{ "$schema": "https://paulineletters.com/data/agent/commons/v1/letter-reception.schema.json", "schemaVersion": "1.0", "version": "1.0.0", "dataset": "letter-reception", "locale": "zh-Hant", "title": "保羅的每封書信多早為人所知", "description": "就十三封書信中的每一封，列出最早指名、引用或呼應它的作者，以及最早的抄本，並由明確指名到可能的回響分級。", "method": "收錄約公元200年以前的見證和最早的抄本，先起草，再以公有領域的譯本和INTF Liste獨立核實。分級刻意從嚴，因為共同的短語可能來自基督徒的日常用語。", "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "attribution": "Pauline Letters — https://paulineletters.com", "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hant/data/agent/commons/v1/letter-reception.json", "scripture": "References only. No Bible translation text is included; cite the reference and read it in a licensed or public-domain edition.", "letterCount": 13, "records": [ { "letterId": "romans", "summary": "愛任紐約於公元180年指名羅馬書為保羅所寫；馬吉安於二世紀中葉的版本（見於特土良帶敵意的記述）收有一個刪短了的文本。《革利免一書》（一般定於約96年）與坡旅甲很可能借用了它的措辭；伊格那丟的一處平行文句或許反映一段共同的信經。177年一封高盧教會的書信引用了它，但沒有指名。按筆跡定於約公元200年的P46是最早的抄本。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 70, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "probable-allusion", "locator": "1 Clement 35.5-6", "source": { "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot", "author": "Clement of Rome (traditional attribution)", "work": "1 Clement", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "1 Clem. 35.6", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "For they that do these things are hateful to God; and not only they that do them, but they also that consent unto them.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《革利免一書》（羅馬教會致哥林多）", "date": "約公元95-97年（各家提議約70-140年）", "note": "書中的惡行清單與羅馬書1:29-32有共同的用詞，包括背後說人和恨神，也同樣不但譴責行這些事的人，也譴責贊同的人。它寫於羅馬，正是羅馬書的寄達地；但惡行清單屬常見格式，仍有巧合的餘地。" }, { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 150, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "Ignatius, Smyrnaeans 1.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Smyrnaeans", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer", "year": "1891", "locator": "Smyrn. 1.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-smyrnaeans-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "fully persuaded as touching our Lord that He is truly of the race of David according to the flesh, but Son of God by the Divine will and power", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丟，《致士每拿人書》", "date": "約公元105-117年（有人主張140年代）", "note": "稱基督按肉身是大衛的後裔，卻按神的大能是神的兒子，這正是羅馬書1:3-4中的配對。許多人認為保羅在那裡改編了一段更早的信經，所以伊格那丟呼應的可能是那共同的程式，而不是這封書信。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "probable-allusion", "locator": "Polycarp, Philippians 6.2", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp of Smyrna", "work": "Letter to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Phil. 6.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "for we are before the eyes of our Lord and God, and we must all stand at the judgment-seat of Christ, and each man must give an account of himself.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "士每拿的坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒書》", "date": "約公元110-140年", "note": "把站在基督審判台前與各人為自己交賬連在一起，與羅馬書14:10-12相同。哥林多後書5:10也有審判台這說法，而坡旅甲沒有指明出處，所以仍可能是混合的記憶或常見的說法。" }, { "dateFrom": 138, "dateTo": 161, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Tertullian, Against Marcion 5.13-14", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion", "translator": "Peter Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.13", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "But what serious gaps Marcion has made in this epistle especially, by withdrawing whole passages at his will, will be clear from the unmutilated text of our own copy.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "馬吉安的Apostolikon，據特土良記述", "date": "馬吉安活躍於約公元138-161年；特土良約自207年起著述", "note": "特土良把羅馬書列為馬吉安十卷書信版本中的第四封，在加拉太書和哥林多前書、哥林多後書之後。他說馬吉安刪去了整段經文，而他的討論止於羅馬書14:10。這個版本只見於帶敵意的記述，其確切內容並不確定。" }, { "dateFrom": 177, "dateTo": 178, "grade": "clear-quotation", "locator": "Eusebius, Church History 5.1.6", "source": { "sourceKey": "eusebius-history-mcgiffert", "author": "Eusebius (quoting the churches of Vienne and Lyons)", "work": "Church History", "translator": "Arthur Cushman McGiffert", "year": "1890", "locator": "HE 5.1.6", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250105.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "regarding their great sufferings as little, they hastened to Christ, manifesting truly that 'the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be revealed to us afterward.'", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "維埃納與里昂眾教會的書信", "date": "約公元177-178年（由優西比烏保存，4世紀初）", "note": "書信描述高盧的殉道者，幾乎逐字重述羅馬書8:18，卻沒有指名保羅。優西比烏說他所錄的是眾教會自己的話，並把這場逼迫定於安東尼·維魯斯（即馬爾庫斯·奧勒留）在位第十七年（公元177年）。" }, { "dateFrom": 176, "dateTo": 189, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Irenaeus, Against Heresies 3.16.3", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus of Lyons", "work": "Against Heresies", "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Haer. 3.16.3", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103316.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Paul, when writing to the Romans, has explained this very point", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "里昂的愛任紐，《駁異端》", "date": "約公元180年", "note": "說保羅寫信給羅馬人時，表明了耶穌與基督是同一位，接著引用羅馬書1:1-4和羅馬書9:5，並在3.16.9再次指名這封書信。第3卷寫於埃留特里烏擔任羅馬主教期間。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 400, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Muratorian Fragment, section on Paul's letters", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "author": "Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment)", "work": "Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius)", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3, on Paul's letters to seven churches", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "writes to no more than seven churches by name, in this order: the first to the Corinthians, the second to the Ephesians, the third to the Philippians, the fourth to the Colossians, the fifth to the Galatians, the sixth to the Thessalonians, the seventh to the Romans.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《穆拉多利殘篇》", "date": "大概約公元170-200年；少數人定於4世紀", "note": "把羅馬書列在保羅寫給七個教會的書信之中，說他寫這信是論到舊約聖經的準則，而基督是其首要主題。一般根據它提到黑馬不久前在庇護任內寫作而定年；有人把它置於第四世紀。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 250, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "Gregory-Aland P46 (INTF Liste docID 10046)", "source": { "sourceKey": "csntm", "work": "CSNTM manuscript record: P46", "locator": "GA P46", "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "蒲草紙46號（P46）", "date": "按筆跡約公元200年（CSNTM：2世紀末或3世紀初；INTF：3世紀初）", "note": "一般被判定為羅馬書最早的抄本，羅馬書在其書信次序中排第一。羅馬書5:17之前的書頁，以及涵蓋羅馬書6:14-8:15大部分內容的兩頁，都已佚失。它把頌讚辭（按WEB編號為羅馬書14:24-26）放在羅馬書15:33之後。年代僅按筆跡判定。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hant/explore/evidence#reception-romans" }, { "letterId": "1-corinthians", "summary": "哥林多前書很早已有見證：一般定於約公元96年的《革利免一書》吩咐哥林多拿起保羅論他們分黨的那封信，這大概是任何一封保羅書信最早被指名的例子。伊格那丟和坡旅甲在數十年內引用它；馬吉安的版本和穆拉多利書目都收錄它，愛任紐指名它，而約公元200年的P46是現存最早的抄本。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 70, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "1 Clem. 47.1-3", "source": { "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot", "author": "Clement of Rome", "work": "The Epistle of S. Clement to the Corinthians (Lightfoot, Apostolic Fathers Part I, vol. 2)", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1890", "locator": "1 Clem. 47.1-3", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/lightfoot/pt1vol2/translation1.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Take up the epistle of the blessed Paul the Apostle. What wrote he first unto you in the beginning of the Gospel? Of a truth he charged you in the Spirit concerning himself and Cephas and Apollos, because that even then ye had made parties.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《革利免一書》", "date": "約公元95-97年（有爭議）", "note": "此信從羅馬寫給哥林多，吩咐讀者拿起保羅那封論到他們當中保羅派、彼得派和亞波羅派的書信（哥林多前書1:10-12）。第37-38章和第49章大概取材自哥林多前書12-13章，雖然身體的比喻當時很普遍。各家提議的年代約為70-140年。" }, { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 150, "grade": "clear-quotation", "locator": "Ign. Eph. 18.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Ephesians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Ign. Eph. 18.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-ephesians-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "My spirit is made an offscouring for the Cross, which is a stumbling-block to them that are unbelievers, but to us salvation and life eternal. Where is the wise? Where is the disputer?", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丟，《致以弗所人書》", "date": "約公元105-117年（有爭議）", "note": "沒有標明出處，卻幾乎逐字相同：哥林多前書1:20三個「……在哪裡？」的問句中的兩個，與十字架是絆腳石又是救恩的說法並列（哥林多前書1:18-23）；《致以弗所人書》16.1呼應哥林多前書6:9-10。一般定於約105-117年；Barnes（2008）主張140年代；少數人懷疑其真確性。" }, { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 150, "grade": "probable-allusion", "locator": "Ign. Rom. 9.2", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Romans", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Ign. Rom. 9.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-romans-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "But for myself I am ashamed to be called one of them; for neither am I worthy, being the very last of them and an untimely birth", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丟，《致羅馬人書》", "date": "約公元105-117年（有爭議）", "note": "伊格那丟自稱不配、「最末了的」和「未到產期而生的」，這些用語一同見於哥林多前書15:8-9。這很可能是借用，但不確定：他把這些話用於自己在敘利亞教會中的地位。《致羅馬人書》5.1同樣借用了哥林多前書4:4。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "clear-quotation", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 11.2", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp", "work": "Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 11.