{ "$schema": "https://paulineletters.com/data/agent/commons/v1/glossary.schema.json", "schemaVersion": "1.0", "version": "1.0.0", "dataset": "glossary", "locale": "zh-Hans", "title": "保罗书信中的词汇与诠释术语", "description": "使徒行传与保罗书信中的九十九个术语，涵盖以经文出处为依据的观察、注明来源的词义定义、诠释读法及其限度。", "method": "各项定义区分对经文的观察，以及注明来源的词义和诠释主张。旧版词典和已经核查的研究著作，仅用于说明其所引位置能够支持的词义与论证。讨论不同问题或彼此兼容的论证，不会被列为对立的学派；注明出处的读法也不代表当今已有共识，更不能自动套用于其他段落。以希腊话记载的词形保留所引来源的印刷拼写。经文仅列出处，不附译本文字。", "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "attribution": "Pauline Letters — https://paulineletters.com", "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/data/agent/commons/v1/glossary.json", "scripture": "References only. No Bible translation text is included; cite the reference and read it in a licensed or public-domain edition.", "itemCount": 99, "items": [ { "id": "god", "name": "神", "summary": "这些经文把神描述为世界的创造者和统治者，也是犹太人与外族人共同的神。哥林多前书在论到父神的同时，也论到作为主的耶稣基督。这些段落将神与创造及信徒的生活联系起来，却没有完整阐述神性。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-17-24", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:24", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-3-29", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 3:29", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-8-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 8:6", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "usage", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-17-24", "a-rom-3-29", "a-1co-8-6" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "所引段落将神与创造、犹太人和外族人的共同接纳，以及信仰群体的生活联系起来。", "limit": "这些段落描述神与受造界及不同民族的关系，并未完整阐述神的本性。" }, { "id": "scope", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-8-6" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书在同一论证中称父为神，也把耶稣描述为主。", "limit": "这节经文同时提到父和耶稣，却未完整说明应如何在神的合一中理解两者的关系。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "christ", "holy-spirit", "lord-jesus" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-god" }, { "id": "christ", "name": "基督／弥赛亚", "summary": "在这里所引的宣讲和书信中，基督是耶稣的一个称号。使徒行传描写扫罗论证耶稣就是基督；罗马书把耶稣基督与他作为神的儿子的身份及复活联系起来，腓立比书则着重其主权。这些段落在不同语境中使用这一称号，并未给出单一的定义。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-9-22", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:22", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-1-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 1:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-2-11", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 2:11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "s-green-christ", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "green-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1896", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament", "locator": "Main Lexicon, p. 205, s.v. Χριστός", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/40935/pg40935-images.html#pg205", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Thomas Sheldon Green (reviser of William Greenfield's lexicon)", "year": "1896" } }, { "id": "s-green-messiah", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "green-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1896", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament", "locator": "Main Lexicon, p. 117, s.v. Μεσσίας", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/40935/pg40935-images.html#pg117", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Thomas Sheldon Green (reviser of William Greenfield's lexicon)", "year": "1896" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "usage", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-9-22" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传把耶稣被认定为基督写成扫罗所论证的主张，而不只是为他提供一个个人称呼。", "limit": "使徒行传记述扫罗提出了这一论证，却没有详尽重述论证过程。" }, { "id": "range", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-1-4", "a-phi-2-11" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书和腓立比书把基督与对耶稣的其他描述相连，包括他作为神的儿子的身份和主权。", "limit": "这些例子不能证明基督在每一段经文中的作用都完全相同。" }, { "id": "lexical-equivalence", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "s-green-christ", "s-green-messiah" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "格林的词条将基督与弥赛亚列为彼此相当、与受膏有关的称号。", "limit": "词义上的对应，并不意味着两者在各段经文中的作用或神学含义都完全相同。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "son-of-god", "lord-jesus" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-christ" }, { "id": "holy-spirit", "name": "圣灵", "summary": "这些文本把圣灵描述为在宣教与信徒生活中积极工作的神圣临在。使徒行传把圣灵与差遣巴拿巴和扫罗联系起来；罗马书将圣灵与归属基督相连；哥林多前书则将圣灵与承认耶稣为主相连。这些用法不限于超常经历，不宜缩减为某一种恩赐或实践。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-13-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-8-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 8:9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-12-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 12:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-12-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 12:7", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "mission", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-13-2" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传将拣选巴拿巴和扫罗从事宣教的行动归于圣灵。", "limit": "这段记述报告了差遣，却没有说明在场者如何听见或判断这项指示。" }, { "id": "belonging", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-8-9", "a-1co-12-3", "a-1co-12-7" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书和哥林多前书将圣灵与基督徒的归属、信仰承认及群体的益处联系起来。", "limit": "这些段落本身不能解决后世关于属灵经历或个别恩赐是否延续的分歧。