{ "$schema": "https://paulineletters.com/data/agent/commons/v1/letter-reception.schema.json", "schemaVersion": "1.0", "version": "1.0.0", "dataset": "letter-reception", "locale": "zh-Hans", "title": "保罗的每封书信多早为人所知", "description": "针对十三封书信中的每一封，列出最早指名、引用或呼应它的作者以及最早的抄本，并从明确指名到可能的回响分级。", "method": "收录约公元200年以前的见证和最早的抄本，先起草，再对照公有领域的译本和INTF的Liste独立核实。分级刻意从严，因为共同的短语可能来自基督徒的通用语言。", "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "attribution": "Pauline Letters — https://paulineletters.com", "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/data/agent/commons/v1/letter-reception.json", "scripture": "References only. No Bible translation text is included; cite the reference and read it in a licensed or public-domain edition.", "letterCount": 13, "records": [ { "letterId": "romans", "summary": "约公元180年，爱任纽指明罗马书出自保罗之手；2世纪中叶马吉安的版本（见于德尔图良带有敌意的记述）收录的是一个删短的文本。《革利免前书》（通常定于约96年）和坡旅甲很可能借用了它的措辞；伊格那丢的一处平行文字或许反映了一项共同的信条。177年一封高卢教会的书信引用了它，却没有指名。P46按笔迹定于约公元200年，是最早的抄本。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 70, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "probable-allusion", "locator": "1 Clement 35.5-6", "source": { "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot", "author": "Clement of Rome (traditional attribution)", "work": "1 Clement", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "1 Clem. 35.6", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "For they that do these things are hateful to God; and not only they that do them, but they also that consent unto them.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《革利免前书》（罗马教会致哥林多）", "date": "约公元95-97年（各家提议从约70年到140年不等）", "note": "其恶行清单与罗马书1:29-32有共同的用词，包括毁谤和恨恶神，并且同样既定行这些事的人为有罪，也定赞同的人为有罪。它写于罗马，正是罗马书寄往之地；不过惯用的恶行清单留有巧合的余地。" }, { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 150, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "Ignatius, Smyrnaeans 1.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Smyrnaeans", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer", "year": "1891", "locator": "Smyrn. 1.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-smyrnaeans-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "fully persuaded as touching our Lord that He is truly of the race of David according to the flesh, but Son of God by the Divine will and power", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丢，《致士每拿人书》", "date": "约公元105-117年（有人主张140年代）", "note": "称基督按肉身的血统是大卫的后裔，却凭神的大能是神的儿子，这一对举见于罗马书1:3-4。许多人认为保罗在那里改编了一项更早的信条，因此伊格那丢呼应的或许是这条共同的程式，而不是这封书信。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "probable-allusion", "locator": "Polycarp, Philippians 6.2", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp of Smyrna", "work": "Letter to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Phil. 6.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "for we are before the eyes of our Lord and God, and we must all stand at the judgment-seat of Christ, and each man must give an account of himself.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "士每拿的坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒书》", "date": "约公元110-140年", "note": "把站在基督的审判台前与各人为自己交账连在一起，正如罗马书14:10-12。哥林多后书5:10也有审判台的说法，而坡旅甲没有指明出处，所以仍有可能是混合的记忆或一句通行的说法。" }, { "dateFrom": 138, "dateTo": 161, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Tertullian, Against Marcion 5.13-14", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion", "translator": "Peter Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.13", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "But what serious gaps Marcion has made in this epistle especially, by withdrawing whole passages at his will, will be clear from the unmutilated text of our own copy.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "马吉安的Apostolikon，据德尔图良的记述", "date": "马吉安活跃于约公元138-161年；德尔图良约自207年起写作", "note": "德尔图良把罗马书列为马吉安十封书信版本中的第四封，排在加拉太书和哥林多前书、哥林多后书之后。他说马吉安删去了整段经文，而他的讨论止于罗马书14:10。这个版本只见于带敌意的记述，确切内容并不确定。" }, { "dateFrom": 177, "dateTo": 178, "grade": "clear-quotation", "locator": "Eusebius, Church History 5.1.6", "source": { "sourceKey": "eusebius-history-mcgiffert", "author": "Eusebius (quoting the churches of Vienne and Lyons)", "work": "Church History", "translator": "Arthur Cushman McGiffert", "year": "1890", "locator": "HE 5.1.6", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250105.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "regarding their great sufferings as little, they hastened to Christ, manifesting truly that 'the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be revealed to us afterward.'", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "维埃纳与里昂众教会的书信", "date": "约公元177-178年（由优西比乌保存，4世纪初）", "note": "描述高卢的殉道者时，它几乎逐字重复罗马书8:18，却没有提到保罗的名字。优西比乌说他所录的是这些教会自己的原话，并把这场迫害定在安东尼努斯·维鲁斯（即马可·奥勒留）在位第十七年（公元177年）。" }, { "dateFrom": 176, "dateTo": 189, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Irenaeus, Against Heresies 3.16.3", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus of Lyons", "work": "Against Heresies", "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Haer. 3.16.3", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103316.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Paul, when writing to the Romans, has explained this very point", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "里昂的爱任纽，《驳异端》", "date": "约公元180年", "note": "说保罗写信给罗马人时，表明耶稣与基督是同一位，随即引用罗马书1:1-4和罗马书9:5，并在3.16.9再次指名这封书信。第3卷写于埃琉提鲁任罗马主教期间。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 400, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Muratorian Fragment, section on Paul's letters", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "author": "Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment)", "work": "Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius)", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3, on Paul's letters to seven churches", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "writes to no more than seven churches by name, in this order: the first to the Corinthians, the second to the Ephesians, the third to the Philippians, the fourth to the Colossians, the fifth to the Galatians, the sixth to the Thessalonians, the seventh to the Romans.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "穆拉托里残篇", "date": "大概在约公元170-200年；少数人定于4世纪", "note": "把罗马书列入保罗写给七个教会的书信之中，说他写这封信是依照旧约圣经的准则，而以基督为其首要对象。通常根据它说黑马不久前在庇护任内写作而定年；也有人把它定于4世纪。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 250, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "Gregory-Aland P46 (INTF Liste docID 10046)", "source": { "sourceKey": "csntm", "work": "CSNTM manuscript record: P46", "locator": "GA P46", "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "第46号蒲草纸抄本（P46）", "date": "按笔迹约公元200年（CSNTM：2世纪末或3世纪初；INTF：3世纪初）", "note": "通常被认为是罗马书最早的抄本；在其书信次序中罗马书居首。罗马书5:17之前的书页，以及涵盖罗马书6:14-8:15大部分内容的两页，均已佚失。它把颂赞（WEB编号中的罗马书14:24-26）放在罗马书15:33之后。仅按笔迹定年。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/evidence#reception-romans" }, { "letterId": "1-corinthians", "summary": "哥林多前书很早就有见证：通常定于约公元96年的《革利免前书》嘱咐哥林多教会拿起保罗论他们分党的书信，这很可能是对任何一封保罗书信最早的指名。伊格那丢和坡旅甲在数十年内就引用了它；马吉安的版本和穆拉托里书目都收录了它，爱任纽指名了它，而约公元200年的P46是现存最早的抄本。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 70, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "1 Clem. 47.1-3", "source": { "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot", "author": "Clement of Rome", "work": "The Epistle of S. Clement to the Corinthians (Lightfoot, Apostolic Fathers Part I, vol. 2)", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1890", "locator": "1 Clem. 47.1-3", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/lightfoot/pt1vol2/translation1.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Take up the epistle of the blessed Paul the Apostle. What wrote he first unto you in the beginning of the Gospel? Of a truth he charged you in the Spirit concerning himself and Cephas and Apollos, because that even then ye had made parties.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《革利免前书》", "date": "约公元95-97年（有争议）", "note": "它从罗马写信给哥林多，嘱咐读者拿起保罗就他们中间保罗派、彼得派和亚波罗派所写的书信（哥林多前书1:10-12）。第37-38章和第49章很可能取材于哥林多前书12-13章，不过身体的比喻当时很常见。各家提议的年代从约70年到140年不等。" }, { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 150, "grade": "clear-quotation", "locator": "Ign. Eph. 18.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Ephesians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Ign. Eph. 18.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-ephesians-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "My spirit is made an offscouring for the Cross, which is a stumbling-block to them that are unbelievers, but to us salvation and life eternal. Where is the wise? Where is the disputer?", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丢，《致以弗所人书》", "date": "约公元105-117年（有争议）", "note": "未加标示，却近乎逐字：哥林多前书1:20三个“……在哪里？”的问句中有两个，与十字架作为绊脚石和救恩的说法（哥林多前书1:18-23）并列；《致以弗所人书》16.1呼应哥林多前书6:9-10。通常定于约105-117年；巴恩斯（2008）主张140年代；少数人怀疑其真实性。" }, { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 150, "grade": "probable-allusion", "locator": "Ign. Rom. 9.2", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Romans", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Ign. Rom. 9.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-romans-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "But for myself I am ashamed to be called one of them; for neither am I worthy, being the very last of them and an untimely birth", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丢，《致罗马人书》", "date": "约公元105-117年（有争议）", "note": "伊格那丢称自己不配，是“最末的”，又是“未到产期而生的”，这些用语一同见于哥林多前书15:8-9。这是很可能的，但并不确定：他用这些话来说自己在叙利亚教会中的地位。《致罗马人书》5.1同样借用了哥林多前书4:4。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "clear-quotation", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 11.2", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp", "work": "Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 11.