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Nay, know we not, that the saints shall judge the world, as Paul teacheth?", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒書》", "date": "約公元110-140年（有爭議）", "note": "坡旅甲把聖徒要審判世界的說法歸於保羅（哥林多前書6:2），指名了這位使徒，卻沒有指名書信。第11章只有拉丁文譯本存世；希臘文的5.3重述了哥林多前書6:9-10惡行清單的一部分，但沒有註明出處。" }, { "dateFrom": 138, "dateTo": 161, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Tertullian, Adv. Marc. 5.5-10", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3)", "translator": "P. Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.10", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Our heretic, however, in the excess of his folly, being unwilling that the statement should remain in this shape, altered last Adam into last Lord", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "馬吉安的Apostolikon，經特土良轉述", "date": "2世紀中葉（3世紀初記述）", "note": "特土良在考察馬吉安的版本時，把哥林多前書排在第二，在加拉太書之後，並指控馬吉安改動了哥林多前書15:45的經文。這是數十年後寫成、帶敵意的記述；馬吉安改動了多少、而非承襲了多少，仍有爭議。" }, { "dateFrom": 176, "dateTo": 189, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Haer. 4.27.3", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus", "work": "Against Heresies (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 1)", "translator": "A. Roberts and W. H. Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Haer. 4.27.3", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103427.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "But this also, [as the presbyter states,] has Paul declared most plainly in the Epistle to the Corinthians, when he says", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "愛任紐，《駁異端》", "date": "約公元180年", "note": "愛任紐指名這封書信，並在轉述一位不具名長老的話時引用哥林多前書10:1-12；這位長老曾向見過眾使徒的人學習（4.27.1）。論證中有多少屬於這位長老，而非愛任紐自己，並不清楚。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 400, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Section 3 (ANF numbering)", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5)", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "Muratorian Fragment, section 3 (ANF 5 numbering)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "He wrote first of all, and at considerable length, to the Corinthians, to check the schism of heresy", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《穆拉多利殘篇》", "date": "約公元170-200年（有人主張4世紀）", "note": "它兩次把致哥林多的書信列於保羅致眾教會書信之首，並註明有兩封寫給哥林多的信。多數人定於約170-200年，因為它稱黑馬為近人；Sundberg（1973）和Hahneman（1992）主張第四世紀。它存於一份第七或第八世紀的拉丁文抄本。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 250, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "Gregory-Aland P46 (Chester Beatty BP II; Michigan inv. 6238)", "source": { "sourceKey": "csntm", "work": "CSNTM manuscript record, Gregory-Aland P46", "locator": "GA P46 (Dublin, CBL BP II)", "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "蒲草紙46號（P46）", "date": "約公元200年（2世紀末或3世紀初）", "note": "CSNTM把它定於約200年，即二世紀末或三世紀初。這個年代僅以筆跡為據；Kim（1988）主張一世紀末，此說多數人不接受。哥林多前書排在羅馬書和希伯來書之後；受損的書頁缺了幾行。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hant/explore/evidence#reception-1-corinthians" }, { "letterId": "2-corinthians", "summary": "哥林多後書最早的可靠見證是馬吉安的書信集（約140年代，經特土良得知），最早指名它的是愛任紐（約180年），其後是亞歷山大的革利免和穆拉多利書目（年代有爭議）。坡旅甲很可能呼應了它；伊格那丟和《革利免一書》頂多只有微弱的回響。蒲草紙46號（約200年）是最早的抄本。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 80, "dateTo": 100, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "1 Clem. 36.2; 47.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot", "author": "Clement of Rome", "work": "First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "1 Clem. 36.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "through Him we behold as in a mirror His faultless and most excellent visage", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《革利免一書》（羅馬致哥林多）", "date": "約96年（各家提議80-100年）", "note": "鏡子的意象可能呼應哥林多後書3:18，但哥林多前書13:12也同樣接近。革利免只指名一封保羅寫給哥林多的書信（47.1）；有人視之為哥林多後書當時在羅馬尚未為人所知的跡象，也有人認為他只是選了切題的那封信。" }, { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "Trall. 9.2; Phld. 6.3", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Trallians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Trall. 9.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-trallians-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "who moreover was truly raised from the dead, His Father having raised Him, who in the like fashion will so raise us also who believe on Him", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丟，《致他拉勒人書》與《致非拉鐵非人書》", "date": "約110年（有人主張約140年）", "note": "《致他拉勒人書》9.2（父要叫信徒復活，如同叫耶穌復活）與哥林多後書4:14相似，但同樣與哥林多前書6:14相似；《致非拉鐵非人書》6.3（不累著任何人）令人想起哥林多後書11:9，但也令人想起帖撒羅尼迦前書2:9。無法證明它倚賴哥林多後書。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "probable-allusion", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 2.2; 4.1; 6.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp", "work": "Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 2.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Now He that raised Him from the dead will raise us also; if we do His will and walk in His commandments and love the things which He loved", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "士每拿的坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒書》", "date": "約110-140年（年代有爭議）", "note": "有三個短語聚在一起，分別對應哥林多後書4:14（神叫信徒復活，如同叫耶穌復活）、哥林多後書6:7（公義的盔甲）和哥林多後書8:21（在神和人面前都光彩）。每一個在別處都有平行文句（哥林多前書6:14；羅馬書6:13；羅馬書12:17），所以論據在於它們的聚集。" }, { "dateFrom": 138, "dateTo": 161, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.11-12", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion", "translator": "P. Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.11", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "We are quite aware that some passages are open to ambiguity, from the way in which they are read, or else from their punctuation, when there is room for these two causes of ambiguity. The latter method has been adopted by Marcion", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "馬吉安的Apostolikon（據特土良記述）", "date": "約140-150年；約208年記述", "note": "特土良逐段討論馬吉安的哥林多後書文本——在他的次序中排在加拉太書和哥林多前書之後的第三封——並質疑馬吉安對哥林多後書4:4的標點。這是這封書信在保羅書信集中流傳的最早可靠跡象，雖然只經由帶敵意的記述得知。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 190, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Haer. 3.7.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus", "work": "Against Heresies", "translator": "A. Roberts and W. H. Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Haer. 3.7.1", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103307.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "As to their affirming that Paul said plainly in the Second [Epistle] to the Corinthians", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "里昂的愛任紐，《駁異端》", "date": "約180年", "note": "愛任紐在回應一些對手時指名「致哥林多信徒的第二封書信」；這些對手把哥林多後書4:4讀作有另一位次等的神存在的證據，而特土良說馬吉安正是給這節經文加了標點。雙方都把這封書信當作保羅的書信。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 400, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3 (ANF 5:603)", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "work": "Muratorian Fragment", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3 (ANF 5:603)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Moreover, though he writes twice to the Corinthians and Thessalonians for their correction, it is yet shown — i.e., by this sevenfold writing — that there is one Church spread abroad through the whole world.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《穆拉多利殘篇》", "date": "2世紀末或4世紀（有爭議）", "note": "這份書目說保羅兩次寫信給哥林多信徒，所以它知道有兩封致哥林多的書信。若它屬二世紀末並出自羅馬，便是一份早期的正典書目；若屬第四世紀（如A. C. Sundberg和G. M. Hahneman所主張），它就沒有提供多少早期證據。" }, { "dateFrom": 195, "dateTo": 215, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Strom. 4.16; 4.21", "source": { "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf", "author": "Clement of Alexandria", "work": "Stromata", "translator": "W. Wilson", "year": "1885", "locator": "Strom. 4.16", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02104.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "So far the apostle respecting knowledge; and in the second Epistle to the Corinthians he calls the common teaching of faith the savour of knowledge.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "亞歷山大的革利免，《雜記》", "date": "約200年", "note": "革利免在《雜記》4.21指名「致哥林多信徒的第二封書信」，並引用其中的長段經文。連同高盧的愛任紐和迦太基的特土良，這顯示到約200年，整個教會都把這封書信當作保羅的書信來讀。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 250, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "GA P46", "source": { "sourceKey": "csntm", "work": "Manuscript P46", "locator": "GA P46", "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "蒲草紙46號（P46）", "date": "約200年（2世紀末或3世紀初）", "note": "哥林多後書最早的抄本，屬一部保羅書信抄本冊，分藏於都柏林（CBL BP II，56頁）和安娜堡（P.Mich. inv. 6238，30頁）。CSNTM把它定於約200年；Y. K. Kim於1988年提出的一世紀年代甚少獲得支持。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hant/explore/evidence#reception-2-corinthians" }, { "letterId": "galatians", "summary": "加拉太書最早被清楚使用，是坡旅甲引用加拉太書6:7（約110-140年）。馬吉安（約140年代）看來把它放在他的保羅書信集之首。愛任紐（約180年）指名它，並把書中的耶路撒冷之行與使徒行傳15章對應起來。P46（約200年）是最早的抄本。《革利免一書》和伊格那丟中的平行文句只是可能的回響，並非證據。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 80, "dateTo": 100, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "1 Clement 5.2", "source": { "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot", "author": "Clement of Rome", "work": "First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "1 Clement 5.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "By reason of jealousy and envy the greatest and most righteous pillars of the Church were persecuted, and contended even unto death.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《革利免一書》（羅馬）", "date": "約96年（有爭議）", "note": "稱受逼迫的眾使徒（包括彼得和保羅）為教會的「柱石」，這正是加拉太書2:9用來稱雅各、彼得和約翰的詞。Lightfoot指出這個意象在猶太著作中很常見，所以是否倚賴值得懷疑。革利免明確援引的唯一一封保羅書信是哥林多前書（47.1）。" }, { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "Philadelphians 1.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Philadelphians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Philadelphians 1.