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "lord-jesus", "spiritual-gifts" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-holy-spirit" }, { "id": "lord-jesus", "name": "主耶稣", "summary": "这些文本以主耶稣这一称呼表达对耶稣的效忠，以及信靠他的意义。使徒行传在腓立比监狱的事件中使用这一称呼；哥林多前书将相关的信仰承认与圣灵联系起来；腓立比书则在论述耶稣降卑与升高时呈现其主权。本语料其他地方的“主”并不一定都指耶稣。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-16-31", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:31", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-12-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 12:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-2-11", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 2:11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-2-8", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 2:8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-2-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 2:9", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "usage", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-16-31", "a-1co-12-3", "a-phi-2-11", "a-phi-2-8", "a-phi-2-9" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "所引段落将耶稣的主权与信靠、信仰承认和圣灵联系起来。", "limit": "这些段落确立了作者对效忠关系的描述，并未穷尽这一称号的含义。" }, { "id": "referent", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-16-31", "a-1co-12-3" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "在所引的使徒行传和哥林多前书段落中，“主”指向耶稣。", "limit": "其他指向神圣存在、人类或礼貌称呼的用法，必须按各自语境判断，不能自动合并。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "christ", "holy-spirit" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-lord-jesus" }, { "id": "son-of-god", "name": "神的儿子", "summary": "神的儿子这一称号以耶稣与神的关系来标明他的身份。使徒行传在扫罗的宣讲中使用这一称号；罗马书将其与复活和能力相连；加拉太书则将其与基督的爱及保罗信仰中的生活相连。这些段落分别强调这一关系的不同方面，并未提供完整的教义定义。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-9-20", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:20", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-1-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 1:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-2-20", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 2:20", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "usage", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-9-20", "a-rom-1-4", "a-gal-2-20" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "这三处经文在宣讲、复活教导和保罗对信仰的叙述中，以神的儿子的身份描述耶稣。", "limit": "各段落在不同语境中表达这一关系，并未完整解释这一神的儿子身份的含义。" }, { "id": "context", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-1-4", "a-gal-2-20" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将这一称号与复活相连，加拉太书则强调基督的自我付出和保罗对他的依靠。", "limit": "两段经文分别强调这一称号的不同方面，并非共同提供一个完整、单一的定义。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "christ", "god" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-son-of-god" }, { "id": "apostle", "name": "使徒", "summary": "使徒可指蒙召或受差遣去服事的人。保罗以此称呼自己，使徒行传也用来称呼巴拿巴；腓立比书则在说明以巴弗提为收信人和保罗服事时，用这一称呼描述他。单凭这个词，不能断定某人属于十二人，也不能认为所有获此称呼的人都具有相同的权柄和职责。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-1-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-9-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 9:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-14-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 14:14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-2-25", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 2:25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-16-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "s-barnes-romans-16-7", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "barnes-nt-notes-ccel", "work": "Barnes' New Testament Notes", "locator": "Romans 16:7, discussion of apostolic status, numbered arguments 1–5", "url": "https://www.ccel.org/ccel/b/barnes/ntnotes/cache/ntnotes.txt", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Albert Barnes" } }, { "id": "s-chrysostom-romans-16-7", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "chrysostom-romans-npnf1-11", "work": "Homilies on Romans, NPNF First Series, volume 11", "locator": "Homily 31, exposition of Romans 16:7; commentary on the pair's apostolic designation", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/210231.htm", "publicDomain": true, "role": "primary-text", "author": "John Chrysostom", "year": "1889" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "paul-barnabas", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-1-1", "a-1co-9-1", "a-act-14-14" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "保罗自称使徒，使徒行传也将这一称呼用于巴拿巴。", "limit": "这些用法并不使其中任何一人成为最初十二人的成员。" }, { "id": "range", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-phi-2-25" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "腓立比书在解释以巴弗提为保罗服事时，称他为收信人的使徒。", "limit": "这段经文描述以巴弗提为腓立比信徒和保罗的服事，并未赋予所有使徒相同的权柄或任务。" }, { "id": "romans-16-7-readings", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-7", "s-chrysostom-romans-16-7", "s-barnes-romans-16-7" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [ "included-among-apostles", "esteemed-by-apostles" ], "statement": "克里索斯托和艾伯特·巴恩斯对罗马书16:7中安多尼古与犹尼亚所获的赞许，提出了不同解释。", "limit": "这节经文没有描述两人的职责，也未将他们认定为十二人的成员。" } ], "alternatives": [ { "id": "included-among-apostles", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-7", "s-chrysostom-romans-16-7" ], "qualifies": [], "label": "被列在使徒之中", "statement": "克里索斯托把罗马书16:7理解为将安多尼古和犹尼亚列在使徒之中。" }, { "id": "esteemed-by-apostles", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-7", "s-barnes-romans-16-7" ], "qualifies": [], "label": "受到使徒的敬重", "statement": "艾伯特·巴恩斯认为，这项赞许指使徒对两人的良好评价，而不是任命他们担任使徒职分。