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Nay, know we not, that the saints shall judge the world, as Paul teacheth?", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒书》", "date": "约公元110-140年（有争议）", "note": "坡旅甲把圣徒要审判世界的说法归于保罗（哥林多前书6:2），指名了这位使徒，却没有指名这封书信。第11章只以拉丁文译本存世；希腊文的5.3重复了哥林多前书6:9-10恶行清单的一部分，却没有注明出处。" }, { "dateFrom": 138, "dateTo": 161, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Tertullian, Adv. Marc. 5.5-10", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3)", "translator": "P. Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.10", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Our heretic, however, in the excess of his folly, being unwilling that the statement should remain in this shape, altered last Adam into last Lord", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "马吉安的Apostolikon，经德尔图良转述", "date": "2世纪中叶（3世纪初记述）", "note": "德尔图良在概览马吉安的版本时，把哥林多前书列为第二，排在加拉太书之后，并指控马吉安在哥林多前书15:45更改了经文。这是数十年后写成的带敌意的记述；马吉安改动了多少、而不是承袭了多少，仍有争议。" }, { "dateFrom": 176, "dateTo": 189, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Haer. 4.27.3", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus", "work": "Against Heresies (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 1)", "translator": "A. Roberts and W. H. Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Haer. 4.27.3", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103427.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "But this also, [as the presbyter states,] has Paul declared most plainly in the Epistle to the Corinthians, when he says", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "爱任纽，《驳异端》", "date": "约公元180年", "note": "爱任纽指名这封书信并引用哥林多前书10:1-12，同时转述一位未具名的长老的话，这位长老是从见过众使徒的人那里学来的（4.27.1）。这段论证有多少出自这位长老，又有多少是爱任纽自己的，并不清楚。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 400, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Section 3 (ANF numbering)", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5)", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "Muratorian Fragment, section 3 (ANF 5 numbering)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "He wrote first of all, and at considerable length, to the Corinthians, to check the schism of heresy", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "穆拉托里残篇", "date": "约公元170-200年（有人主张4世纪）", "note": "它两次把致哥林多的书信列为保罗致教会书信之首，并提到写给哥林多的两封书信。多数人定于约170-200年，因为它称黑马是不久前的人；桑德伯格（1973）和哈内曼（1992）主张4世纪。它以一份7或8世纪的拉丁文抄本存世。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 250, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "Gregory-Aland P46 (Chester Beatty BP II; Michigan inv. 6238)", "source": { "sourceKey": "csntm", "work": "CSNTM manuscript record, Gregory-Aland P46", "locator": "GA P46 (Dublin, CBL BP II)", "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "第46号蒲草纸抄本（P46）", "date": "约公元200年（2世纪末或3世纪初）", "note": "CSNTM定于约200年，即2世纪末或3世纪初。这个年代仅以笔迹为据；金永圭（1988）主张1世纪末，多数人不接受这一看法。哥林多前书排在罗马书和希伯来书之后；受损的书页缺失了几行。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/evidence#reception-1-corinthians" }, { "letterId": "2-corinthians", "summary": "哥林多后书最早的确切见证是马吉安的书信集（约140年代，经德尔图良得知），最早指名它的是爱任纽（约180年），其后是亚历山太的革利免和穆拉托里书目（年代有争议）。坡旅甲很可能呼应了它；伊格那丢和《革利免前书》至多只有微弱的回响。第46号蒲草纸抄本（约200年）是最早的抄本。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 80, "dateTo": 100, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "1 Clem. 36.2; 47.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot", "author": "Clement of Rome", "work": "First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "1 Clem. 36.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "through Him we behold as in a mirror His faultless and most excellent visage", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《革利免前书》（罗马致哥林多）", "date": "约96年（有80-100年的提议）", "note": "镜子的意象或许呼应哥林多后书3:18，不过哥林多前书13:12同样接近。革利免只指名一封致哥林多的保罗书信（47.1）；有人认为这表示哥林多后书当时在罗马尚不为人知，另一些人则认为这只是选了切合的那封书信。" }, { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "Trall. 9.2; Phld. 6.3", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Trallians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Trall. 9.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-trallians-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "who moreover was truly raised from the dead, His Father having raised Him, who in the like fashion will so raise us also who believe on Him", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丢，《致特拉勒斯人书》与《致非拉铁非人书》", "date": "约110年（有人主张约140年）", "note": "《致特拉勒斯人书》9.2（父要使信徒复活，如同使耶稣复活）近似哥林多后书4:14，但同样近似哥林多前书6:14；《致非拉铁非人书》6.3（不累着任何人）令人想起哥林多后书11:9，但也令人想起帖撒罗尼迦前书2:9。无法证明它依赖哥林多后书。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "probable-allusion", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 2.2; 4.1; 6.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp", "work": "Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 2.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Now He that raised Him from the dead will raise us also; if we do His will and walk in His commandments and love the things which He loved", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "士每拿的坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒书》", "date": "约110-140年（年代有争议）", "note": "有三个短语与哥林多后书4:14（神使信徒复活，如同使耶稣复活）、哥林多后书6:7（公义的盔甲）和哥林多后书8:21（在神和人面前都体面）聚在一起。每一处在别处都有平行文字（哥林多前书6:14；罗马书6:13；罗马书12:17），所以论据在于这几处的聚集。" }, { "dateFrom": 138, "dateTo": 161, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.11-12", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion", "translator": "P. Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.11", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "We are quite aware that some passages are open to ambiguity, from the way in which they are read, or else from their punctuation, when there is room for these two causes of ambiguity. The latter method has been adopted by Marcion", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "马吉安的Apostolikon（据德尔图良的记述）", "date": "约140-150年；约208年记述", "note": "德尔图良逐段讨论马吉安的哥林多后书文本——在他的次序中排第三，在加拉太书和哥林多前书之后——并对马吉安在哥林多后书4:4的标点提出异议。这是这封书信在保罗书信集中流传的最早确切迹象，尽管只经由带敌意的记述得知。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 190, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Haer. 3.7.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus", "work": "Against Heresies", "translator": "A. Roberts and W. H. Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Haer. 3.7.1", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103307.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "As to their affirming that Paul said plainly in the Second [Epistle] to the Corinthians", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "里昂的爱任纽，《驳异端》", "date": "约180年", "note": "爱任纽在回应对手时指名“致哥林多信徒的第二封书信”；这些对手把哥林多后书4:4读作存在另一位较低神祇的证据，而德尔图良说马吉安正是给这节经文加了标点。双方都把这封书信当作保罗的书信。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 400, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3 (ANF 5:603)", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "work": "Muratorian Fragment", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3 (ANF 5:603)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Moreover, though he writes twice to the Corinthians and Thessalonians for their correction, it is yet shown — i.e., by this sevenfold writing — that there is one Church spread abroad through the whole world.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "穆拉托里残篇", "date": "2世纪末，或4世纪（有争议）", "note": "这份书目说保罗两次写信给哥林多信徒，可见它知道两封致哥林多的书信。如果它是2世纪末的罗马文献，就是一份早期的正典书目；如果像A. C. 桑德伯格和G. M. 哈内曼所主张的那样属于4世纪，它对早期证据的补充就不多。" }, { "dateFrom": 195, "dateTo": 215, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Strom. 4.16; 4.21", "source": { "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf", "author": "Clement of Alexandria", "work": "Stromata", "translator": "W. Wilson", "year": "1885", "locator": "Strom. 4.16", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02104.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "So far the apostle respecting knowledge; and in the second Epistle to the Corinthians he calls the common teaching of faith the savour of knowledge.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "亚历山太的革利免，《杂记》", "date": "约200年", "note": "革利免指名“致哥林多信徒的第二封书信”，并在《杂记》4.21中大段引用。加上高卢的爱任纽和迦太基的德尔图良，这表明到约200年，各地教会都把这封书信当作保罗的书信来读。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 250, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "GA P46", "source": { "sourceKey": "csntm", "work": "Manuscript P46", "locator": "GA P46", "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "第46号蒲草纸抄本（P46）", "date": "约200年（2世纪末或3世纪初）", "note": "哥林多后书最早的抄本，属于一部保罗书信抄本，分藏于都柏林（CBL BP II，56页）和安娜堡（P.Mich. inv. 6238，30页）。CSNTM定于约200年；金永圭1988年提出的1世纪年代鲜获支持。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/evidence#reception-2-corinthians" }, { "letterId": "galatians", "summary": "加拉太书最早的明确使用，是坡旅甲引用加拉太书6:7（约110-140年）。马吉安（约140年代）显然把它放在他的保罗书信集之首。爱任纽（约180年）指名它，并把其中的耶路撒冷之行与使徒行传15章对应起来。P46（约200年）是最早的抄本。《革利免前书》和伊格那丢中的平行文字可能是回响，但不是证据。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 80, "dateTo": 100, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "1 Clement 5.2", "source": { "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot", "author": "Clement of Rome", "work": "First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "1 Clement 5.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "By reason of jealousy and envy the greatest and most righteous pillars of the Church were persecuted, and contended even unto death.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《革利免前书》（罗马）", "date": "约96年（有争议）", "note": "称受迫害的众使徒（其中有彼得和保罗）为教会的“柱石”，加拉太书2:9正是用这个词称雅各、彼得和约翰。莱特富特指出这个意象在犹太著作中很常见，因此是否有依赖关系值得怀疑。革利免明确援引的唯一一封保罗书信是哥林多前书（47.1）。" }, { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "Philadelphians 1.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Philadelphians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Philadelphians 1.