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-philadelphians-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "This your bishop I have found to hold the ministry which pertaineth to the common weal, not of himself or through men, nor yet for vain glory, but in the love of God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丟，《致非拉鐵非人書》", "date": "約110年（有人主張130至140年代）", "note": "說主教擔任職事「不是出於自己，也不是藉著人」。措辭接近加拉太書1:1對出於人的否認，但這裡描述的是一位主教。伊格那丟對「猶太教」的警告（《致馬內夏人書》8.1、10.3）是主題上的平行，並不證明他讀過加拉太書。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "clear-quotation", "locator": "Philippians 5.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp", "work": "Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Philippians 5.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Knowing then that God is not mocked, we ought to walk worthily of His commandment and His glory.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "士每拿的坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒書》", "date": "約110-140年", "note": "以「既知道」引出加拉太書6:7獨特的措辭，他引用提摩太前書6:7時也用這個程式（4.1）。這也可能出自一句共同的早期格言，但這樣的格言未見於任何文獻。稱信心為眾信徒之母（3.3）大概呼應加拉太書4:26。他指名的是保羅，而不是加拉太書。" }, { "dateFrom": 140, "dateTo": 150, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Tertullian, Against Marcion 4.3; 5.2-4", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3)", "translator": "P. Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Against Marcion 4.3", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03124.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Marcion, finding the Epistle of Paul to the Galatians (wherein he rebukes even apostles) for not walking uprightly according to the truth of the gospel, as well as accuses certain false apostles of perverting the gospel of Christ), labours very hard to destroy the character of those Gospels", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "馬吉安的Apostolikon，據特土良記述", "date": "約140-150年（約208年記述）", "note": "馬吉安的十卷書信集只經由反對者得知。它看來以加拉太書開首，特土良的第5卷也最先討論這封書信。特土良說馬吉安刪去了提及亞伯拉罕的地方（5.3-4）；有人認為只是馬吉安的文本本來就不同。它所證明的與其說是這封書信的完整文本，不如說是其權威。" }, { "dateFrom": 174, "dateTo": 189, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Against Heresies 3.13.3", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus", "work": "Against Heresies (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 1)", "translator": "A. Roberts and W. H. Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Against Heresies 3.13.3", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103313.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "went up to them, with Barnabas, to Jerusalem, not without reason, but that the liberty of the Gentiles might be confirmed by them, he does himself say, in the Epistle to the Galatians", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "里昂的愛任紐，《駁異端》", "date": "約180年", "note": "指名「致加拉太人的書信」，引用書中與巴拿巴和提多一同上去的記述，並論證其年數與使徒行傳15章吻合。這個對應至今仍有爭議：許多人傾向使徒行傳11:30的饑荒之行，也有人認為兩段記述之間確有張力。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 375, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5, Fragments of Caius)", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "He wrote first of all, and at considerable length, to the Corinthians, to check the schism of heresy; and then to the Galatians, to forbid circumcision", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《穆拉多利殘篇》", "date": "約170-200年，或4世紀（有爭議）", "note": "說加拉太書是為禁止割禮而寫，又在七個教會之中再次列出它。它論及黑馬的一句話顯示約170-200年的羅馬，但Sundberg和Hahneman主張第四世紀。它存於一份第七或第八世紀的拉丁文抄本。" }, { "dateFrom": 193, "dateTo": 215, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Stromata 3.15", "source": { "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf", "author": "Clement of Alexandria", "work": "The Stromata, or Miscellanies (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 2)", "translator": "W. Wilson", "year": "1885", "locator": "Stromata 3.15", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02103.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Quare Paulus quoque scribens ad Galatas, dicit", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "亞歷山大的革利免，《雜記》", "date": "約200年", "note": "以保羅寫信給加拉太人的話引出加拉太書4:19（ANF以拉丁文刊印這一卷）。《雜記》常常引用加拉太書。迦太基的特土良也指名它（《論異端的時效》6），所以到約200年，好幾個地區的作者都指名引用它。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 250, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "Gregory-Aland/INTF Liste P46 (Dublin, CBL BP II; Ann Arbor, P.Mich. inv. 6238)", "source": { "sourceKey": "csntm", "author": "Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts", "work": "CSNTM manuscript record: P46", "locator": "GA P46", "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "蒲草紙46號（P46）", "date": "約200年（按筆跡）", "note": "加拉太書最早的抄本：一部大概來自埃及的保羅書信抄本冊，其中加拉太書排在以弗所書之後。它的年代僅按筆跡判定。CSNTM定為約200年，INTF Liste定為三世紀初；已發表的提議從一世紀末到三世紀不等。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hant/explore/evidence#reception-galatians" }, { "letterId": "ephesians", "summary": "到約公元110-140年，以弗所書已為人所知：坡旅甲引用以弗所書4:26（只以拉丁文保存），伊格那丟大概暗指它，《革利免一書》也有可能的回響。馬吉安稱它為「致老底嘉人」；愛任紐和亞歷山大的革利免指名它；P46（約200年）的收信人稱呼中沒有寫明任何城市。這顯示它以保羅之名流傳，卻不顯示作者是誰，而許多學者對作者歸屬有爭議。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 70, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "1 Clem. 46.6; 59.3", "source": { "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot", "author": "Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome)", "work": "First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "1 Clem. 46.6", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Have we not one God and one Christ and one Spirit of grace that was shed upon us? And is there not one calling in Christ?", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《革利免一書》（羅馬教會致哥林多）", "date": "約公元95-97年（各家提議約70-140年）", "note": "革利免訴諸一位神、一位基督、一位聖靈和一個呼召（46.6），與以弗所書4:4-6相似；他祈求開啟心中的眼睛（59.3），與以弗所書1:18相似。共同的禮儀用語或可解釋兩者；一個牛津委員會（1905）認為無法確立兩者的倚賴關係。" }, { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 150, "grade": "probable-allusion", "locator": "Ign. Eph. inscription, 12.2; Ign. Pol. 5.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Ephesians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Ign. Eph. inscription", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-ephesians-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "unto her which hath been blessed in greatness through the plentitude of God the Father; which hath been foreordained before the ages to be for ever unto abiding and unchangeable glory, united and elect in a true passion, by the will of the Father and of Jesus Christ our God", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丟", "date": "傳統定於約公元105-117年；有人主張較晚", "note": "他給以弗所的問安重用了以弗所書1:3-12中祝福的詞彙；《致坡旅甲書》5.1呼應以弗所書5:25。他說保羅在每封信中都提到他們（12.2），卻沒有指名任何一封信。一個牛津委員會（1905）判斷這些回響幾乎肯定不是偶然；von der Goltz則懷疑有倚賴關係。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "clear-quotation", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 1.3; 12.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp of Smyrna", "work": "Epistle to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 12.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "For I am persuaded that ye are well trained in the sacred writings, and nothing is hidden from you. But to myself this is not granted. Only, as it is said in these scriptures, Be ye angry and sin not, and Let not the sun set on your wrath.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "士每拿的坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒書》", "date": "約公元110-140年", "note": "坡旅甲把兩個只在以弗所書4:26並列的子句配在一起，並稱之為經書；他的首章緊密呼應以弗所書2:8-9。第12章只有拉丁文存世，而其第一個子句也見於希臘文《詩篇》，所以這個稱呼可能是指那篇詩。" }, { "dateFrom": 138, "dateTo": 161, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Tertullian, Adv. Marc. 5.11; 5.17-18", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion", "translator": "Peter Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.17.1", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "We have it on the true tradition of the Church, that this epistle was sent to the Ephesians, not to the Laodiceans. Marcion, however, was very desirous of giving it the new title (of Laodicean), as if he were extremely accurate in investigating such a point.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "馬吉安的Apostolikon（據特土良記述）", "date": "2世紀中葉，約公元138-161年；約207-208年記述", "note": "馬吉安編訂的保羅書信集把這封信題為「致老底嘉人」，這或許是從歌羅西書4:16推斷而來，或來自一份沒有寫明城市的抄本。帶敵意的記述者特土良說，教會傳統稱它為以弗所書，並指控馬吉安刪去字句（5.17-18）。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 189, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Haer. 5.2.3; 5.8.1; 5.14.3; 1.8.4-5", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus of Lyons", "work": "Against Heresies", "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Haer. 5.2.3", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103502.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "even as the blessed Paul declares in his Epistle to the Ephesians, that we are members of His body, of His flesh, and of His bones.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "里昂的愛任紐，《駁異端》", "date": "約公元180年（第3卷寫於埃留特里烏擔任羅馬主教期間）", "note": "愛任紐多次指名這封書信（亦見5.8.1和5.14.3），並記述瓦倫廷派導師把書中的話當作保羅的話引用（1.8.4-5）。到約180年，他和他的對手都視之為保羅的書信；這顯示的是接納，而不是誰寫了它。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 400, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus)", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3 (ANF 5 numbering)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "as the blessed Apostle Paul, following the rule of his predecessor John, writes to no more than seven churches by name, in this order: the first to the Corinthians, the second to the Ephesians, the third to the Philippians", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《穆拉多利殘篇》", "date": "傳統定於約公元170-200年；有人主張4世紀", "note": "把以弗所書列為保羅致七個具名教會書信中的第二封。許多人把這份書目定於約170-200年的西方；Sundberg（1973）和Hahneman（1992）主張它是第四世紀的東方書目。其主要抄本是一份第八世紀的拉丁文抄本。" }, { "dateFrom": 198, "dateTo": 210, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Strom. 