他也有条件地容许将使徒理解为较宽泛的教会使者。" } ], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "disciple", "teacher" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-apostle" }, { "id": "disciple", "name": "门徒", "summary": "在使徒行传的宣教叙事中，门徒是信徒和跟随者的一种称呼。大马士革的亚拿尼亚是其中一例；宣教产生新的群体，保罗后来也在以弗所把门徒与反对者分开聚集。单凭这一称呼，不能确定某种治理职分，也不能得知一个人的受训经历。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-9-10", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-14-21", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 14:21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-19-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:9", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "usage", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-9-10", "a-act-14-21", "a-act-19-9" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传既以门徒称呼具名的个人，也用来称呼宣教所形成或聚集的群体。", "limit": "单凭这一称呼，不能确定个人的职分、受训经历或完整信仰。" }, { "id": "office-limit", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-9-10", "a-act-14-21", "a-act-19-9" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "这些段落均未将门徒定义为一种独立的治理职分。", "limit": "这只是所选经文的证据范围，并非对这一词语一切历史用法的断言。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "apostle", "teacher", "church" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-disciple" }, { "id": "elder", "name": "长老", "summary": "长老是在使徒行传及提多书中用于群体领袖的称呼。使徒行传记述宣教期间的任命，并将召到米利都的以弗所领袖称为长老。提多书则要求逐城任命。这些文本确立了各自叙述中的称呼与职责，却不能单独确定各教会何时普遍采用这种安排，也不能证明长老和监督在任何地方都可互换。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-14-23", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 14:23", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-20-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-20-28", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:28", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-tit-1-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 1:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-tit-1-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 1:7", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "appointments", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-14-23", "a-tit-1-5" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传和提多书都描述为地方群体任命长老。", "limit": "提多书记述的是任命长老的指示；其作者归属和年代仍有争议。" }, { "id": "overlap", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "source-supported", "confidence": "medium", "supports": [ "a-act-20-17", "a-act-20-28", "a-tit-1-5", "a-tit-1-7" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传中受劝勉的以弗所长老也被赋予监督的责任；提多书也将这两种描述紧接在一起。", "limit": "这些段落在地方语境中联系两种责任，却未确立适用于所有群体的统一职分结构。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "overseer", "teacher" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-elder" }, { "id": "prophet", "name": "先知与预言", "summary": "哥林多前书将先知的发言与群体的坚固、鼓励及安慰相连。使徒行传在安提阿将先知与教师并列。哥林多前书也要求听众评估预言的发言，并要求先知对自己的发言负责。这些段落描述相关活动，却没有提供单一的任命程序，也未裁定个别恩赐今天是否仍然延续。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-13-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-12-28", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 12:28", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-14-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 14:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-14-29", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 14:29", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-14-32", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 14:32", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "community", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-13-1", "a-1co-12-28" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传和哥林多前书将先知置于群体生活之中，而不只描绘为孤立的个人。", "limit": "这些段落并未提供单一的任命程序或完整的职责说明。" }, { "id": "evaluation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-14-3", "a-1co-14-29", "a-1co-14-32" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书将预言与群体的益处、评估和自我约束联系起来。", "limit": "这段经文要求辨别，并不保证每一项自称为预言的发言都真实可信。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "teacher", "spiritual-gifts" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-prophet" }, { "id": "teacher", "name": "教师", "summary": "教师指在群体中传达和解释教导的人。使徒行传在安提阿将教师与先知并列；哥林多前书在论述群体中的角色时提及教师；提摩太后书则称书信中的说话者受委任从事教导。这些用法将教导与群体生活相连，却不能据此确立统一的职分、任命程序或现代教育资格。