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-philadelphians-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "This your bishop I have found to hold the ministry which pertaineth to the common weal, not of himself or through men, nor yet for vain glory, but in the love of God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丢，《致非拉铁非人书》", "date": "约110年（有人主张130至140年代）", "note": "说主教承担职分“不是出于自己，也不是借着人”。这措辞接近加拉太书1:1否认出于人的说法，但这里描述的是一位主教。伊格那丢对“犹太教”的警告（《致马格尼西亚人书》8.1、10.3）是主题上的平行，不能证明他读过加拉太书。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "clear-quotation", "locator": "Philippians 5.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp", "work": "Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Philippians 5.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Knowing then that God is not mocked, we ought to walk worthily of His commandment and His glory.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "士每拿的坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒书》", "date": "约110-140年", "note": "以“既知道”引出加拉太书6:7的独特措辞，他也用同一套语引出提摩太前书6:7（4.1）。有一句更早的共同格言也有可能，但没有文献证明。称信心为众信徒之母（3.3）很可能呼应加拉太书4:26。他指名的是保罗，而不是加拉太书。" }, { "dateFrom": 140, "dateTo": 150, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Tertullian, Against Marcion 4.3; 5.2-4", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3)", "translator": "P. Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Against Marcion 4.3", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03124.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Marcion, finding the Epistle of Paul to the Galatians (wherein he rebukes even apostles) for not walking uprightly according to the truth of the gospel, as well as accuses certain false apostles of perverting the gospel of Christ), labours very hard to destroy the character of those Gospels", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "马吉安的Apostolikon，据德尔图良的记述", "date": "约140-150年（约208年记述）", "note": "马吉安的十封书信集只经由反对者得知。它显然以加拉太书开篇，德尔图良的第5卷也首先讨论它。德尔图良说马吉安删除了提及亚伯拉罕的地方（5.3-4）；有人认为马吉安的文本只是本来就不同。它所见证的，更多是这封书信的权威，而不是完整的文本。" }, { "dateFrom": 174, "dateTo": 189, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Against Heresies 3.13.3", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus", "work": "Against Heresies (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 1)", "translator": "A. Roberts and W. H. Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Against Heresies 3.13.3", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103313.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "went up to them, with Barnabas, to Jerusalem, not without reason, but that the liberty of the Gentiles might be confirmed by them, he does himself say, in the Epistle to the Galatians", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "里昂的爱任纽，《驳异端》", "date": "约180年", "note": "指名“致加拉太人的书信”，引用其中与巴拿巴和提多一同上去的记述，并论证其年份与使徒行传15章相合。这一认定至今仍有争议：许多人更倾向于使徒行传11:30的饥荒之行，也有人认为两处记述之间确有张力。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 375, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5, Fragments of Caius)", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "He wrote first of all, and at considerable length, to the Corinthians, to check the schism of heresy; and then to the Galatians, to forbid circumcision", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "穆拉托里残篇", "date": "约170-200年，或4世纪（有争议）", "note": "说加拉太书是为禁止割礼而写的，又再次把它列入七个教会之中。它对黑马的评语显示其出于约170-200年的罗马，但桑德伯格和哈内曼主张4世纪。它以一份7或8世纪的拉丁文抄本存世。" }, { "dateFrom": 193, "dateTo": 215, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Stromata 3.15", "source": { "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf", "author": "Clement of Alexandria", "work": "The Stromata, or Miscellanies (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 2)", "translator": "W. Wilson", "year": "1885", "locator": "Stromata 3.15", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02103.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Quare Paulus quoque scribens ad Galatas, dicit", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "亚历山太的革利免，《杂记》", "date": "约200年", "note": "以保罗写信给加拉太人的说法引出加拉太书4:19（ANF以拉丁文刊印这一卷）。《杂记》时常引用加拉太书。迦太基的德尔图良也指名它（《论异端的时效》6），所以到约200年，好几个地区的作者都指名引用它。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 250, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "Gregory-Aland/INTF Liste P46 (Dublin, CBL BP II; Ann Arbor, P.Mich. inv. 6238)", "source": { "sourceKey": "csntm", "author": "Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts", "work": "CSNTM manuscript record: P46", "locator": "GA P46", "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "第46号蒲草纸抄本（P46）", "date": "约200年（按笔迹）", "note": "加拉太书最早的抄本：一部很可能来自埃及的保罗书信抄本，其中加拉太书排在以弗所书之后。它仅按笔迹定年。CSNTM定于约200年，INTF的Liste定于3世纪初；已发表的提议从1世纪末到3世纪不等。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/evidence#reception-galatians" }, { "letterId": "ephesians", "summary": "到约公元110-140年，以弗所书已为人所知：坡旅甲引用以弗所书4:26（仅以拉丁文保存），伊格那丢很可能暗指它，《革利免前书》也有可能的回响。马吉安给它定名为“致老底嘉人书”；爱任纽和亚历山太的革利免指名它；P46（约200年）的问安中没有写明城名。这显示它曾以保罗的名义流传，但不能证明作者身份，许多学者对作者身份有异议。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 70, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "1 Clem. 46.6; 59.3", "source": { "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot", "author": "Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome)", "work": "First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "1 Clem. 46.6", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Have we not one God and one Christ and one Spirit of grace that was shed upon us? And is there not one calling in Christ?", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《革利免前书》（罗马教会致哥林多）", "date": "约公元95-97年（各家提议约70-140年）", "note": "革利免诉诸一位神、一位基督、一位圣灵和一个呼召（46.6），近似以弗所书4:4-6；他祈求开启心中的眼睛（59.3），近似以弗所书1:18。共同的礼仪用语也许可以解释这两处；一个牛津委员会（1905）认为无法确定有依赖关系。" }, { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 150, "grade": "probable-allusion", "locator": "Ign. Eph. inscription, 12.2; Ign. Pol. 5.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Ephesians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Ign. Eph. inscription", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-ephesians-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "unto her which hath been blessed in greatness through the plentitude of God the Father; which hath been foreordained before the ages to be for ever unto abiding and unchangeable glory, united and elect in a true passion, by the will of the Father and of Jesus Christ our God", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丢", "date": "通行看法为约公元105-117年；有人主张更晚", "note": "他致以弗所的问安重用了以弗所书1:3-12的祝福词汇；《致坡旅甲书》5.1呼应以弗所书5:25。他说保罗在每封书信中都提到他们（12.2），却没有指名任何书信。一个牛津委员会（1905）判断这些回响几乎肯定不是偶然的；冯·德·戈尔茨则怀疑有依赖关系。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "clear-quotation", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 1.3; 12.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp of Smyrna", "work": "Epistle to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 12.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "For I am persuaded that ye are well trained in the sacred writings, and nothing is hidden from you. But to myself this is not granted. Only, as it is said in these scriptures, Be ye angry and sin not, and Let not the sun set on your wrath.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "士每拿的坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒书》", "date": "约公元110-140年", "note": "坡旅甲把只在以弗所书4:26中并列出现的两个分句配在一起，称之为经文；他的开篇一章与以弗所书2:8-9十分相似。第12章只以拉丁文存世，而其第一个分句也见于希腊文《诗篇》，所以这个称呼指的也许是《诗篇》。" }, { "dateFrom": 138, "dateTo": 161, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Tertullian, Adv. Marc. 5.11; 5.17-18", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion", "translator": "Peter Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.17.1", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "We have it on the true tradition of the Church, that this epistle was sent to the Ephesians, not to the Laodiceans. Marcion, however, was very desirous of giving it the new title (of Laodicean), as if he were extremely accurate in investigating such a point.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "马吉安的Apostolikon（据德尔图良的记述）", "date": "2世纪中叶，约公元138-161年；约207-208年记述", "note": "马吉安所编的保罗书信集以“致老底嘉人书”之名收录这封书信，这或许是从歌罗西书4:16推断出来的，或者来自一份没有写明城名的抄本。带有敌意的记述者德尔图良说，教会传统称它为以弗所书，并指控马吉安删去了字句（5.17-18）。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 189, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Haer. 5.2.3; 5.8.1; 5.14.3; 1.8.4-5", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus of Lyons", "work": "Against Heresies", "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Haer. 5.2.3", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103502.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "even as the blessed Paul declares in his Epistle to the Ephesians, that we are members of His body, of His flesh, and of His bones.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "里昂的爱任纽，《驳异端》", "date": "约公元180年（第3卷写于埃琉提鲁任罗马主教期间）", "note": "爱任纽多次指名这封书信（另见5.8.1和5.14.3），并记述瓦伦廷派的教师把其中的话当作保罗的话引用（1.8.4-5）。到约180年，他和他的对手都把它当作保罗的书信；这显示的是它被接受，而不是谁写了它。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 400, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus)", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3 (ANF 5 numbering)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "as the blessed Apostle Paul, following the rule of his predecessor John, writes to no more than seven churches by name, in this order: the first to the Corinthians, the second to the Ephesians, the third to the Philippians", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "穆拉托里残篇", "date": "传统上定于约公元170-200年；有人主张4世纪", "note": "把以弗所书列为保罗写给七个具名教会的书信中的第二封。许多人把这份书目定于约170-200年的西方；桑德伯格（1973）和哈内曼（1992）主张它是4世纪的东方书目。其主要抄本是一份8世纪的拉丁文抄本。" }, { "dateFrom": 198, "dateTo": 210, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Strom. 