4.8", "source": { "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf", "author": "Clement of Alexandria", "work": "Stromata", "translator": "William Wilson", "year": "1885", "locator": "Strom. 4.8", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02104.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Wherefore also in the Epistle to the Ephesians it is written, Subjecting yourselves one to another in the fear of God.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "亞歷山大的革利免，《雜記》", "date": "約公元198-210年", "note": "革利免指名這封書信，以「經上記著」的程式引用以弗所書5:21-29，接著轉到歌羅西書。作為亞歷山大的導師，他顯示這封書信在埃及被當作有權威的經文來讀，正如愛任紐顯示高盧的情況。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 250, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "Gregory-Aland P46 (Dublin, Chester Beatty Library, BP II)", "source": { "sourceKey": "csntm", "work": "CSNTM manuscript record: GA P46", "locator": "GA P46", "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "蒲草紙46號（P46）", "date": "約公元200年（按筆跡）", "note": "最早的抄本：一部保羅書信的蒲草紙抄本冊，按筆跡定於約公元200年，誤差可達數十年。在以弗所書1:1，它沒有寫明城市，與西奈抄本和梵蒂岡抄本在後來的校正者加上「以弗所」之前相同。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hant/explore/evidence#reception-ephesians" }, { "letterId": "philippians", "summary": "到二世紀末，腓立比書已有充分見證。坡旅甲（約110-140年）提醒腓立比信徒，保羅曾寫信給他們；馬吉安的書信集（約140年代）收錄了它；一封來自里昂的書信（約177年）引用它；愛任紐和亞歷山大的革利免指名引用它；P46（約200年）保存了它。《革利免一書》和伊格那丟中的回響是可能的，但未獲證實。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 80, "dateTo": 120, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "1 Clement 21.1; cf. 47.2", "source": { "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot", "author": "Clement of Rome", "work": "First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "1 Clem. 21.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "if we walk not worthily of Him, and do those things which are good and well pleasing in His sight with concord.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《革利免一書》（羅馬致哥林多）", "date": "約95-100年（有爭議）", "note": "21.1把「配得上地」與表示以公民身分處世為人的希臘文動詞配在一起，與腓立比書1:27相同；47.2的「福音初傳的時候」與腓立比書4:15吻合。兩者都可能是基督徒共同的慣用語；革利免只指名保羅寫給哥林多的書信。" }, { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "Ignatius, Philadelphians 8.2; cf. Smyrnaeans 4.2", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Philadelphians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Phld. 8.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-philadelphians-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "and I entreat you, Do ye nothing in a spirit of factiousness but after the teaching of Christ.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丟，書信", "date": "約110年（有爭議）", "note": "《致非拉鐵非人書》8.2與腓立比書2:3共有希臘文的「凡事不出於紛爭」；《致士每拿人書》4.2論到靠基督加給他力量而忍受一切，與腓立比書4:13相似。伊格那丟從未指名腓立比書，而這類短語也可能獨立流傳，所以使用是可能的，卻未獲證實。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Polycarp, Philippians 3.2; cf. 9.2, 12.3", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp", "work": "Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 3.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "the blessed and glorious Paul, who when he came among you taught face to face with the men of that day the word which concerneth truth carefully and surely; who also, when he was absent, wrote a letter unto you", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "士每拿的坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒書》", "date": "約110-140年", "note": "告訴腓立比信徒，保羅不在他們那裡時曾寫「書信」給他們（希臘文為複數；Lightfoot譯作「一封信」）：一封、數封，或一封合成的腓立比書，各說都有人主張。9.2與腓立比書2:16有共同的措辭（參加拉太書2:2）；只以拉丁文存世的12.3可能呼應腓立比書3:18。" }, { "dateFrom": 140, "dateTo": 150, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Tertullian, Against Marcion 5.20", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion", "translator": "P. Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Marc. 5.20", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Of course the Marcionites suppose that they have the apostle on their side in the following passage in the matter of Christ's substance — that in Him there was nothing but a phantom of flesh.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "馬吉安的Apostolikon，據特土良記述", "date": "約140年代（3世紀初記述）", "note": "第5卷只根據馬吉安所接受的保羅書信立論；第20章討論腓立比書，回應馬吉安派根據腓立比書2:6-8提出的主張，即基督只是看似有肉身。馬吉安的書信集只經由帶敵意的記述者存留，所以其確切措辭並不確定。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 180, "grade": "clear-quotation", "locator": "Eusebius, Church History 5.2.2", "source": { "sourceKey": "eusebius-history-mcgiffert", "author": "Eusebius of Caesarea", "work": "Church History", "translator": "A. C. McGiffert", "year": "1890", "locator": "Hist. eccl. 5.2.2", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250105.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "It is proper to add other selections from the same letter, in which the moderation and compassion of these witnesses is recorded in the following words: They were also so zealous in their imitation of Christ", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "維埃納與里昂眾教會的書信，見優西比烏", "date": "約177年（由優西比烏保存，4世紀初）", "note": "用腓立比書2:6的話描述殉道者效法基督，引用時沒有指名這封書信。高盧眾教會的這封信只存於優西比烏的摘錄，所以它的措辭是經由他傳到我們手中的。" }, { "dateFrom": 180, "dateTo": 189, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Irenaeus, Against Heresies 4.18.4", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus", "work": "Against Heresies", "translator": "A. Roberts and W. H. Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Haer. 4.18.4", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103418.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Inasmuch, then, as the Church offers with single-mindedness, her gift is justly reckoned a pure sacrifice with God. As Paul also says to the Philippians,", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "里昂的愛任紐，《駁異端》", "date": "約180-189年", "note": "以「正如保羅也對腓立比信徒說」引出腓立比書4:18，即以巴弗提帶來的饋送，作為教會奉獻的典範。這是現存最早指名這封書信收信人的引文之一。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 400, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Muratorian fragment, Pauline letter list", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5)", "year": "1886", "locator": "Pauline letter list", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/muratorian.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "the blessed Apostle Paul, following the rule of his predecessor John, writes to no more than seven churches by name, in this order: the first to the Corinthians, the second to the Ephesians, the third to the Philippians, the fourth to the Colossians", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《穆拉多利殘篇》", "date": "2世紀末（有爭議）", "note": "把腓立比書列為保羅致七個教會書信中的第三封，這是一個象徵性的編排。許多人把這份書目定於二世紀末的羅馬；Sundberg和Hahneman主張它源於第四世紀。它存於一份第七或第八世紀的拉丁文抄本。" }, { "dateFrom": 195, "dateTo": 215, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Clement, Stromata 4.13", "source": { "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf", "author": "Clement of Alexandria", "work": "Stromata", "translator": "W. Wilson", "year": "1885", "locator": "Strom. 4.13", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02104.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "joying and rejoicing with the Philippians, to whom the apostle speaks, calling them fellow-partakers of joy", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "亞歷山大的革利免，《雜記》", "date": "約200年（有爭議）", "note": "引用腓立比書1:28-2:2和2:20-21，意譯2:17，並指名「腓立比信徒」為這位使徒的收信人，顯示這封書信約在200年已於亞歷山大使用。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 250, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "Gregory-Aland P46", "source": { "sourceKey": "csntm", "work": "P46 manuscript record", "locator": "Gregory-Aland P46", "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "蒲草紙46號（Chester Beatty BP II及密歇根）", "date": "約200年（有爭議）", "note": "腓立比書現存最早的抄本，屬一部分藏於都柏林（Chester Beatty BP II）和安娜堡（P. Mich. inv. 6238）的保羅書信抄本冊。多數人定於接近200年；Young Kyu Kim提出的一世紀末年代甚少獲得支持。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hant/explore/evidence#reception-philippians" }, { "letterId": "colossians", "summary": "約180年的愛任紐，是年代可靠、最早指名歌羅西書的作者。在此之前，據特土良記述，它約在150年已列於馬吉安的保羅書信集中，而瓦倫廷派導師也把它當作保羅的書信引用。伊格那丟和坡旅甲可能呼應它，但兩者都不確定。約200年的蒲草紙46號是現存最早的抄本。早期的使用並不能確定作者歸屬。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "To the Trallians 5.2", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Trallians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "To the Trallians 5.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-trallians-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "comprehend heavenly things and the arrays of the angels and the musterings of the principalities, things visible and things invisible", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丟，《致他拉勒人書》", "date": "約公元110年（年代有爭議）", "note": "伊格那丟把能看見和不能看見的事物與天使的等級並列，與歌羅西書1:16相同，《致士每拿人書》6.1也相似。基督徒可能共同使用這種描述天界的方式，而不是從這封書信借來，所以這只是可能的回響。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "To the Philippians 10.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp", "work": "Epistle to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "To the Philippians 10.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Stand fast therefore in these things and follow the example of the Lord, being firm in the faith and immovable", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "士每拿的坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒書》", "date": "約公元110-140年", "note": "呼籲人在信仰上堅固、不可動搖，與歌羅西書1:23相似，但哥林多前書15:58至少同樣接近。這一章只有拉丁文版本存世，所以無法比較它的希臘文措辭。" }, { "dateFrom": 140, "dateTo": 160, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Against Marcion 5.19", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion, Book 5 (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3)", "translator": "Peter Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Against Marcion 5.19", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Now, if it is our gospel which has spread everywhere, rather than any heretical gospel, much less Marcion's, which only dates from the reign of Antoninus, then ours will be the gospel of the apostles.