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-13-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-12-28", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 12:28", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2ti-1-11", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 1:11", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "usage", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-13-1", "a-1co-12-28" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "安提阿群体和哥林多前书所列的角色中都出现教师。", "limit": "这两处经文都没有提供完整的制度定义或正式的资格体系。" }, { "id": "letter-voice", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2ti-1-11" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "提摩太后书的说话者将教导描述为自己所受委任的一部分。", "limit": "提摩太后书的作者归属存在争议；单凭这项自述，不能确定这项委任何时或由谁授予。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "prophet", "apostle", "sound-teaching" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-teacher" }, { "id": "high-priest", "name": "大祭司", "summary": "使徒行传记述大祭司亚拿尼亚在保罗的听审中行使宗教权威：他在议会相遇的场景中下令掌打保罗，后来又参与在总督面前提出指控。叙事没有解释他如何获得这一职分，也未完整说明其权限。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-23-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 23:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-23-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 23:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-23-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 23:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-24-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 24:1", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "ananias", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-23-2", "a-act-24-1" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传在议会事件及后来向总督提出指控的场景中，都将亚拿尼亚称为大祭司。", "limit": "这一头衔标明亚拿尼亚的角色；相关段落没有解释他的任命或任期。" }, { "id": "recognition", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-23-4", "a-act-23-5" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "议会中的交锋将这一职分视为具有公认的宗教地位，而保罗是否认出任职者，也成为争议的一部分。", "limit": "不应从这一场景推断文本没有交代的理由，来解释保罗最初的回应。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "priest", "governor" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-high-priest" }, { "id": "priest", "name": "祭司", "summary": "在WEB对路司得事件的记述中，群众误认宣教者的身份后，一位事奉朱庇特（Jupiter）的祭司协助准备向他们献祭。这一场景涉及非犹太人的祭祀崇拜，并未定义犹太人的祭司制度或基督徒的事奉。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-14-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 14:12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-14-13", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 14:13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-14-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 14:14", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "lystra", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-14-12", "a-act-14-13", "a-act-14-14" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传描写一位祭司参与准备在路司得向宣教者献祭。", "limit": "这一场景涉及事奉朱庇特（Jupiter）的祭司，并未显示拟议中的献祭最终完成。" }, { "id": "scope", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-14-13" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "这一事件中的祭司事奉非犹太人的祭仪体系，与耶路撒冷的大祭司制度属于不同背景。", "limit": "这一场景没有描述犹太人祭司的职责，也未定义一种各宗教传统共有的职分。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "high-priest", "temple-warden" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-priest" }, { "id": "proconsul", "name": "省长", "summary": "使徒行传中的省长是与行政及司法程序有关的公职人员。这一头衔用于塞浦路斯岛的士求．保罗和亚该亚的迦流；以弗所的城镇书记也在引导申诉者采用法律程序时提到省长。这些段落没有完整说明任职者的权限或任期。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-13-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-18-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-19-38", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:38", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "named-holders", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-13-7", "a-act-18-12" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传在不同的宣教场景中，将省长这一头衔用于士求．保罗和迦流。", "limit": "这些具名实例确立的是文本中的用法，并非来自铭文的独立身份认定。" }, { "id": "public-process", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-19-38" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "以弗所的讲话将省长与可供申诉的法律程序联系起来。", "limit": "这段讲话未解释这些官员的确切管辖权，也未说明头衔为何使用复数。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "governor", "magistrate" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-proconsul" }, { "id": "governor", "name": "总督", "summary": "这里译作总督的英语用词，可用于不同政治背景中的官员。使徒行传在保罗被移交及受指控时，将这一称呼用于腓力斯；哥林多后书在大马士革脱险的记述中，则描述一位隶属亚里达王的官员。共享同一个英语称呼，并不能证明两人担任相同的行政职分，也不能据此等同其管辖范围、任命方式和权限。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-23-24", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 23:24", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-24-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 24:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-11-32", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 11:32", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "felix", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-23-24", "a-act-24-1" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传在保罗被移交给腓力斯，以及控告代表到达时，都将腓力斯称为总督。", "limit": "这些段落没有完整说明腓力斯的法律权限。" }, { "id": "aretas-official", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2co-11-32" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多后书描述一位与亚里达王有关的总督，试图在大马士革逮捕保罗。", "limit": "单凭这一描述，不能确立亚里达王控制该城，也不能将这名官员等同于罗马行省的总督。