4.8", "source": { "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf", "author": "Clement of Alexandria", "work": "Stromata", "translator": "William Wilson", "year": "1885", "locator": "Strom. 4.8", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02104.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Wherefore also in the Epistle to the Ephesians it is written, Subjecting yourselves one to another in the fear of God.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "亚历山太的革利免，《杂记》", "date": "约公元198-210年", "note": "革利免指名这封书信，并以“经上记着”的套语引用以弗所书5:21-29，随后转向歌罗西书。身为亚历山太的一位教导者，他显示这封书信在埃及被当作有权威的书信来读，正如爱任纽之于高卢。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 250, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "Gregory-Aland P46 (Dublin, Chester Beatty Library, BP II)", "source": { "sourceKey": "csntm", "work": "CSNTM manuscript record: GA P46", "locator": "GA P46", "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "第46号蒲草纸抄本（P46）", "date": "约公元200年（按笔迹）", "note": "最早的抄本：一部保罗书信的蒲草纸抄本，按笔迹定于约公元200年，误差可达数十年。在以弗所书1:1处它没有写明城名，西奈抄本和梵蒂冈抄本在后来的校订者加上以弗所之前也是如此。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/evidence#reception-ephesians" }, { "letterId": "philippians", "summary": "到2世纪末，腓立比书已有充分的见证。坡旅甲（约110-140年）提醒腓立比信徒，保罗曾写信给他们；马吉安的书信集（约140年代）收录了它；一封来自里昂的书信（约177年）引用了它；爱任纽和亚历山太的革利免指名引用它；P46（约200年）保存了它。《革利免前书》和伊格那丢中的回响是可能的，但未经证实。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 80, "dateTo": 120, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "1 Clement 21.1; cf. 47.2", "source": { "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot", "author": "Clement of Rome", "work": "First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "1 Clem. 21.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "if we walk not worthily of Him, and do those things which are good and well pleasing in His sight with concord.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《革利免前书》（罗马致哥林多）", "date": "约95-100年（有争议）", "note": "21.1把“配得上地”与意为像公民般过生活的希腊文动词配在一起，正如腓立比书1:27；47.2的“在福音开始的时候”与腓立比书4:15相合。两者都可能是基督徒共同的惯用语；革利免只指名了保罗致哥林多的书信。" }, { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "Ignatius, Philadelphians 8.2; cf. Smyrnaeans 4.2", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Philadelphians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Phld. 8.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-philadelphians-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "and I entreat you, Do ye nothing in a spirit of factiousness but after the teaching of Christ.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丢，书信", "date": "约110年（有争议）", "note": "《致非拉铁非人书》8.2与腓立比书2:3有共同的希腊文“不出于纷争做任何事”；《致士每拿人书》4.2说他靠基督所赐的力量忍受一切，近似腓立比书4:13。伊格那丢从未指名腓立比书，而这类短语也可能独立流传，所以有可能使用过，但未经证实。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Polycarp, Philippians 3.2; cf. 9.2, 12.3", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp", "work": "Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 3.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "the blessed and glorious Paul, who when he came among you taught face to face with the men of that day the word which concerneth truth carefully and surely; who also, when he was absent, wrote a letter unto you", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "士每拿的坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒书》", "date": "约110-140年", "note": "告诉腓立比信徒，保罗不在他们那里时写过“书信”给他们（希腊文为复数；莱特富特译作“一封书信”）：一封信、好几封信，或一封合成的腓立比书，各有人主张。9.2与腓立比书2:16有共同措辞（参加拉太书2:2）；只以拉丁文存世的12.3或许呼应腓立比书3:18。" }, { "dateFrom": 140, "dateTo": 150, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Tertullian, Against Marcion 5.20", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion", "translator": "P. Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Marc. 5.20", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Of course the Marcionites suppose that they have the apostle on their side in the following passage in the matter of Christ's substance — that in Him there was nothing but a phantom of flesh.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "马吉安的Apostolikon，据德尔图良的记述", "date": "约140年代（3世纪初记述）", "note": "第5卷只根据马吉安所接受的保罗书信来论证；第20章讨论腓立比书，回应马吉安派根据腓立比书2:6-8提出的主张，即基督只是看似有肉身。马吉安的书信集只经由带敌意的记述者存留，所以其确切措辞并不确定。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 180, "grade": "clear-quotation", "locator": "Eusebius, Church History 5.2.2", "source": { "sourceKey": "eusebius-history-mcgiffert", "author": "Eusebius of Caesarea", "work": "Church History", "translator": "A. C. McGiffert", "year": "1890", "locator": "Hist. eccl. 5.2.2", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250105.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "It is proper to add other selections from the same letter, in which the moderation and compassion of these witnesses is recorded in the following words: They were also so zealous in their imitation of Christ", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "维埃纳与里昂众教会的书信，见于优西比乌", "date": "约177年（由优西比乌保存，4世纪初）", "note": "用腓立比书2:6的话描述殉道者效法基督，引用时没有指名这封书信。这些高卢教会的书信只存于优西比乌的摘录中，所以其措辞是经由他传到我们手中的。" }, { "dateFrom": 180, "dateTo": 189, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Irenaeus, Against Heresies 4.18.4", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus", "work": "Against Heresies", "translator": "A. Roberts and W. H. Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Haer. 4.18.4", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103418.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Inasmuch, then, as the Church offers with single-mindedness, her gift is justly reckoned a pure sacrifice with God. As Paul also says to the Philippians,", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "里昂的爱任纽，《驳异端》", "date": "约180-189年", "note": "以“正如保罗也对腓立比信徒说的”引出腓立比书4:18——以巴弗提带来的馈赠——作为教会奉献的典范。这是现存最早指明这封书信收信人的引文之一。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 400, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Muratorian fragment, Pauline letter list", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5)", "year": "1886", "locator": "Pauline letter list", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/muratorian.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "the blessed Apostle Paul, following the rule of his predecessor John, writes to no more than seven churches by name, in this order: the first to the Corinthians, the second to the Ephesians, the third to the Philippians, the fourth to the Colossians", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "穆拉托里残篇", "date": "2世纪末（有争议）", "note": "把腓立比书列为保罗写给七个教会的书信中的第三封，这是一种象征性的编排。许多人把这份书目定于2世纪末的罗马；桑德伯格和哈内曼主张它起源于4世纪。它以一份7或8世纪的拉丁文抄本存世。" }, { "dateFrom": 195, "dateTo": 215, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Clement, Stromata 4.13", "source": { "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf", "author": "Clement of Alexandria", "work": "Stromata", "translator": "W. Wilson", "year": "1885", "locator": "Strom. 4.13", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02104.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "joying and rejoicing with the Philippians, to whom the apostle speaks, calling them fellow-partakers of joy", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "亚历山太的革利免，《杂记》", "date": "约200年（有争议）", "note": "引用腓立比书1:28-2:2和2:20-21，转述2:17，并指明“腓立比信徒”是这位使徒的收信人，显示这封书信约在200年于亚历山太被使用。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 250, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "Gregory-Aland P46", "source": { "sourceKey": "csntm", "work": "P46 manuscript record", "locator": "Gregory-Aland P46", "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "第46号蒲草纸抄本（切斯特·比蒂BP II与密歇根）", "date": "约200年（有争议）", "note": "现存最早的腓立比书抄本，属于一部保罗书信抄本，分藏于都柏林（切斯特·比蒂BP II）和安娜堡（P. Mich. inv. 6238）。多数人定于200年前后；金永圭定于1世纪末的看法鲜获支持。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/evidence#reception-philippians" }, { "letterId": "colossians", "summary": "约180年的爱任纽，是最早指名歌罗西书、年代确切可考的作者。在此之前，据德尔图良记述，到约150年它已在马吉安的保罗书信集中，瓦伦廷派的教师也把它当作保罗的话引用。伊格那丢和坡旅甲或许呼应了它，但两处都不确定。约200年的第46号蒲草纸抄本是现存最早的抄本。早期的使用不能解决作者问题。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "To the Trallians 5.2", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Trallians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "To the Trallians 5.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-trallians-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "comprehend heavenly things and the arrays of the angels and the musterings of the principalities, things visible and things invisible", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丢，《致特拉勒斯人书》", "date": "约公元110年（年代有争议）", "note": "伊格那丢把能看见的和不能看见的事物与天使的品级并列，正如歌罗西书1:16，《致士每拿人书》6.1也类似。基督徒可能共有这种描述诸天的方式，而不是从这封书信借来，所以这只是可能的回响。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "To the Philippians 10.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp", "work": "Epistle to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "To the Philippians 10.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Stand fast therefore in these things and follow the example of the Lord, being firm in the faith and immovable", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "士每拿的坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒书》", "date": "约公元110-140年", "note": "要在信仰上坚定、不可动摇的劝勉近似歌罗西书1:23，但哥林多前书15:58至少同样接近。这一章只以拉丁文译本存世，所以无法比较其希腊文措辞。" }, { "dateFrom": 140, "dateTo": 160, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Against Marcion 5.19", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion, Book 5 (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3)", "translator": "Peter Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Against Marcion 5.19", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Now, if it is our gospel which has spread everywhere, rather than any heretical gospel, much less Marcion's, which only dates from the reign of Antoninus, then ours will be the gospel of the apostles.