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "馬吉安的Apostolikon，據特土良記述", "date": "約公元140-150年（約207-208年記述）", "note": "特土良根據馬吉安版本中的書信來回應馬吉安，在這裡他以馬吉安的歌羅西書立論，所以這封書信到二世紀中葉已列於馬吉安的保羅書信集中。馬吉安的文本與我們的文本有多接近，仍有爭議。" }, { "dateFrom": 150, "dateTo": 180, "grade": "clear-quotation", "locator": "Against Heresies 1.3.4", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus", "work": "Against Heresies, Book 1 (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 1)", "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Against Heresies 1.3.4", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103103.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "And they state that it was clearly on this account that Paul said", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "瓦倫廷派導師，據愛任紐記述", "date": "約公元180年以前", "note": "愛任紐記述瓦倫廷派導師引用保羅的話，措辭接近歌羅西書3:11和歌羅西書2:9，以表明救主出自眾永世體。可見在約180年以前，主流教會以外的讀者已把這封書信的話當作保羅的話。" }, { "dateFrom": 180, "dateTo": 189, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Against Heresies 3.14.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus", "work": "Against Heresies, Book 3 (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 1)", "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Against Heresies 3.14.1", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103314.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "From this he shows that he was always attached to and inseparable from him. And again he says, in the Epistle to the Colossians", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "里昂的愛任紐，《駁異端》", "date": "約公元180-189年", "note": "愛任紐指名「致歌羅西信徒的書信」，並引用歌羅西書4:14中路加的問安，以表明路加一直緊隨保羅。他在別處再次指名這封書信，例如《駁異端》5.14.2。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 375, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3 (ANF numbering)", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "author": "Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment)", "work": "Canon Muratorianus (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5)", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3 (ANF numbering)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "writes to no more than seven churches by name, in this order: the first to the Corinthians, the second to the Ephesians, the third to the Philippians, the fourth to the Colossians", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《穆拉多利殘篇》", "date": "2世紀末或4世紀（有爭議）", "note": "這份書目把歌羅西書列為保羅致七個教會書信中的第四封。多數學者定於約170-200年，少數定於第四世紀。它的全文只存於一份第七或第八世紀的拉丁文抄本。" }, { "dateFrom": 198, "dateTo": 215, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Stromata 5.10", "source": { "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf", "author": "Clement of Alexandria", "work": "Stromata, Book 5 (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 2)", "translator": "William Wilson", "year": "1885", "locator": "Stromata 5.10", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02105.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "For there is an instruction of the perfect, of which, writing to the Colossians, he says", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "亞歷山大的革利免，《雜記》", "date": "約公元200年", "note": "革利免指名那封寫給歌羅西信徒的書信，並引用其中幾段，包括論到向成熟信徒啟示之奧祕的歌羅西書1:9-11和歌羅西書1:25-27。約200年，亞歷山大的基督徒已把它當作保羅的書信來讀。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 250, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "Gregory-Aland P46 (Dublin, Chester Beatty Library, CBL BP II)", "source": { "sourceKey": "csntm", "author": "Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts", "work": "CSNTM manuscript record: GA P46", "locator": "GA P46 (CSNTM images 134471, Philippians 4 to Colossians 1; 134835, Colossians 4 to 1 Thessalonians 1)", "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "蒲草紙46號（Gregory-Aland P46）", "date": "約公元200年（有爭議）", "note": "在這部保羅書信抄本冊中，腓立比書直接接上歌羅西書，歌羅西書又直接接上帖撒羅尼迦前書。CSNTM把它定於約200年。多數古文字學的定年落在約175至250年之間；一世紀的提議甚少獲得支持。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hant/explore/evidence#reception-colossians" }, { "letterId": "1-thessalonians", "summary": "約於180-189年寫作的愛任紐，是年代可靠、最早指名帖撒羅尼迦前書的教會作者，他引用了書中為靈、魂、體所作的禱告。特土良後來的反駁顯示，馬吉安140年代的保羅書信集已收有這封信。伊格那丟和坡旅甲只提供可能的回響。亞歷山大的革利免清楚地引用它。約200年的蒲草紙46號保存了第1-2章的部分內容。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "To the Ephesians 10.1; cf. To the Romans 2.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Ephesians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Ign. Eph. 10.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-ephesians-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "And pray ye also without ceasing for the rest of mankind (for there is in them a hope of repentance), that they may find God.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丟", "date": "約110年（有人主張約140年）", "note": "吩咐以弗所人為外人不住地禱告，這是帖撒羅尼迦前書5:17的命令；在《致羅馬人書》2.1，他把討人喜歡與討神喜歡對比，與帖撒羅尼迦前書2:4相同。羅馬書1:9和加拉太書1:10也有相似的語言，所以倚賴是可能的，卻未獲證明。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "To the Philippians 11.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp of Smyrna", "work": "Epistle to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 11.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "I warn you therefore that ye refrain from covetousness, and that ye be pure and truthful. Refrain from all evil.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "士每拿的坡旅甲", "date": "約110-140年", "note": "Lightfoot把這一句譯作「遠離一切惡事」；ANF譯本則用了帖撒羅尼迦前書5:22的措辭。這一章只有拉丁文存世，而這句格言是常見的道德教導，所以頂多是回響；11.2則把哥林多前書當作保羅的書信引用。" }, { "dateFrom": 140, "dateTo": 150, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Tertullian, Against Marcion 5.15 (on 1 Thessalonians 2:15)", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion, Book V (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3)", "translator": "Peter Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.15 (on 1 Thessalonians 2:15)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "although (the pronoun) their own be an addition of the heretics.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "馬吉安的Apostolikon（據特土良記述）", "date": "約140-150年（約207-212年記述）", "note": "特土良逐封回應馬吉安的保羅書信版本，並指控異端在帖撒羅尼迦前書2:15加上了「他們自己的」，所以馬吉安的Apostolikon收有這封信。這證據是間接的：馬吉安的文本只存於帶敵意的記述，這裡的記述約寫於207-212年。" }, { "dateFrom": 180, "dateTo": 189, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Against Heresies 5.6.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus of Lyons", "work": "Against Heresies, Book V (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 1)", "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Adv. Haer. 5.6.1", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103506.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "And for this cause does the apostle, explaining himself, make it clear that the saved man is a complete man as well as a spiritual man; saying thus in the first Epistle to the Thessalonians", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "里昂的愛任紐", "date": "約180-189年", "note": "指名「致帖撒羅尼迦信徒的第一封書信」，並把帖撒羅尼迦前書5:23當作這位使徒的話引用，論證救恩包括身體。他在《駁異端》3.7.2指名「第二封」。這是教會作者年代可靠、最早的明確指名。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 400, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Muratorian Fragment §3 (ANF numbering)", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "author": "Anonymous", "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus)", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "§3 in ANF numbering (Paul's letters)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "the fifth to the Galatians, the sixth to the Thessalonians, the seventh to the Romans. Moreover, though he writes twice to the Corinthians and Thessalonians for their correction", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《穆拉多利殘篇》", "date": "約170-200年，或4世紀（有爭議）", "note": "把致帖撒羅尼迦信徒的書信列為保羅致七個教會書信中的第六封，並說他兩次寫信給哥林多信徒和帖撒羅尼迦信徒。一般定於約170-200年，地點在羅馬；有人主張第四世紀，尤其是Hahneman（1992）。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 250, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "GA P46, folio 94 (Dublin, Chester Beatty Library, CBL BP II)", "source": { "sourceKey": "csntm", "author": "Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts", "work": "Manuscript record: GA P46 (Chester Beatty Biblical Papyrus II)", "locator": "GA P46, images P46_094a and P46_094b (Dublin, Chester Beatty Library, CBL BP II; 2nd-3rd century)", "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "蒲草紙46號（GA P46）", "date": "約200年（2-3世紀）", "note": "CSNTM第94葉的影像顯示歌羅西書4:16-18之後接著帖撒羅尼迦前書1:1和1:9-2:3。CSNTM把這部抄本冊定於約200年，Chester Beatty圖書館則定於三世紀；有人提出的一世紀年代甚少獲得支持。" }, { "dateFrom": 195, "dateTo": 210, "grade": "clear-quotation", "locator": "Stromata 4.12", "source": { "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf", "author": "Clement of Alexandria", "work": "Stromata, Book IV (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 2)", "translator": "William Wilson", "year": "1885", "locator": "Strom. 4.12 (against Basilides)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02104.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Providence being a disciplinary art; in the case of others for each individual's sins, and in the case of the Lord and His apostles for ours. To this point says the divine apostle", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "亞歷山大的革利免", "date": "約200年", "note": "在回應巴西理得時，把帖撒羅尼迦前書4:3-8當作「神聖的使徒」的話詳細引用；在《雜記》別處（1.11、6.13），他把帖撒羅尼迦前書5:21和4:17當作這位使徒的話引用。這是清楚而具權威的使用，雖然這些段落沒有指名這封書信。" }, { "dateFrom": 207, "dateTo": 212, "grade": "clear-quotation", "locator": "Against Marcion 5.15 (on 1 Thessalonians 5:23)", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion, Book V (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3)", "translator": "Peter Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.15 (on 1 Thessalonians 5:23)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "how is it that the apostle has given certain distinct names to all (our faculties), and has comprised them all in one prayer for their safety", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "特土良", "date": "約207-212年", "note": "為駁斥馬吉安而逐段討論這封書信，引用或意譯帖撒羅尼迦前書2:15、4:3-5、4:15-17、5:19-20和5:23；他和愛任紐一樣，用為靈、魂、體所作的禱告來捍衛身體的救恩。