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "proconsul", "king", "tribune" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-governor" }, { "id": "tribune", "name": "千夫长／军事指挥官", "summary": "使徒行传中驻耶路撒冷的指挥官在骚乱期间指挥百夫长与士兵，并通过一名百夫长得知有关保罗的消息。这些行动描述了他在叙事中的指挥角色。所引段落没有说明部队人数，也未完整交代他的法律权限。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-21-31", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:31", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-21-32", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:32", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-23-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 23:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "s-green-tribune", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "green-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1896", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament", "locator": "Main Lexicon, pp. 203–204, s.v. Χῑλίαρχος", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/40935/pg40935-images.html#pg204", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Thomas Sheldon Green (reviser of William Greenfield's lexicon)", "year": "1896" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "command", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-21-31", "a-act-21-32", "a-act-23-17" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传区分了指挥官与受其指挥的百夫长和士兵。", "limit": "这确立了叙事中的指挥层级，却不能独立核实确切兵力或部队编制。" }, { "id": "lexical-mapping", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "s-green-tribune" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "格林1896年的词典将使徒行传21章中指挥官的称呼解释为千夫长这一军事职务。", "limit": "这一词义认定并未说明该指挥官实际统率的兵力，也未完整界定他的法律权限。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "centurion", "soldier", "governor" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-tribune" }, { "id": "centurion", "name": "百夫长", "summary": "百夫长是使徒行传中的一种军官称呼。文本以这一头衔介绍哥尼流；保罗在面临鞭打前向一名百夫长发言；犹流则在航程中负责看管囚犯。这些叙事呈现特定情况下的军事指挥与羁押责任，却不能证明每名百夫长都指挥同样数量的士兵或承担相同任务。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-10-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 10:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-22-25", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 22:25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-27-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-27-31", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:31", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "persons", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-10-1", "a-act-27-1" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传在不同场景中，将百夫长这一称呼用于哥尼流和犹流。", "limit": "共享同一头衔，并不意味着两人隶属同一部队或具有相同经历。" }, { "id": "responsibilities", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-22-25", "a-act-27-1", "a-act-27-31" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "百夫长参与了有关如何对待保罗，以及看管船上人员的决定。", "limit": "这些场景并非完整的军事职责说明，也未普遍界定这一职位的法律权限。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "tribune", "soldier" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-centurion" }, { "id": "magistrate", "name": "裁判官", "summary": "裁判官是腓立比的当局人员：他们受理针对保罗和西拉的控告，下令施罚，传达释放指示，并在得知有关罗马公民身份后作出反应。使徒行传将他们置于该城公开处理争端的过程中。相关段落没有完整说明其权限，也不能证明惩罚遵循了合法程序。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-16-20", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:20", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-16-22", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:22", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-16-35", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:35", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-16-38", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:38", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "actions", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-16-20", "a-act-16-22", "a-act-16-35" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传描述腓立比的裁判官下令施罚，后来又发出释放指示。", "limit": "记述他们的行动，并不等于证明相关程序合法。" }, { "id": "citizenship", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-16-38" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "叙事报告裁判官在得知罗马公民身份后感到惊慌。", "limit": "确切的法律后果，以及这一头衔背后的制度，仍需额外的历史证据。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "lictor", "roman-citizenship" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-magistrate" }, { "id": "overseer", "name": "监督", "summary": "监督描述照顾与带领群体的责任。使徒行传将这一称呼用于先前已称为长老的以弗所领袖；腓立比书向收信人中的监督致意；提摩太前书与提多书则讨论相关资格。这些用法将监督责任与群体服事及问责联系起来，却不能单独证明各城都有一位高于其他所有人的领袖，也不能解决后世对教会治理方式的分歧。