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "马吉安的Apostolikon，据德尔图良的记述", "date": "约公元140-150年（约207-208年记述）", "note": "德尔图良根据马吉安版本中的书信回应马吉安，在这里他以马吉安的歌罗西书为据来论证，所以到2世纪中叶，这封书信已在马吉安的保罗书信集中。马吉安的文本与我们的文本有多接近，仍有争议。" }, { "dateFrom": 150, "dateTo": 180, "grade": "clear-quotation", "locator": "Against Heresies 1.3.4", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus", "work": "Against Heresies, Book 1 (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 1)", "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Against Heresies 1.3.4", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103103.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "And they state that it was clearly on this account that Paul said", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "瓦伦廷派的教师，据爱任纽的记述", "date": "约公元180年以前", "note": "爱任纽记述瓦伦廷派的教师用接近歌罗西书3:11和歌罗西书2:9的话引用保罗，以表明救主出自所有的移涌（Aeons）。所以在约180年以前，主流教会以外的读者已经把这封书信的话当作保罗的话。" }, { "dateFrom": 180, "dateTo": 189, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Against Heresies 3.14.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus", "work": "Against Heresies, Book 3 (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 1)", "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Against Heresies 3.14.1", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103314.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "From this he shows that he was always attached to and inseparable from him. And again he says, in the Epistle to the Colossians", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "里昂的爱任纽，《驳异端》", "date": "约公元180-189年", "note": "爱任纽指名“致歌罗西信徒的书信”，并引用歌罗西书4:14中路加的问安，表明路加一直紧随保罗。他在别处也再次指名这封书信，例如《驳异端》5.14.2。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 375, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3 (ANF numbering)", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "author": "Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment)", "work": "Canon Muratorianus (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5)", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3 (ANF numbering)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "writes to no more than seven churches by name, in this order: the first to the Corinthians, the second to the Ephesians, the third to the Philippians, the fourth to the Colossians", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "穆拉托里残篇", "date": "2世纪末，或4世纪（有争议）", "note": "这份书目把歌罗西书列为保罗写给七个教会的书信中的第四封。多数学者定于约170-200年，少数人定于4世纪。其全文只存于一份7或8世纪的拉丁文抄本中。" }, { "dateFrom": 198, "dateTo": 215, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Stromata 5.10", "source": { "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf", "author": "Clement of Alexandria", "work": "Stromata, Book 5 (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 2)", "translator": "William Wilson", "year": "1885", "locator": "Stromata 5.10", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02105.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "For there is an instruction of the perfect, of which, writing to the Colossians, he says", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "亚历山太的革利免，《杂记》", "date": "约公元200年", "note": "革利免指名“写给歌罗西信徒的书信”，并引用其中几段，包括歌罗西书1:9-11和歌罗西书1:25-27，论向成熟信徒显明的奥秘。约200年，亚历山太的基督徒已经把它当作保罗的书信来读。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 250, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "Gregory-Aland P46 (Dublin, Chester Beatty Library, CBL BP II)", "source": { "sourceKey": "csntm", "author": "Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts", "work": "CSNTM manuscript record: GA P46", "locator": "GA P46 (CSNTM images 134471, Philippians 4 to Colossians 1; 134835, Colossians 4 to 1 Thessalonians 1)", "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "第46号蒲草纸抄本（格雷戈里-阿兰编号P46）", "date": "约公元200年（有争议）", "note": "在这部保罗书信抄本中，腓立比书直接接上歌罗西书，歌罗西书又直接接上帖撒罗尼迦前书。CSNTM定于约200年。多数古文字学定年落在约175年至250年之间；一项1世纪的提议鲜获支持。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/evidence#reception-colossians" }, { "letterId": "1-thessalonians", "summary": "约180-189年写作的爱任纽，是最早指名帖撒罗尼迦前书、年代确切可考的教会作者，他引用了其中为灵、魂、体所作的祷告。德尔图良较晚的驳斥显示，马吉安在140年代的保罗书信集已经收录了它。伊格那丢和坡旅甲只提供可能的回响。亚历山太的革利免明确引用了它。约200年的第46号蒲草纸抄本保存了第1-2章的部分内容。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "To the Ephesians 10.1; cf. To the Romans 2.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Ephesians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Ign. Eph. 10.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-ephesians-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "And pray ye also without ceasing for the rest of mankind (for there is in them a hope of repentance), that they may find God.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丢", "date": "约110年（有人主张约140年）", "note": "嘱咐以弗所人为外人不住地祷告，这是帖撒罗尼迦前书5:17的命令；在《致罗马人书》2.1中，他把讨人喜欢与讨神喜欢对比，正如帖撒罗尼迦前书2:4。罗马书1:9和加拉太书1:10也有类似的语言，所以依赖关系是可能的，但未经证明。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "To the Philippians 11.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp of Smyrna", "work": "Epistle to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 11.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "I warn you therefore that ye refrain from covetousness, and that ye be pure and truthful. Refrain from all evil.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "士每拿的坡旅甲", "date": "约110-140年", "note": "莱特富特把这一行译作“戒绝一切恶事”；ANF译本用的是帖撒罗尼迦前书5:22的措辞。这一章只以拉丁文存世，而这句格言是常见的道德教导，所以至多是回响；11.2把哥林多前书当作保罗的书信引用。" }, { "dateFrom": 140, "dateTo": 150, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Tertullian, Against Marcion 5.15 (on 1 Thessalonians 2:15)", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion, Book V (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3)", "translator": "Peter Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.15 (on 1 Thessalonians 2:15)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "although (the pronoun) their own be an addition of the heretics.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "马吉安的Apostolikon（据德尔图良的记述）", "date": "约140-150年（约207-212年记述）", "note": "德尔图良逐封回应马吉安的保罗版本，并指控异端者在帖撒罗尼迦前书2:15加上了“自己的”，所以马吉安的Apostolikon收录了这封书信。这一证据是间接的：马吉安的文本只存于带敌意的记述中，这里的记述写于约207-212年。" }, { "dateFrom": 180, "dateTo": 189, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Against Heresies 5.6.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus of Lyons", "work": "Against Heresies, Book V (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 1)", "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Adv. Haer. 5.6.1", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103506.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "And for this cause does the apostle, explaining himself, make it clear that the saved man is a complete man as well as a spiritual man; saying thus in the first Epistle to the Thessalonians", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "里昂的爱任纽", "date": "约180-189年", "note": "指名“致帖撒罗尼迦信徒的第一封书信”，并引用帖撒罗尼迦前书5:23作为这位使徒的话，论证救恩包括身体。他在《驳异端》3.7.2指名“第二封”。这是教会作者最早的、年代确切可考的明确指名。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 400, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Muratorian Fragment §3 (ANF numbering)", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "author": "Anonymous", "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus)", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "§3 in ANF numbering (Paul's letters)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "the fifth to the Galatians, the sixth to the Thessalonians, the seventh to the Romans. Moreover, though he writes twice to the Corinthians and Thessalonians for their correction", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "穆拉托里残篇", "date": "约170-200年，或4世纪（有争议）", "note": "把致帖撒罗尼迦的书信列为保罗写给七个教会的书信中的第六封，并说他两次写信给哥林多信徒和帖撒罗尼迦信徒。通常定于约170-200年，地点在罗马；有些人，特别是哈内曼（1992），主张4世纪。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 250, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "GA P46, folio 94 (Dublin, Chester Beatty Library, CBL BP II)", "source": { "sourceKey": "csntm", "author": "Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts", "work": "Manuscript record: GA P46 (Chester Beatty Biblical Papyrus II)", "locator": "GA P46, images P46_094a and P46_094b (Dublin, Chester Beatty Library, CBL BP II; 2nd-3rd century)", "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "第46号蒲草纸抄本（GA P46）", "date": "约200年（2-3世纪）", "note": "CSNTM的第94页图像显示歌罗西书4:16-18之后接着帖撒罗尼迦前书1:1和1:9-2:3。CSNTM把这部抄本定于约200年，切斯特·比蒂图书馆定于3世纪；一项1世纪年代的提议鲜获支持。" }, { "dateFrom": 195, "dateTo": 210, "grade": "clear-quotation", "locator": "Stromata 4.12", "source": { "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf", "author": "Clement of Alexandria", "work": "Stromata, Book IV (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 2)", "translator": "William Wilson", "year": "1885", "locator": "Strom. 4.12 (against Basilides)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02104.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Providence being a disciplinary art; in the case of others for each individual's sins, and in the case of the Lord and His apostles for ours. To this point says the divine apostle", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "亚历山太的革利免", "date": "约200年", "note": "在回应巴西理得时，以“神圣的使徒”之名大段引用帖撒罗尼迦前书4:3-8；在《杂记》的其他地方（1.11、6.13），他把帖撒罗尼迦前书5:21和4:17当作这位使徒的话引用。这是明确而具权威的使用，尽管这些段落没有指名这封书信。" }, { "dateFrom": 207, "dateTo": 212, "grade": "clear-quotation", "locator": "Against Marcion 5.15 (on 1 Thessalonians 5:23)", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion, Book V (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3)", "translator": "Peter Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.15 (on 1 Thessalonians 5:23)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "how is it that the apostle has given certain distinct names to all (our faculties), and has comprised them all in one prayer for their safety", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "德尔图良", "date": "约207-212年", "note": "逐段讨论这封书信以驳斥马吉安，引用或转述帖撒罗尼迦前书2:15、4:3-5、4:15-17、5:19-20和5:23；他像爱任纽一样，用为灵、魂、体所作的祷告来为身体得救辩护。