--- title: "保罗书信多早就被人阅读" canonical: "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/articles/how-early-pauls-letters-were-read" published: "2026-10-23" updated: "2026-10-23" language: "zh-Hans" license: "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/license" source: "保罗书信 · Pauline Letters" --- # 保罗书信多早就被人阅读 > 保罗书信的早期接受情况，是由一封封书信的见证逐步显现的；这些见证的认可方式不同，所具有的证据分量也应保持区别。 **保罗书信多早就为人所知？最早的见证实际能证实什么？** 按通常的第一世纪末断代，《革利免前书》明确回顾了保罗论哥林多分派问题的书信。其他早期作者引用或呼应个别书信；第二世纪的文集与公元200年左右的纸草抄本，又提供了不同的证据。它们共同显示了有据可查的使用年代，但见证本身年代不确定、用语可能共有，也会限制某些比较的力度。 ## 在哥林多再次被提起的一封信 《革利免前书》第47章中，罗马教会指引哥林多信徒回到保罗先前针对他们分派问题所写的信。保罗、矶法与亚波罗的名字，使读者能认出这里谈的是哥林多前书1:10–12。作者在此点明保罗，并回顾某封具体书信的论述。这比一般地赞扬一位使徒更具体：罗马知道这封信，也预期哥林多能认出它。 《革利免前书》通常被定于公元95–97年左右，不过所提出的年代从约70年到140年都有。因此，这个早期见证也带着自身年代的不确定性。它的分量仍然相当可观：一封可辨认、归于保罗的书信，被再次提起，用来处理另一场教会争端。这并不意味着作者拥有传统上归于保罗的全部十三封书信，也不意味着每一处类似较晚书信用语的段落都必定出自那封信。 ## 引用、暗指与回响 接受史记录区分明确引用、很可能的暗指，以及可能的回响。伊格那丢致以弗所人的书信第18章，紧密重现了哥林多前书1:20的用语，语境也类似其中关于十字架的讨论。即使未点明出处，读者仍可能辨认出这些措辞。他的书信通常被定于公元105–117年左右，也有人将其定得更晚。 判断回响需要更加克制。伊格那丢致士每拿人的书信，把基督出自大卫后裔与他是神的儿子联系起来，用语类似罗马书1:3–4。由于保罗自己在那里可能也采用了更早的信仰告白，伊格那丢可能共享同一告白，而没有借用罗马书。《革利免前书》的恶行清单很可能暗指罗马书，但这类清单也很常见。公元180年左右，爱任纽明确点名罗马书：这种归属说明所回答的问题，与更早的措辞相似并不相同。 士每拿的坡旅甲致腓立比的书信，通常被定于公元110–140年左右，其中关于金钱的说法，很可能取材于提摩太前书6:7和6:10。类似的格言也留下了共有教导的可能。他很可能熟悉这些措辞，这对接受史很重要，却不能解决保罗是否写了提摩太前书这一争议问题。 ## 区分作者、收信人与同名人物 书名容易掩盖混淆。坡旅甲的《致腓立比信徒书》是归于保罗的著作的见证，并不是保罗自己的腓立比书。同样，伊格那丢的《致罗马人书》与罗马书是不同的著作。把作者与收信对象一起写明，能让证据对应正确的文献。 相同的人名也需要同样谨慎。伊格那丢在可能呼应腓利门书的措辞附近，提到主教欧尼西慕。这种组合促使人提出，他就是保罗书信中的欧尼西慕。然而，这个名字很常见，身份认定仍未得到证明。可能的文字回响，不能把两个具名人物变成一份已经确立的个人生平。 ## 文集显示读者接受了哪些书信 马吉安在第二世纪中叶编成的版本，汇集了十封归于保罗的书信，包括腓利门书，却未收录提摩太前书、提摩太后书和提多书。这个版本已经失传；其内容是通过反对者，尤其是第三世纪初写作的德尔图良而为人所知。无论怎样叙述马吉安接受或改动了什么，都应明确交代这是敌对者的记述。 《穆拉托里书目残篇》接受了署于保罗名下的十三封书信。它通常被定于公元170–200年左右，也有学者将其放在第四世纪。这些文献记录了在各自年代获接受的书信集，而这些年代有时本身也有争议。仅凭马吉安的遗漏，不能确定教牧书信的年代：拒绝、不知情及较晚成书，都是提出过的解释。书目把作品归于保罗，同样是在记录一个关于作者身份的判断，而非就此解决问题。 ## 存留下来的抄本是另一种见证 第46号纸草抄本通常根据笔迹定于公元200年左右，保存了相当大一部归于保罗的书信集。它把希伯来书排在罗马书之后。这一编排显示该册抄本的使用者如何将这些著作归组，却不能证明希伯来书是谁写的。末尾书叶缺失，也使我们无法确定它原先是否包含腓利门书或教牧书信。 腓利门书说明了文献接受与实物存留之间的区别。它最早的确切接受史证据，是后来由德尔图良报道的马吉安书信集。现知最古老的抄本是第87号纸草抄本，根据笔迹定于第三世纪。这个残片证明，至迟在那时已有抄写，而不是确定书信的写作年代。区分这两条时间线，才能让每个见证贡献其实际保存的证据。 ## 参考书目与资料来源 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 3.2 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 9.1 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 9.2 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 11.2 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 11.3 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 12.1 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 13.2 - Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — AH 3.3.4 (Polycarp's letter) - Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — AH 3.3.4 (Polycarp and Marcion) - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 5.6 - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 5.7 - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 5.1 - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot) — 1 Clem. 5.2 - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 47.1-3 - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 6.1 - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 1.1 - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. inscription (salutation) - J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 2 — Note on 1 Clem. 5 ('the extreme west'), p. 30 - J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 2 — Note on 1 Clem. 5 ('the extreme west'), p. 31 - J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 2 — Note on 1 Clem. 5 ('seven times'), p. 29 - J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 1 — Part I, vol. 1, p. 27 - J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 1 — Part I, vol. 1, p. 118 (Alexandrian MS) - J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 1 — Part I, vol. 1, p. 122 (Constantinople MS) - Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — AH 3.3.3 - Anonymous, Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — §2 in ANF numbering (on Acts) - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Kurzgefasste Liste: GA 02 (Codex Alexandrinus) — docID 20002 (GA 02; London, British Library, Royal 1 D.VIII; 5th century) - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Ephesians (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Eph. 12.2 - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Romans (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Rom. 4.3 - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Romans (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Rom. 9.2 (echo of 1 Cor 15:8-9) - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Ephesians (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Eph. 18.1 (echo of 1 Cor 1:18-20; 4:13) - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Smyrnaeans (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Smyrn. 