P87 — GA P87 (3rd century; Köln, Institut für Altertumskunde, Inv. Nr. 12) - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 (Philemon's brevity) --- 規範網址: https://paulineletters.com/zh-hant/explore/articles/how-early-pauls-letters-were-read