這段文字沒有指名這封書信。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hant/explore/evidence#reception-1-thessalonians" }, { "letterId": "2-thessalonians", "summary": "坡旅甲（約110-140年）很可能使用過帖撒羅尼迦後書：他寫信到腓立比時，想起書中對帖撒羅尼迦信徒的誇讚；馬吉安二世紀中葉的版本也收錄了它。愛任紐（約180年）是現存最早指名它的作者；穆拉多利書目也把它計算在內。伊格那丟只提供一個可能的回響。三世紀的蒲草紙P30是它最古老的抄本之一。早期的使用並不能確定作者歸屬。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 150, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "Ign. Rom. 10.3", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Romans", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer", "year": "1891", "locator": "Ign. Rom. 10.3", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-romans-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Fare ye well unto the end in the patient waiting for Jesus Christ.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丟，《致羅馬人書》", "date": "約105-117年（有人主張140年代）", "note": "伊格那丟的希臘文按字面說到耶穌基督的忍耐，接近帖撒羅尼迦後書3:5的措辭。啟示錄1:9用了相似的語言，所以這可能是共同的慣用語。牛津1905年的委員會把它評為d級，即太不確定，不足為據。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "probable-allusion", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 11.3", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp of Smyrna", "work": "Epistle to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 11.3", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "among whom the blessed Paul labored, who were his letters in the beginning. For he boasteth of you in all those churches which alone at that time knew God", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "士每拿的坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒書》", "date": "約110-140年", "note": "坡旅甲寫信到腓立比時，說保羅在眾教會中誇獎他的讀者。最接近的措辭是帖撒羅尼迦後書1:4，而那是寫給馬其頓另一個教會的；他可能記錯了，也可能把保羅對腓立比的稱讚泛化了。只有拉丁文。牛津1905年的委員會判斷使用的可能性很高。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 11.4", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp of Smyrna", "work": "Epistle to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 11.4", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Be ye therefore yourselves also sober herein, and hold not such as enemies but restore them as frail and erring members, that ye may save the whole body of you.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "士每拿的坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒書》", "date": "約110-140年", "note": "坡旅甲勸腓立比信徒不要把前任長老瓦倫斯和他的妻子當作仇敵，這接近帖撒羅尼迦後書3:15，而要使他們挽回，這更接近加拉太書6:1。普遍的教會做法也可以解釋這一點。牛津1905年的委員會把它評得較低（c級）。只有拉丁文。" }, { "dateFrom": 138, "dateTo": 161, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.16", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion", "translator": "Peter Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.16", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "The heretic, however, has erased the flaming fire, no doubt that he might extinguish all traces herein of our own God.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "馬吉安的Apostolikon，據特土良記述", "date": "約138-161年（馬吉安，據特土良）；約207年或更晚記述", "note": "特土良指控馬吉安刪去了帖撒羅尼迦後書1:7-8中審判的火，所以這封書信列於馬吉安的十卷Apostolikon中；特土良緊接著帖撒羅尼迦前書討論它。這份記述帶敵意，寫於約207年或更晚。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 400, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3 (ANF 5 numbering)", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus)", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3 (ANF 5 numbering)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Moreover, though he writes twice to the Corinthians and Thessalonians for their correction, it is yet shown — i.e., by this sevenfold writing — that there is one Church spread abroad through the whole world.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《穆拉多利殘篇》", "date": "約170-200年（少數人：4世紀）", "note": "在列出保羅寫信給的七個教會之後，它補充說他兩次寫信給哥林多信徒和帖撒羅尼迦信徒，所以它算出兩封致帖撒羅尼迦信徒的書信。它說黑馬寫作是在很近的時候，這支持約170-200年；Sundberg（1973）和Hahneman（1992）主張第四世紀。" }, { "dateFrom": 176, "dateTo": 189, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Haer. 3.7.2", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus of Lyons", "work": "Against Heresies", "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Haer. 3.7.2", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103307.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "And again, in the Second to the Thessalonians, speaking of Antichrist, he says,", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "里昂的愛任紐，《駁異端》", "date": "約180年", "note": "愛任紐指名「致帖撒羅尼迦信徒的第二封書信」，並在討論保羅的詞序時把帖撒羅尼迦後書2:8-9當作他的話引用；《駁異端》5.25.1和5.25.3在論到敵基督時再次指名它。這是現存由已知作者所作的最早指名。" }, { "dateFrom": 190, "dateTo": 215, "grade": "clear-quotation", "locator": "Strom. 5.3", "source": { "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf", "author": "Clement of Alexandria", "work": "Stromata, Book V (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 2)", "translator": "William Wilson", "year": "1885", "locator": "Strom. 5.3", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02105.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "The mob, then, said I, cannot become philosopher. Many rod-bearers there are, but few Bacchi, according to Plato.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "亞歷山大的革利免，《雜記》", "date": "約200年", "note": "革利免在一連串論到有信心的人何其少的經文中，先把哥林多前書8:7當作這位使徒的話引用，緊接著幾乎逐字引用帖撒羅尼迦後書3:1-2。他在這裡沒有指名這封書信。" }, { "dateFrom": 200, "dateTo": 399, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "GA P30; P. Oxy. XIII 1598; Ghent University Library Inv. 61", "source": { "sourceKey": "csntm", "author": "Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts", "work": "CSNTM manuscript record: P30", "locator": "GA P30", "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P30", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "蒲草紙30號（P. Oxy. 1598）", "date": "3世紀（首批編者：3世紀末或4世紀）", "note": "一部俄克喜林庫斯出土的蒲草紙抄本冊，現藏根特。其首批編者讀出從帖撒羅尼迦前書4:12到帖撒羅尼迦後書1:2的文本（中有缺漏），所以帖撒羅尼迦後書排在帖撒羅尼迦前書之後；頁碼207-208顯示這是一部保羅書信集。他們把它定於三世紀末或四世紀，很可能是三世紀末。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hant/explore/evidence#reception-2-thessalonians" }, { "letterId": "1-timothy", "summary": "清楚並註明出處地使用提摩太前書，始見於約公元180年的愛任紐，其後是亞歷山大的革利免、特土良和穆拉多利書目（若屬二世紀）。坡旅甲（約110-140年）很可能取材於它；《革利免一書》和伊格那丟只提供可能的回響。特土良說馬吉安二世紀中葉的版本沒有收錄它。已知最早的抄本是P133，一份三世紀的蒲草紙殘片。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 70, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "1 Clement 61.2", "source": { "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot", "author": "Clement of Rome (traditional attribution)", "work": "1 Clement", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "1 Clem. 61.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "For Thou, O heavenly Master, King of the ages, givest to the sons of men glory and honor and power over all things that are upon the earth.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《革利免一書》（羅馬教會致哥林多的書信）", "date": "一般定於約公元95-97年（各家提議由約70年至約140年）", "note": "一段為掌權者的禱告稱神為「萬世之王」，這是提摩太前書1:17中的希臘文稱號，又接近提摩太前書2:1-3的主題。這類語言在猶太禱告中是傳統用語，而且許多人把提摩太前書定於《革利免一書》之後，所以無法證明倚賴關係。" }, { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 150, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "Ignatius, To Polycarp 3.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to Polycarp", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Pol. 3.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Let not those that seem to be plausible and yet teach strange doctrine dismay thee.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丟，《致坡旅甲書》", "date": "傳統定於約公元105-117年；有人主張140年代", "note": "警告人提防那些「教導別的教義」的人——這是一個罕見的希臘文動詞，在新約中只見於提摩太前書1:3和6:3；《致馬內夏人書》8.1還加上「陳舊的無稽傳說」。共同的反異端詞彙可以解釋這一點，而無需文學上的倚賴。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "probable-allusion", "locator": "Polycarp, Philippians 4.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp of Smyrna", "work": "Letter to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Phil. 4.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "But the love of money is the beginning of all troubles. Knowing therefore that we brought nothing into the world neither can we carry anything out", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "士每拿的坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒書》", "date": "約公元110-140年", "note": "兩句論錢財的話依循提摩太前書6:10和6:7，但次序相反，第二句作為已知的教導引出（「所以既知道」）。許多學者推斷有倚賴關係，雖然兩句話都有諺語式的平行；von Campenhausen（1951）甚至提出坡旅甲寫了教牧書信。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 400, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Muratorian Fragment, on Philemon, Titus and Timothy", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "author": "Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment)", "work": "Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius)", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3, on Philemon, Titus and Timothy (ANF 5:603)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "He wrote, besides these, one to Philemon, and one to Titus, and two to Timothy, in simple personal affection and love indeed; but yet these are hallowed in the esteem of the Catholic Church, and in the regulation of ecclesiastical discipline.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《穆拉多利殘篇》（新約書卷的拉丁文書目）", "date": "一般定於約公元170-200年；少數人主張4世紀", "note": "把兩封致提摩太的書信算在保羅的書信之中：這些是私人書信，普世教會卻視之為神聖，並用於教會秩序。它顯示的是接納，而非作者歸屬，主要存於一份約第八世紀的拉丁文抄本。" }, { "dateFrom": 176, "dateTo": 189, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Against Heresies 1, preface 1 (also 2, preface 1; 3.3.3)", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus of Lyons", "work": "Against Heresies", "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "AH 1, preface 1", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103100.