这段文字没有指名这封书信。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/evidence#reception-1-thessalonians" }, { "letterId": "2-thessalonians", "summary": "坡旅甲（约110-140年）很可能使用了帖撒罗尼迦后书：他写信给腓立比时，想起了其中对帖撒罗尼迦信徒的夸奖；马吉安在2世纪中叶的版本也收录了它。爱任纽（约180年）是现存最早指名它的作者；穆拉托里书目把它算在内。伊格那丢只提供一处可能的回响。3世纪的蒲草纸P30是它最古老的抄本之一。早期的使用不能解决作者问题。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 150, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "Ign. Rom. 10.3", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Romans", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer", "year": "1891", "locator": "Ign. Rom. 10.3", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-romans-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Fare ye well unto the end in the patient waiting for Jesus Christ.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丢，《致罗马人书》", "date": "约105-117年（有人主张140年代）", "note": "伊格那丢的希腊文字面上说到耶稣基督的忍耐，接近帖撒罗尼迦后书3:5的措辞。启示录1:9也用了类似的语言，所以这可能是共同的惯用语。牛津1905年的委员会把它评为d级，过于不确定而不能倚靠。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "probable-allusion", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 11.3", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp of Smyrna", "work": "Epistle to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 11.3", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "among whom the blessed Paul labored, who were his letters in the beginning. For he boasteth of you in all those churches which alone at that time knew God", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "士每拿的坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒书》", "date": "约110-140年", "note": "坡旅甲写信给腓立比，说保罗在众教会中夸奖他的读者。最接近的措辞是帖撒罗尼迦后书1:4，那是写给马其顿另一个教会的；他或许记错了，或许是把保罗对腓立比的称赞泛化了。仅有拉丁文。牛津1905年的委员会判断使用的可能性非常大。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 11.4", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp of Smyrna", "work": "Epistle to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Pol. Phil. 11.4", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Be ye therefore yourselves also sober herein, and hold not such as enemies but restore them as frail and erring members, that ye may save the whole body of you.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "士每拿的坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒书》", "date": "约110-140年", "note": "坡旅甲劝腓立比信徒不要把前任长老瓦伦斯和他的妻子当作仇敌——这接近帖撒罗尼迦后书3:15——而要挽回他们，这更接近加拉太书6:1。教会的一般做法也可以解释这一点。牛津1905年的委员会把它评得较低（c级）。仅有拉丁文。" }, { "dateFrom": 138, "dateTo": 161, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.16", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion", "translator": "Peter Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.16", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "The heretic, however, has erased the flaming fire, no doubt that he might extinguish all traces herein of our own God.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "马吉安的Apostolikon，据德尔图良的记述", "date": "约138-161年（马吉安，据德尔图良）；约207年或更晚记述", "note": "德尔图良指控马吉安删除了帖撒罗尼迦后书1:7-8中的审判之火，所以这封书信在马吉安十封书信的Apostolikon中；德尔图良紧接在帖撒罗尼迦前书之后讨论它。这一记述带有敌意，出于约207年或更晚。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 400, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3 (ANF 5 numbering)", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus)", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3 (ANF 5 numbering)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Moreover, though he writes twice to the Corinthians and Thessalonians for their correction, it is yet shown — i.e., by this sevenfold writing — that there is one Church spread abroad through the whole world.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "穆拉托里残篇", "date": "约170-200年（少数意见：4世纪）", "note": "在列出保罗写信的七个教会之后，它补充说他两次写信给哥林多信徒和帖撒罗尼迦信徒，所以它算有两封致帖撒罗尼迦的书信。它说黑马在很近的时候写作，这支持约170-200年；桑德伯格（1973）和哈内曼（1992）主张4世纪。" }, { "dateFrom": 176, "dateTo": 189, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Haer. 3.7.2", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus of Lyons", "work": "Against Heresies", "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Haer. 3.7.2", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103307.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "And again, in the Second to the Thessalonians, speaking of Antichrist, he says,", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "里昂的爱任纽，《驳异端》", "date": "约180年", "note": "爱任纽指名“致帖撒罗尼迦信徒的第二封书信”，在讨论保罗的语序时把帖撒罗尼迦后书2:8-9当作保罗的话引用；《驳异端》5.25.1和5.25.3在论敌基督时再次指名它。这是现存已知作者最早的指名。" }, { "dateFrom": 190, "dateTo": 215, "grade": "clear-quotation", "locator": "Strom. 5.3", "source": { "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf", "author": "Clement of Alexandria", "work": "Stromata, Book V (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 2)", "translator": "William Wilson", "year": "1885", "locator": "Strom. 5.3", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02105.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "The mob, then, said I, cannot become philosopher. Many rod-bearers there are, but few Bacchi, according to Plato.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "亚历山太的革利免，《杂记》", "date": "约200年", "note": "革利免在把哥林多前书8:7当作这位使徒的话引用之后，紧接着贴近地引用帖撒罗尼迦后书3:1-2，这是一连串论有信心的人何其少的经文。他在这里没有指名这封书信。" }, { "dateFrom": 200, "dateTo": 399, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "GA P30; P. Oxy. XIII 1598; Ghent University Library Inv. 61", "source": { "sourceKey": "csntm", "author": "Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts", "work": "CSNTM manuscript record: P30", "locator": "GA P30", "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P30", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "第30号蒲草纸抄本（P. Oxy. 1598）", "date": "3世纪（最早的编者：3世纪末或4世纪）", "note": "一部俄克喜林库斯蒲草纸抄本，现藏根特。其最早的编者读出从帖撒罗尼迦前书4:12到帖撒罗尼迦后书1:2的文字（中有缺漏），所以帖撒罗尼迦后书排在帖撒罗尼迦前书之后；页码207-208显示这是一部保罗书信集。他们把它定于3世纪末或4世纪，很可能是3世纪末。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/evidence#reception-2-thessalonians" }, { "letterId": "1-timothy", "summary": "从约公元180年起，爱任纽明确并注明归属地使用提摩太前书，其后是亚历山太的革利免、德尔图良和穆拉托里书目（若属2世纪）。坡旅甲（约110-140年）很可能取材于它；《革利免前书》和伊格那丢只提供可能的回响。德尔图良说马吉安在2世纪中叶的版本没有收录它。已知最早的抄本是P133，一片3世纪的蒲草纸残片。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 70, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "1 Clement 61.2", "source": { "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot", "author": "Clement of Rome (traditional attribution)", "work": "1 Clement", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "1 Clem. 61.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "For Thou, O heavenly Master, King of the ages, givest to the sons of men glory and honor and power over all things that are upon the earth.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《革利免前书》（罗马教会致哥林多的书信）", "date": "通常定于约公元95-97年（各家提议从约70年到约140年不等）", "note": "一段为掌权者的祷告称神为“万世之王”，这是提摩太前书1:17中的希腊文称号，且与提摩太前书2:1-3的主题相近。这类语言在犹太祷告中是传统的，而且许多人把提摩太前书定于《革利免前书》之后，所以无法证明有依赖关系。" }, { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 150, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "Ignatius, To Polycarp 3.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to Polycarp", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Pol. 3.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Let not those that seem to be plausible and yet teach strange doctrine dismay thee.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丢，《致坡旅甲书》", "date": "通常定于约公元105-117年；有人主张140年代", "note": "警告那些“传授异样教义”的人，这是一个罕见的希腊文动词，在新约中只见于提摩太前书1:3和6:3；《致马格尼西亚人书》8.1又加上“陈旧的荒唐故事”。共同的反异端词汇可以解释这一点，而无需文学上的依赖。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "probable-allusion", "locator": "Polycarp, Philippians 4.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp of Smyrna", "work": "Letter to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Phil. 4.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "But the love of money is the beginning of all troubles. Knowing therefore that we brought nothing into the world neither can we carry anything out", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "士每拿的坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒书》", "date": "约公元110-140年", "note": "两句论钱财的话按相反次序依循提摩太前书6:10和6:7，第二句以众所周知的教导引出（“所以既知道”）。许多学者推断有依赖关系，尽管这两句话都有格言式的平行；冯·坎彭豪森（1951）甚至提出是坡旅甲写了教牧书信。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 400, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Muratorian Fragment, on Philemon, Titus and Timothy", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "author": "Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment)", "work": "Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius)", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3, on Philemon, Titus and Timothy (ANF 5:603)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "He wrote, besides these, one to Philemon, and one to Titus, and two to Timothy, in simple personal affection and love indeed; but yet these are hallowed in the esteem of the Catholic Church, and in the regulation of ecclesiastical discipline.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "穆拉托里残篇（新约书卷的拉丁文书目）", "date": "通常定于约公元170-200年；少数人主张4世纪", "note": "把两封致提摩太的书信算在保罗的书信之中：这些私人书信，大公教会仍视为神圣，并用于教会规范。它显示的是接受情况，而不是作者身份；它主要存于一份约8世纪的拉丁文抄本中。" }, { "dateFrom": 176, "dateTo": 189, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Against Heresies 1, preface 1 (also 2, preface 1; 3.3.3)", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus of Lyons", "work": "Against Heresies", "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "AH 1, preface 1", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103100.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Inasmuch as certain men have set the truth aside, and bring in lying words and vain genealogies, which, as the apostle says", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "里昂的爱任纽，《驳异端》", "date": "约公元180年", "note": "开篇引用提摩太前书1:4作为“使徒”的话；把他的攻击对象称为“冒名的知识”（提摩太前书6:20；第2卷序言）；说保罗“在致提摩太的书信中”提到利奴（3.3.3）。