3.3 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Epistle to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Pol. Phil. 13.2 - Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — Haer. 5.28.4 (quoting Ign. Rom. 4.1) - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 3, on Philemon, Titus and Timothy (ANF 5:603) - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 3, on Laodiceans and Alexandrians (ANF 5:603) - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 2, on Acts and Theophilus (ANF 5:603) - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 2, on Peter's passion and Paul's journey to Spain (ANF 5:603) - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 4 (ANF 5:604) - ANF vol. 5 editors (editorial headnote), Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5, note to 'Canon Muratorianus' — ANF 5:603, headnote (CCEL note 4977) - Tertullian, Against Marcion, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3 (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21 - Tertullian, Against Marcion, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3 (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.17 - Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments (INTF NTVMR, page-level record) — Gregory-Aland P46 (INTF docID 10046) - Chester Beatty online exhibition page: New Testament (label for the Pauline Epistles leaf) — CBL BP II f.61 - CSNTM manuscript record: P46 — GA P46 - INTF NTVMR transcription of P46 — P46 folio 20r - INTF NTVMR transcription of P46 — P46 folio 21v - INTF NTVMR transcription of P46 — P46 folio 75r - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.17.1 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.11.12 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.13.4 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 1.19.2 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 1.15 - Irenaeus, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — Haer. 1.27.2 - Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Muratorian Fragment, sec. 3 (ANF 5 numbering) - Polycarp, Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Phil. 4.1 - INTF NTVMR transcription of P46 — P46 folio 75r - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Kurzgefasste Liste (INTF NTVMR): manuscript record P87 — P87 (docID 10087) - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, INTF transcription of P87, folio 1r — P87 f. 1r (Phlm 13-15) - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, INTF transcription of P87, folio 1v — P87 f. 1v (Phlm 24-25) - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Kurzgefasste Liste (INTF NTVMR): manuscript record P139 — P139 (docID 10139) - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Kurzgefasste Liste (INTF NTVMR): manuscript record 01 (Codex Sinaiticus) — 01 (docID 20001) - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Kurzgefasste Liste (INTF NTVMR): manuscript record P46 — P46 (docID 10046) - CSNTM manuscript catalogue: GA P87 — GA P87 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3) (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21 - Clement of Rome (traditional attribution), 1 Clement (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — 1 Clem. 35.6 - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Smyrnaeans (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Smyrn. 1.1 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Phil. 6.2 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.13 - Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — Haer. 3.16.3 - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 3, on Paul's letters to seven churches - CSNTM manuscript record: P46 — GA P46 - Clement of Rome, The Epistle of S. Clement to the Corinthians (Lightfoot, Apostolic Fathers Part I, vol. 2) (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 47.1-3 - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Ephesians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Ign. Eph. 18.1 - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Romans (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Ign. Rom. 9.2 - Polycarp, Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Pol. Phil. 11.2 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3) (P. Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.10 - Irenaeus, Against Heresies (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 1) (A. Roberts and W. H. Rambaut, 1885) — Haer. 4.27.3 - Muratorian Fragment (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Muratorian Fragment, section 3 (ANF 5 numbering) - CSNTM manuscript record, Gregory-Aland P46 — GA P46 (Dublin, CBL BP II) - Clement of Rome (traditional attribution), 1 Clement (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — 1 Clem. 61.2 - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to Polycarp (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Pol. 3.1 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Phil. 4.1 - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 3, on Philemon, Titus and Timothy (ANF 5:603) - Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — AH 1, preface 1 - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Münster, Kurzgefasste Liste (NTVMR), P133 — Gregory-Aland P133 (INTF docID 10133) - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3) (Peter Holmes, 1885) — 5.21 - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Ephesians (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Eph. 2.1-2 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 (Marcion's Apostolicon) - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Muratorian Fragment, sec. 3 (ANF 5 numbering) - Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts, CSNTM manuscript catalogue: GA P87 — GA P87 (3rd century; Köln, Institut für Altertumskunde, Inv. Nr. 12) - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 (Philemon's brevity) --- 规范网址: https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/articles/how-early-pauls-letters-were-read