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Inasmuch as certain men have set the truth aside, and bring in lying words and vain genealogies, which, as the apostle says", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "里昂的愛任紐，《駁異端》", "date": "約公元180年", "note": "開篇就把提摩太前書1:4當作「這位使徒」的話引用；把他攻擊的對象稱為「冒名的知識」（提摩太前書6:20；第2卷序言）；說保羅「在致提摩太的書信中」提到利奴（3.3.3）。這顯示約180年已歸於保羅，而非顯示作者是誰。" }, { "dateFrom": 195, "dateTo": 210, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Stromata 2.11", "source": { "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf", "author": "Clement of Alexandria", "work": "Stromata, Book II (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 2)", "translator": "William Wilson", "year": "1885", "locator": "Strom. 2.11", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02102.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Convicted by this utterance, the heretics reject the Epistles to Timothy.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "亞歷山大的革利免，《雜記》", "date": "約公元195-210年", "note": "把提摩太前書6:20-21當作「這位使徒」對提摩太說的話引用，接著記述異端因這句話而被定罪，便拒絕致提摩太的書信。約200年，這些書信在亞歷山大已被接納，卻受到一些異端群體的質疑。" }, { "dateFrom": 200, "dateTo": 299, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "Gregory-Aland P133", "source": { "sourceKey": "ntvmr-liste", "author": "Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Münster", "work": "Kurzgefasste Liste (NTVMR), P133", "locator": "Gregory-Aland P133 (INTF docID 10133)", "url": "https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/community/vmr/api/metadata/liste/search/?docID=10133&detail=page", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "蒲草紙133號（P.Oxy. LXXXI 5259）", "date": "3世紀（按筆跡定年）", "note": "一張出自俄克喜林庫斯的蒲草紙書頁的殘片，載有提摩太前書3:13-4:8的部分內容，於2016年發表：這是已知最早的抄本。P46（約200年）現存的書頁在教牧書信之前就結束了；最早的完整文本見於西奈抄本（4世紀）。" }, { "dateFrom": 207, "dateTo": 212, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Against Marcion 5.21", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3)", "translator": "Peter Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "5.21", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "I wonder, however, when he received (into his Apostolicon) this letter which was written but to one man, that he rejected the two epistles to Timothy and the one to Titus, which all treat of ecclesiastical discipline.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "特土良論馬吉安的保羅書信版本", "date": "約公元207-212年（記述活躍於約138-161年的馬吉安）", "note": "說馬吉安二世紀中葉的保羅書信版本保留了腓利門書，卻「棄絕」了兩封致提摩太的書信和致提多的書信。有人認為動機在於提摩太前書對婚姻、食物和律法的認可（提摩太前書1:8；4:3-4）；也有人認為馬吉安從未擁有這些書信，或它們寫於他之後。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hant/explore/evidence#reception-1-timothy" }, { "letterId": "2-timothy", "summary": "愛任紐（約180年）是年代可靠、最早把提摩太後書當作保羅書信引用的作者，他指名「致提摩太的書信」；隨後有亞歷山大的革利免、特土良和穆拉多利書目。坡旅甲更早時很可能暗指它；伊格那丟和《革利免一書》只提供可能的回響。馬吉安的版本沒有收錄它。西奈抄本（第四世紀）是最早的抄本；沒有更早的蒲草紙存世。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 90, "dateTo": 100, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "1 Clement 45:7", "source": { "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot", "author": "Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome)", "work": "First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "1 Clement 45:7", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "not knowing that the Most High is the champion and protector of them that in a pure conscience serve His excellent Name", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《革利免一書》", "date": "一般定於約公元95-97年", "note": "革利免說神保護那些「以清潔的良心」事奉他的人，接近提摩太後書1:3。這個短語很短，又重見於提摩太前書3:9；許多學者把提摩太後書定於《革利免一書》之後，所以無論哪一方向的倚賴都未獲證明。" }, { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "Ignatius, To the Smyrnaeans 10:2", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Smyrnaeans", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Ignatius, To the Smyrnaeans 10:2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-smyrnaeans-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "My spirit is devoted for you, as also are my bonds, which ye despised not, neither were ashamed of them. Nor shall He, who is perfect faithfulness, be ashamed of you, even Jesus Christ.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丟，《致士每拿人書》", "date": "約公元110年（有人主張較晚，至約140年）", "note": "伊格那丟感謝士每拿人不以他的鎖鏈為恥，並稱基督為「完全的信實」，與提摩太後書1:16和2:13相似；《致坡旅甲書》6:2與提摩太後書2:4相似。共同的囚犯和軍人意象，以及路加福音9:26，或可解釋這種相似。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "probable-allusion", "locator": "Polycarp, To the Philippians 9:2", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp of Smyrna", "work": "Letter to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Polycarp, To the Philippians 9:2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "For they loved not the present world, but Him that died for our sakes and was raised by God for us.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒書》", "date": "約公元110-140年", "note": "坡旅甲說伊格那丟、保羅和其他人「不愛現今的世界」，正好倒轉了提摩太後書4:10論底馬的話；5:2（「與他一同掌權」）與提摩太後書2:12相似。措辭獨特但簡短。Von Campenhausen（1951）主張坡旅甲本人寫了教牧書信；接受此說的人很少。" }, { "dateFrom": 180, "dateTo": 189, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Against Heresies 3.3.3", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus of Lyons", "work": "Against Heresies", "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Against Heresies 3.3.3", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103303.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "The blessed apostles, then, having founded and built up the Church, committed into the hands of Linus the office of the episcopate. Of this Linus, Paul makes mention in the Epistles to Timothy.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "愛任紐，《駁異端》", "date": "約公元180-189年", "note": "利奴在新約中只出現於提摩太後書4:21。愛任紐在3.14.1把提摩太後書4:10-11當作保羅親口的話引用，以表明路加一直與他同在。他引用時沒有加以論證，視之為公認的書信。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 375, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Muratorian Fragment, sec. 3 (ANF 5 numbering)", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "author": "Anonymous", "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus)", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "Muratorian Fragment, sec. 3 (ANF 5 numbering)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "He wrote, besides these, one to Philemon, and one to Titus, and two to Timothy, in simple personal affection and love indeed; but yet these are hallowed in the esteem of the Catholic Church, and in the regulation of ecclesiastical discipline.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《穆拉多利殘篇》", "date": "一般定於約公元170-200年；有人主張第四世紀", "note": "把一封致提多和兩封致提摩太的書信列在保羅的書信之中，這些書信源於私人關係，卻因關乎教會秩序而受尊重。一般置於約170-200年的羅馬；Sundberg和Hahneman主張第四世紀，若然，它便是較晚的見證。" }, { "dateFrom": 195, "dateTo": 210, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Stromata 2.11", "source": { "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf", "author": "Clement of Alexandria", "work": "Stromata, Book II (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 2)", "translator": "William Wilson", "year": "1885", "locator": "Stromata 2.11", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02102.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Convicted by this utterance, the heretics reject the Epistles to Timothy.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "亞歷山大的革利免，《雜記》", "date": "約公元200年", "note": "引用提摩太前書6:20之後，革利免說異端拒絕「致提摩太的書信」。他把提摩太後書2:1-2當作保羅的話引用（《雜記》1.1），又把提摩太後書1:7-8當作「寫給提摩太」的話引用（4.7）。他沒有指名那些異端。" }, { "dateFrom": 207, "dateTo": 212, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Against Marcion 5.21", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3)", "translator": "Peter Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Against Marcion 5.21", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "I wonder, however, when he received (into his Apostolicon) this letter which was written but to one man, that he rejected the two epistles to Timothy and the one to Titus, which all treat of ecclesiastical discipline.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "特土良，《駁馬吉安》（論馬吉安的Apostolikon）", "date": "約公元207-212年，記述馬吉安140年代的版本", "note": "馬吉安的十卷Apostolikon（約140年代）沒有收錄兩封致提摩太的書信和致提多的書信。特土良說馬吉安棄絕了它們；也有人認為他不知道這些書信，或它們當時尚未寫成。特土良本人把提摩太後書1:14當作保羅的話引用（《論異端的時效》25）。" }, { "dateFrom": 300, "dateTo": 399, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "Gregory-Aland 01, British Library folio 295b", "source": { "sourceKey": "museum-record", "author": "Codex Sinaiticus Project", "work": "Codex Sinaiticus: See the Manuscript (2 Timothy 1:1)", "locator": "Folio 295b (quire 86, folio 3v): 1 Timothy 6:9-21 and 2 Timothy 1:1-15, scribe A", "url": "https://codexsinaiticus.org/en/manuscript.aspx?book=48&chapter=1&lid=en&side=r&verse=1&zoomSlider=0", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "西奈抄本（Gregory-Aland 01）", "date": "第四世紀", "note": "已知最早的提摩太後書抄本，此信始於大英圖書館所藏第295b葉。沒有更早的蒲草紙存世。P46（三世紀初）現存的書頁中沒有教牧書信；其佚失的書頁是否載有這些書信，仍有爭議。梵蒂岡抄本在希伯來書9:14中斷。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hant/explore/evidence#reception-2-timothy" }, { "letterId": "titus", "summary": "自約公元180年起，提多書已有可靠見證：愛任紐把它當作保羅的書信引用，亞歷山大的革利免指名它，穆拉多利書目也收錄它（若這份書目屬二世紀）。《革利免一書》、伊格那丟和坡旅甲中較早的接觸點只是可能的回響。特土良記述馬吉安的書信集（140年代）沒有收錄它；它最早的抄本P32按筆跡定於約公元200-300年。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 90, "dateTo": 100, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "1 Clement 1.3; 2.7", "source": { "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot", "author": "Clement of Rome", "work": "First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "1 Clement 2.7", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Ye repented not of any well-doing, but were ready unto every good work.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《革利免一書》（羅馬的革利免）", "date": "約公元96年（多數定於90-100年）", "note": "書中的「預備行各樣善事」（2.7）與提多書3:1吻合；1.3向提多書第2章所列的各組人說話：年老的男人、年輕人，以及愛惜丈夫、料理家務的妻子。