这显示约180年它被归于保罗，而不是作者身份。" }, { "dateFrom": 195, "dateTo": 210, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Stromata 2.11", "source": { "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf", "author": "Clement of Alexandria", "work": "Stromata, Book II (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 2)", "translator": "William Wilson", "year": "1885", "locator": "Strom. 2.11", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02102.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Convicted by this utterance, the heretics reject the Epistles to Timothy.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "亚历山太的革利免，《杂记》", "date": "约公元195-210年", "note": "把提摩太前书6:20-21当作“使徒”对提摩太说的话引用，随后记述异端者被这句话定罪，就拒绝致提摩太的书信。约200年，这些书信在亚历山太已被接受，却受到一些异端群体的质疑。" }, { "dateFrom": 200, "dateTo": 299, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "Gregory-Aland P133", "source": { "sourceKey": "ntvmr-liste", "author": "Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Münster", "work": "Kurzgefasste Liste (NTVMR), P133", "locator": "Gregory-Aland P133 (INTF docID 10133)", "url": "https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/community/vmr/api/metadata/liste/search/?docID=10133&detail=page", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "第133号蒲草纸抄本（P.Oxy. LXXXI 5259）", "date": "3世纪（按笔迹定年）", "note": "来自俄克喜林库斯的一张蒲草纸书页的残片，含有提摩太前书3:13-4:8的部分内容，2016年发表：已知最早的抄本。P46（约200年）现存的书页在教牧书信之前就结束了；最早的完整文本见于西奈抄本（4世纪）。" }, { "dateFrom": 207, "dateTo": 212, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Against Marcion 5.21", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3)", "translator": "Peter Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "5.21", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "I wonder, however, when he received (into his Apostolicon) this letter which was written but to one man, that he rejected the two epistles to Timothy and the one to Titus, which all treat of ecclesiastical discipline.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "德尔图良论马吉安的保罗版本", "date": "约公元207-212年（记述活跃于约138-161年的马吉安）", "note": "说马吉安在2世纪中叶的保罗版本保留了腓利门书，却“拒绝”了两封致提摩太的书信和提多书。有人认为动机在于提摩太前书对婚姻、食物和律法的认可（提摩太前书1:8；4:3-4）；另一些人认为马吉安从未有过这些书信，或者它们晚于他。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/evidence#reception-1-timothy" }, { "letterId": "2-timothy", "summary": "爱任纽（约180年）是最早把提摩太后书当作保罗的书信引用、年代确切可考的作者，他指名“致提摩太的书信”；亚历山太的革利免、德尔图良和穆拉托里书目随后。坡旅甲很可能更早就暗指它；伊格那丢和《革利免前书》只提供可能的回响。马吉安的版本没有收录它。西奈抄本（4世纪）是最早的抄本；没有更早的蒲草纸存世。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 90, "dateTo": 100, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "1 Clement 45:7", "source": { "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot", "author": "Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome)", "work": "First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "1 Clement 45:7", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "not knowing that the Most High is the champion and protector of them that in a pure conscience serve His excellent Name", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《革利免前书》", "date": "通常定于约公元95-97年", "note": "革利免说神保护那些“以清洁的良心”事奉他的人，接近提摩太后书1:3。这个短语很简短，又见于提摩太前书3:9；许多学者把提摩太后书定于《革利免前书》之后，所以无论哪个方向的依赖都未经证明。" }, { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "Ignatius, To the Smyrnaeans 10:2", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Smyrnaeans", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Ignatius, To the Smyrnaeans 10:2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-smyrnaeans-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "My spirit is devoted for you, as also are my bonds, which ye despised not, neither were ashamed of them. Nor shall He, who is perfect faithfulness, be ashamed of you, even Jesus Christ.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丢，《致士每拿人书》", "date": "约公元110年（有人主张更晚，至约140年）", "note": "伊格那丢感谢士每拿人不以他的锁链为耻，并称基督为“完全的信实”，近似提摩太后书1:16和2:13；《致坡旅甲书》6:2近似提摩太后书2:4。共同的囚徒和士兵意象，以及路加福音9:26，或许可以解释这种相似。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "probable-allusion", "locator": "Polycarp, To the Philippians 9:2", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp of Smyrna", "work": "Letter to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Polycarp, To the Philippians 9:2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "For they loved not the present world, but Him that died for our sakes and was raised by God for us.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒书》", "date": "约公元110-140年", "note": "坡旅甲说伊格那丢、保罗和其他人“不爱现今的世界”，这是把提摩太后书4:10论底马的话反过来说；5:2（“与他一同作王”）近似提摩太后书2:12。措辞很独特，但很简短。冯·坎彭豪森（1951）主张教牧书信是坡旅甲自己写的；很少有人接受。" }, { "dateFrom": 180, "dateTo": 189, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Against Heresies 3.3.3", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus of Lyons", "work": "Against Heresies", "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Against Heresies 3.3.3", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103303.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "The blessed apostles, then, having founded and built up the Church, committed into the hands of Linus the office of the episcopate. Of this Linus, Paul makes mention in the Epistles to Timothy.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "爱任纽，《驳异端》", "date": "约公元180-189年", "note": "利奴在新约中只出现在提摩太后书4:21。在3.14.1中，爱任纽把提摩太后书4:10-11当作保罗本人的话引用，以表明路加一直与他同在。他引用时不加论证，视之为公认的书信。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 375, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Muratorian Fragment, sec. 3 (ANF 5 numbering)", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "author": "Anonymous", "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus)", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "Muratorian Fragment, sec. 3 (ANF 5 numbering)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "He wrote, besides these, one to Philemon, and one to Titus, and two to Timothy, in simple personal affection and love indeed; but yet these are hallowed in the esteem of the Catholic Church, and in the regulation of ecclesiastical discipline.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "穆拉托里残篇", "date": "通常定于约公元170-200年；有人主张4世纪", "note": "把一封致提多的书信和两封致提摩太的书信列入保罗的书信之中，这些书信出于私人情谊，却因关乎教会规范而受尊重。通常定于约170-200年的罗马；桑德伯格和哈内曼主张4世纪，那样它就是较晚的见证。" }, { "dateFrom": 195, "dateTo": 210, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Stromata 2.11", "source": { "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf", "author": "Clement of Alexandria", "work": "Stromata, Book II (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 2)", "translator": "William Wilson", "year": "1885", "locator": "Stromata 2.11", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02102.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Convicted by this utterance, the heretics reject the Epistles to Timothy.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "亚历山太的革利免，《杂记》", "date": "约公元200年", "note": "在引用提摩太前书6:20之后，革利免说异端者拒绝“致提摩太的书信”。他把提摩太后书2:1-2当作保罗的话引用（《杂记》1.1），又把提摩太后书1:7-8当作“致提摩太”的话引用（4.7）。他没有指名这些异端者。" }, { "dateFrom": 207, "dateTo": 212, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Against Marcion 5.21", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3)", "translator": "Peter Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Against Marcion 5.21", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "I wonder, however, when he received (into his Apostolicon) this letter which was written but to one man, that he rejected the two epistles to Timothy and the one to Titus, which all treat of ecclesiastical discipline.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "德尔图良，《驳马吉安》（论马吉安的Apostolikon）", "date": "约公元207-212年，记述马吉安在140年代的版本", "note": "马吉安十封书信的Apostolikon（约140年代）没有两封致提摩太的书信和提多书。德尔图良说马吉安拒绝了它们；另一些人认为他不知道这些书信，或者它们当时尚未写成。德尔图良本人把提摩太后书1:14当作保罗的话引用（《论异端的时效》25）。" }, { "dateFrom": 300, "dateTo": 399, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "Gregory-Aland 01, British Library folio 295b", "source": { "sourceKey": "museum-record", "author": "Codex Sinaiticus Project", "work": "Codex Sinaiticus: See the Manuscript (2 Timothy 1:1)", "locator": "Folio 295b (quire 86, folio 3v): 1 Timothy 6:9-21 and 2 Timothy 1:1-15, scribe A", "url": "https://codexsinaiticus.org/en/manuscript.aspx?book=48&chapter=1&lid=en&side=r&verse=1&zoomSlider=0", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "西奈抄本（格雷戈里-阿兰编号01）", "date": "4世纪", "note": "已知最早的提摩太后书抄本，始于大英图书馆藏第295b页。没有更早的蒲草纸存世。P46（3世纪初）现存的书页中没有教牧书信；其佚失的书页是否收有它们，仍有争议。梵蒂冈抄本在希伯来书9:14处中断。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/evidence#reception-2-timothy" }, { "letterId": "titus", "summary": "从约公元180年起，提多书有确切的见证：爱任纽把它当作保罗的书信引用，亚历山太的革利免指名它，穆拉托里书目也收录了它（如果这份书目属2世纪）。较早在《革利免前书》、伊格那丢和坡旅甲中的接触都只是可能的回响。德尔图良记述马吉安的书信集（140年代）没有收录它；它最早的抄本P32按笔迹定于约公元200-300年。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 90, "dateTo": 100, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "1 Clement 1.3; 2.7", "source": { "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot", "author": "Clement of Rome", "work": "First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "1 Clement 2.7", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Ye repented not of any well-doing, but were ready unto every good work.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "《革利免前书》（罗马的革利免）", "date": "约公元96年（多数人定于90-100年）", "note": "其“预备行各样善事”（2.7）与提多书3:1相合；1.3对提多书2章中的几个群体发话：年长的男人、年轻人、爱丈夫并料理家务的妻子。但提摩太后书2:21也类似，而家庭教导是常见的共同材料，所以共同的传统或许可以解释两者。" }, { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 117, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "Magnesians 8.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Magnesians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Magnesians 8.1", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-magnesians-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Be not seduced by strange doctrines nor by antiquated fables, which are profitless. For if even unto this day we live after the manner of Judaism, we avow that we have not received grace", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丢，《致马格尼西亚人书》", "date": "约公元105-117年（有人定得更晚）", "note": "警告与按犹太教生活相连的“陈旧而无益的荒唐故事”，令人想起提多书1:14和3:9。但荒唐故事也出现在提摩太前书中，异样的教训见于希伯来书13:9，反对犹太化的论战也很普遍；没有哪一点独特到足以证明使用过。" }, { "dateFrom": 110, "dateTo": 140, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "Philippians 4.1-2", "source": { "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot", "author": "Polycarp", "work": "Epistle to the Philippians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot", "year": "1891", "locator": "Philippians 4.2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "and then our wives also, to walk in the faith that hath been given unto them and in love and purity, cherishing their own husbands in all truth and loving all men equally in all chastity, and to train their children in the training of the fear of God.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "士每拿的坡旅甲，《致腓立比信徒书》", "date": "约公元110-140年", "note": "他很可能使用了提摩太前书（4.1）。他对妻子的嘱咐（4.2）近似提多书2:4-5，但呼应《革利免前书》1.3的“爱自己的丈夫”，所以依赖革利免或共同教导的可能性更大。坎彭豪森（1951）甚至提出是坡旅甲写了教牧书信；很少有人跟从他。" }, { "dateFrom": 175, "dateTo": 189, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Against Heresies 3.3.4; 1.16.3", "source": { "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf", "author": "Irenaeus", "work": "Against Heresies", "translator": "A. Roberts and W. H. Rambaut", "year": "1885", "locator": "Against Heresies 3.3.4", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103303.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Such was the horror which the apostles and their disciples had against holding even verbal communication with any corrupters of the truth; as Paul also says, A man that is an heretic, after the first and second admonition, reject;", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "里昂的爱任纽，《驳异端》", "date": "约公元180年（第3卷写于埃琉提鲁主教任内）", "note": "紧接在坡旅甲斥拒马吉安的故事之后，把提多书3:10-11当作保罗的话引用；1.16.3又引用保罗关于警戒两次后就要回避异端者的命令。这是最早可定年的归于保罗的例子之一，显示的是接受情况，而不是谁写了这封书信。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 375, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Muratorian fragment, on Paul's letters", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5)", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "Muratorian fragment §3 (ANF numbering)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "He wrote, besides these, one to Philemon, and one to Titus, and two to Timothy, in simple personal affection and love indeed; but yet these are hallowed in the esteem of the Catholic Church, and in the regulation of ecclesiastical discipline.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "穆拉托里残篇", "date": "2世纪末，或4世纪（有争议）", "note": "把提多书与腓利门书、提摩太前书和提摩太后书一同列为因关乎教会纪律而受尊重的私人书信。这份拉丁文抄本是7-8世纪的；许多人把原本定于2世纪末，但桑德伯格（1973）和哈内曼（1992）主张4世纪。" }, { "dateFrom": 193, "dateTo": 210, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Stromata 1.14; 1.8", "source": { "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf", "author": "Clement of Alexandria", "work": "Stromata", "translator": "W. Wilson", "year": "1885", "locator": "Stromata 1.14", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02101.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "Epimenides the Cretan, whom Paul knew as a Greek prophet, whom he mentions in the Epistle to Titus, where he speaks thus: One of themselves, a prophet of their own, said, The Cretans are always liars, evil beasts, slow bellies.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "亚历山太的革利免，《杂记》", "date": "约公元198-203年（公元192年以后）", "note": "指名“致提多的书信”，并引用提多书1:12-13，说这是保罗引用克里特人的先知埃庇米尼得斯的话；《杂记》1.8也引用提多书1:10。写于192年康茂德死后，第1卷的年代推算止于此时。" }, { "dateFrom": 207, "dateTo": 212, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Against Marcion 5.21", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion", "translator": "P. Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Against Marcion 5.21", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "I wonder, however, when he received (into his Apostolicon) this letter which was written but to one man, that he rejected the two epistles to Timothy and the one to Titus, which all treat of ecclesiastical discipline.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "德尔图良论马吉安的Apostolikon", "date": "约公元207-212年，记述马吉安在140年代的书信集", "note": "记述马吉安的Apostolikon（约140年代）略去了提摩太前书、提摩太后书和提多书，并说他拒绝了它们。另一些人主张马吉安从不知道教牧书信，或者它们写得更晚，有人认为其中部分是针对他而写的；德尔图良本人把提多书当作保罗的书信。" }, { "dateFrom": 200, "dateTo": 299, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "Gregory-Aland P32; P.Ryl. 5 (Manchester, John Rylands Library, Gr. P. 5)", "source": { "sourceKey": "csntm", "author": "Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts", "work": "Manuscript P32 (CSNTM digital manuscript collection)", "locator": "GA P32 (Manchester, John Rylands University Library, Gr. P. 5)", "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/Manuscript/Group/GA_P32", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "第32号蒲草纸抄本（P32）", "date": "约公元200年或3世纪稍后（按笔迹）", "note": "保存了一张抄本书页上的提多书1:11-15和2:3-8，仅按笔迹定年：3世纪（亨特1911），约200年（CSNTM）。盖瑟古德（2013）主张在这部抄本中至少有一部文本排在提多书之前。P46现存的书页中没有教牧书信。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/evidence#reception-titus" }, { "letterId": "philemon", "summary": "腓利门书最早的确切见证，是德尔图良所记述的马吉安保罗书信集（约140-160年）。穆拉托里书目指名它为保罗的书信；德尔图良也这样看待它。伊格那丢或许有微弱的回响。在《革利免前书》、坡旅甲、游斯丁、爱任纽或亚历山太的革利免的著作中，都没有已知的明确引用，或许因为它太短。最古老的抄本P87属于3世纪。", "witnesses": [ { "dateFrom": 105, "dateTo": 150, "grade": "possible-echo", "locator": "Ign. Eph. 1.3; 2.1-2; 6.2", "source": { "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot", "author": "Ignatius of Antioch", "work": "Epistle to the Ephesians", "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer", "year": "1891", "locator": "Ign. Eph. 2.1-2", "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-ephesians-lightfoot.html", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "even so may the Father of Jesus Christ refresh him -- together with Onesimus and Burrhus and Euplus and Fronto; in whom I saw you all with the eyes of love. May I have joy of you always, if so be I am worthy of it.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "安提阿的伊格那丢，《致以弗所人书》", "date": "约110年；有人定得更晚", "note": "刚提到主教奥奈西莫之后，伊格那丢写道“愿我因你们得享喜乐”，用的是腓利门书1:20的动词，这个动词在新约中仅此一见。然而他在别处也重复这个愿望，奥奈西莫是常见的奴隶名字，而约翰·诺克斯把这两人视为同一人的看法未经证实。" }, { "dateFrom": 138, "dateTo": 161, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Tertullian, Adv. Marc. 5.21.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion", "translator": "Peter Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 (Marcion's Apostolicon)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "I wonder, however, when he received (into his Apostolicon) this letter which was written but to one man, that he rejected the two epistles to Timothy and the one to Titus, which all treat of ecclesiastical discipline.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "马吉安的Apostolikon，据德尔图良的记述", "date": "约140-160年；约208年记述", "note": "最早的确切证据：马吉安十封书信的保罗书信集收录了腓利门书。这一记述出自约六十年后一位带敌意的见证人；伊皮法纽（4世纪）也列出了它。德尔图良说它因为简短而免遭马吉安的删改。" }, { "dateFrom": 170, "dateTo": 400, "grade": "canon-list", "locator": "Muratorian Fragment, sec. 3 (ANF 5 numbering)", "source": { "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf", "author": "Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment)", "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus)", "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond", "year": "1886", "locator": "Muratorian Fragment, sec. 3 (ANF 5 numbering)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "He wrote, besides these, one to Philemon, and one to Titus, and two to Timothy, in simple personal affection and love indeed; but yet these are hallowed in the esteem of the Catholic Church, and in the regulation of ecclesiastical discipline.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "穆拉托里残篇", "date": "约170-200年，或4世纪", "note": "把腓利门书与提多书、提摩太前书和提摩太后书一同列为出于个人情谊写给个人、却受教会尊重的书信。多数人定于约170-200年，很可能在罗马；A. C. 桑德伯格（1973）和G. M. 哈内曼（1992）主张4世纪。" }, { "dateFrom": 200, "dateTo": 299, "grade": "manuscript", "locator": "Gregory-Aland P87; Köln, Institut für Altertumskunde, Inv. Nr. 12", "source": { "sourceKey": "csntm", "author": "Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts", "work": "CSNTM manuscript catalogue: GA P87", "locator": "GA P87 (3rd century; Köln, Institut für Altertumskunde, Inv. Nr. 12)", "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P87", "publicDomain": false, "quote": "", "role": "catalogue-record" }, "witness": "第87号蒲草纸抄本（格雷戈里-阿兰编号P87）", "date": "3世纪", "note": "现存最古老的抄本：一张抄本书页的残片，一面有腓利门书1:13-15的部分内容，另一面有腓利门书1:24-25的部分内容，按笔迹定于3世纪。P46现存的书页中没有腓利门书；完整的抄本始于西奈抄本等4世纪的抄本。" }, { "dateFrom": 207, "dateTo": 212, "grade": "named-explicitly", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.21.1", "source": { "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf", "author": "Tertullian", "work": "Against Marcion", "translator": "Peter Holmes", "year": "1885", "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 (Philemon's brevity)", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm", "publicDomain": true, "quote": "To this epistle alone did its brevity avail to protect it against the falsifying hands of Marcion.", "role": "primary-text" }, "witness": "德尔图良，《驳马吉安》", "date": "约207-212年", "note": "在现代版本中标题为“论致腓利门的书信”的一章里，德尔图良把它当作保罗写给一个人的书信，却没有引用任何一节。爱任纽和亚历山太的革利免从未引用它，所以他是它最早的、年代确切可考的主流见证人。" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/evidence#reception-philemon" } ], "contentDigest": "c1ea86057e9078efbe5457199338453837d07598d994cc1119655c62534323a5" }