但提摩太後書2:21也相似，而家庭規範的教導是常見的材料，所以共同的傳統或可解釋兩者。" }, { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 117, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "Magnesians 8.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Magnesians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Magnesians 8.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-magnesians-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Be not seduced by strange doctrines nor by antiquated fables, which are profitless. For if even unto this day we live after the manner of Judaism, we avow that we have not received grace", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丟，《致馬內夏人書》", "date": "約公元105-117年（有人定於較晚）", "note": "警告人提防那些與按猶太教生活相連的「陳舊而無益的無稽傳說」，令人想起提多書1:14和3:9。但無稽傳說也見於提摩太前書，怪異的教導見於希伯來書13:9，而反對猶太化的論戰十分普遍；沒有任何一點獨特到足以證明使用。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "Philippians 4.1-2", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp", "work": "Epistle to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Philippians 4.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "and then our wives also, to walk in the faith that hath been given unto them and in love and purity, cherishing their own husbands in all truth and loving all men equally in all chastity, and to train their children in the training of the fear of God.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "士每拿的坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒書》", "date": "約公元110-140年", "note": "他很可能使用了提摩太前書（4.1）。他對妻子的囑咐（4.2）與提多書2:4-5相似，卻呼應《革利免一書》1.3的「愛惜自己的丈夫」，所以倚賴革利免或共同教導的可能性更大。Campenhausen（1951）甚至提出坡旅甲寫了教牧書信；跟從他的人很少。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 189, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Against Heresies 3.3.4; 1.16.3", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus", "work": "Against Heresies", "translator": "A. Roberts and W. H. Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Against Heresies 3.3.4", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103303.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Such was the horror which the apostles and their disciples had against holding even verbal communication with any corrupters of the truth; as Paul also says, A man that is an heretic, after the first and second admonition, reject;", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "里昂的愛任紐，《駁異端》", "date": "約公元180年（第3卷寫於主教埃留特里烏任內）", "note": "緊接在坡旅甲斥拒馬吉安的故事之後，把提多書3:10-11當作保羅的話引用；1.16.3再次引用保羅的吩咐：警戒異端兩次之後就要避開他。這是最早可定年的歸於保羅的例子之一，顯示的是接納，而不是誰寫了這封書信。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 375, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Muratorian fragment, on Paul's letters", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5)", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "Muratorian fragment §3 (ANF numbering)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "He wrote, besides these, one to Philemon, and one to Titus, and two to Timothy, in simple personal affection and love indeed; but yet these are hallowed in the esteem of the Catholic Church, and in the regulation of ecclesiastical discipline.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《穆拉多利殘篇》", "date": "2世紀末或4世紀（有爭議）", "note": "把提多書與腓利門書及提摩太前書、提摩太後書並列為因關乎教會紀律而受尊重的私人書信。拉丁文抄本屬7-8世紀；許多人把原本定於二世紀末，但Sundberg（1973）和Hahneman（1992）主張第四世紀。" }, { "dateFrom": 193, "dateTo": 210, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Stromata 1.14; 1.8", "source": { "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf", "author": "Clement of Alexandria", "work": "Stromata", "translator": "W. Wilson", "year": "1885", "locator": "Stromata 1.14", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02101.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Epimenides the Cretan, whom Paul knew as a Greek prophet, whom he mentions in the Epistle to Titus, where he speaks thus: One of themselves, a prophet of their own, said, The Cretans are always liars, evil beasts, slow bellies.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "亞歷山大的革利免，《雜記》", "date": "約公元198-203年（公元192年以後）", "note": "指名「致提多的書信」，並把提多書1:12-13引作保羅引用克里特人的先知埃庇米尼得斯的話；《雜記》1.8也引用提多書1:10。寫於康茂德在192年死後，第1卷的年代記正止於此。" }, { "dateFrom": 207, "dateTo": 212, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Against Marcion 5.21", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion", "translator": "P. Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Against Marcion 5.21", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "I wonder, however, when he received (into his Apostolicon) this letter which was written but to one man, that he rejected the two epistles to Timothy and the one to Titus, which all treat of ecclesiastical discipline.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "特土良論馬吉安的Apostolikon", "date": "約公元207-212年，記述馬吉安140年代的書信集", "note": "記述馬吉安的Apostolikon（約140年代）沒有收錄提摩太前書、提摩太後書和提多書，並說他棄絕了它們。另有人主張馬吉安從不知道教牧書信，或它們寫於較後，有人認為部分是針對他而寫；特土良本人視提多書為保羅的書信。" }, { "dateFrom": 200, "dateTo": 299, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "Gregory-Aland P32; P.Ryl. 5 (Manchester, John Rylands Library, Gr. P. 5)", "source": { "sourceKey": "csntm", "author": "Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts", "work": "Manuscript P32 (CSNTM digital manuscript collection)", "locator": "GA P32 (Manchester, John Rylands University Library, Gr. P. 5)", "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/Manuscript/Group/GA_P32", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "蒲草紙32號（P32）", "date": "約公元200年或3世紀較後時期（按筆跡）", "note": "從一張抄本冊書頁中保存了提多書1:11-15和2:3-8，年代僅按筆跡判定：三世紀（Hunt 1911），約200年（CSNTM）。Gathergood（2013）主張在這部抄本冊中，至少有一篇文本排在提多書之前。P46現存的書頁中沒有教牧書信。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hant/explore/evidence#reception-titus" }, { "letterId": "philemon", "summary": "腓利門書最早的確實見證，是特土良所記述的馬吉安保羅書信集（約140-160年）。穆拉多利書目指名它為保羅的書信；特土良也如此看待它。伊格那丟或許有微弱的回響。在《革利免一書》、坡旅甲、游斯丁、愛任紐或亞歷山大的革利免中，都沒有已知的清楚引文，或許因為它很短。最古老的抄本P87屬三世紀。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 150, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "Ign. Eph. 1.3; 2.1-2; 6.2", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Ephesians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer", "year": "1891", "locator": "Ign. Eph. 2.1-2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-ephesians-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "even so may the Father of Jesus Christ refresh him -- together with Onesimus and Burrhus and Euplus and Fronto; in whom I saw you all with the eyes of love. May I have joy of you always, if so be I am worthy of it.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丟，《致以弗所人書》", "date": "約110年；有人定於較晚", "note": "伊格那丟剛提到主教奧尼西母，就寫下「願我因你們得益」，用的是腓利門書1:20的動詞，這在新約中獨一無二。然而他在別處也重複這個心願，奧尼西母是常見的奴隸名字，而John Knox把這兩人視為同一人的說法未獲證明。" }, { "dateFrom": 138, "dateTo": 161, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Tertullian, Adv. Marc. 5.21.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion", "translator": "Peter Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 (Marcion's Apostolicon)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "I wonder, however, when he received (into his Apostolicon) this letter which was written but to one man, that he rejected the two epistles to Timothy and the one to Titus, which all treat of ecclesiastical discipline.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "馬吉安的Apostolikon，據特土良記述", "date": "約140-160年；約208年記述", "note": "最早的確實證據：馬吉安的十卷保羅書信集收錄了腓利門書。這份記述出自約六十年後一位帶敵意的見證人；伊皮法紐（第四世紀）也把它列出。特土良說它因篇幅短小而免受馬吉安的刪改。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 400, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Muratorian Fragment, sec. 3 (ANF 5 numbering)", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "author": "Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment)", "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus)", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "Muratorian Fragment, sec. 3 (ANF 5 numbering)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "He wrote, besides these, one to Philemon, and one to Titus, and two to Timothy, in simple personal affection and love indeed; but yet these are hallowed in the esteem of the Catholic Church, and in the regulation of ecclesiastical discipline.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《穆拉多利殘篇》", "date": "約170-200年，或第四世紀", "note": "把腓利門書與提多書、提摩太前書和提摩太後書並列為出於個人情誼而寫給個人、卻受教會尊重的書信。多數人定於約170-200年，地點大概在羅馬；A. C. Sundberg（1973）和G. M. Hahneman（1992）主張第四世紀。" }, { "dateFrom": 200, "dateTo": 299, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "Gregory-Aland P87; Köln, Institut für Altertumskunde, Inv. Nr. 12", "source": { "sourceKey": "csntm", "author": "Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts", "work": "CSNTM manuscript catalogue: GA P87", "locator": "GA P87 (3rd century; Köln, Institut für Altertumskunde, Inv. Nr. 12)", "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P87", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "蒲草紙87號（Gregory-Aland P87）", "date": "第三世紀", "note": "現存最古老的抄本：一張抄本冊書頁的殘片，一面載有腓利門書1:13-15的部分內容，另一面載有腓利門書1:24-25，按筆跡定於第三世紀。P46現存的書頁中沒有腓利門書；完整的抄本始於西奈抄本等第四世紀的抄本冊。" }, { "dateFrom": 207, "dateTo": 212, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.21.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion", "translator": "Peter Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 (Philemon's brevity)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "To this epistle alone did its brevity avail to protect it against the falsifying hands of Marcion.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "特土良，《駁馬吉安》", "date": "約207-212年", "note": "在現代版本標題為「論致腓利門的書信」的一章中，特土良把它視為保羅寫給一個人的書信，卻沒有引用任何一節。愛任紐和亞歷山大的革利免從未引用它，所以他是它年代可靠、最早的主流見證。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hant/explore/evidence#reception-philemon" } ], "contentDigest": "fa20b122fa7b314e92158b3c344a8dcd590ef7a7294948415d9dd4b7ca571f6a" }