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-20-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-20-28", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:28", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-1-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1ti-3-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Timothy 3:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-tit-1-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 1:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-tit-1-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 1:7", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "usage", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-20-17", "a-act-20-28", "a-phi-1-1" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传将监督责任与照顾群体联系起来，腓立比书则以复数向监督致意。", "limit": "这些段落没有定义一套完整的教会治理结构。" }, { "id": "qualifications", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1ti-3-2", "a-tit-1-5", "a-tit-1-7" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "提摩太前书和提多书以列明的资格与责任来描述监督职分。", "limit": "提摩太前书和提多书的作者及年代存在争议。这些指示并不能证明所有群体都有相同的领袖结构。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "elder", "deacon" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-overseer" }, { "id": "deacon", "name": "执事／服事者", "summary": "执事是在更广泛的服事词汇中，用来指称教会角色的词语。格林和塞耶的词典都将非比的称呼列入教会角色的用法。腓立比书将服事者与监督并列致意，提摩太前书则列出相关资格。这些段落没有描述非比的任命，也没有列出她的职责。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-phi-1-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1ti-3-8", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Timothy 3:8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-16-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "s-green-deacon", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "green-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1896", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament", "locator": "Main Lexicon, p. 42, s.v. Διάκονος", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/40935/pg40935-images.html#pg42", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Thomas Sheldon Green (reviser of William Greenfield's lexicon)", "year": "1896" } }, { "id": "s-thayer-deacon", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "thayer-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1889", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament: Being Grimm's Wilke's Clavis Novi Testamenti", "locator": "s.v. διάκονος, senses 1–3; readable English classification only", "url": "https://archive.org/download/agreekenglishle00wilkgoog/agreekenglishle00wilkgoog_djvu.txt", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Joseph Henry Thayer", "year": "1889" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "service", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-phi-1-1", "a-1ti-3-8", "a-rom-16-1" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "腓立比书和提摩太前书在群体领袖或资格要求的语境中提到服事者，罗马书则赞许非比的服事。", "limit": "单凭英语译词，不能决定每位受此称呼之人的正式地位。" }, { "id": "office-question", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-1" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书在提到坚革里教会时赞许非比。", "limit": "这项赞许没有描述任命过程，也未列出她的职责。" }, { "id": "lexical-mapping", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "s-green-deacon", "s-thayer-deacon" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "格林和塞耶所解释的词语，既有一般服事的含义，也可用于教会角色；他们将罗马书16:1中非比的称呼归类为女执事。", "limit": "这种分类并未交代非比的任命程序或职责，也不能将她的角色等同于后世各种形式的按立。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "overseer", "hospitality" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-deacon" }, { "id": "areopagus-member", "name": "亚略．巴古的议员", "summary": "使徒行传以与亚略．巴古有关的身份描述丢尼修，并将他列在加入保罗并相信的人中。文本没有交代他的任命、职责或先前经历。提到他，并不能证明他主持过正式审讯，也未说明保罗讲话时的具体制度背景。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-17-19", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-17-22", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:22", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-17-34", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:34", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "s-green-areopagite", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "green-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1896", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament", "locator": "Main Lexicon, p. 22, s.v. Ἄρειοπαγίτης", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/40935/pg40935-images.html#pg22", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Thomas Sheldon Green (reviser of William Greenfield's lexicon)", "year": "1896" } }, { "id": "s-thayer-areopagite", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "thayer-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1889", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament: Being Grimm's Wilke's Clavis Novi Testamenti", "locator": "s.v. Areopagites, English court-membership gloss; OCR Greek and verse numeral excluded", "url": "https://archive.org/download/agreekenglishle00wilkgoog/agreekenglishle00wilkgoog_djvu.txt", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Joseph Henry Thayer", "year": "1889" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "dionysius", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-17-34" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传以丢尼修与亚略．巴古的关系标明他的身份，并将他列入加入保罗并相信的人中。", "limit": "这一记载没有提供完整传记，也未从制度上说明他的职位。" }, { "id": "setting-limit", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-17-19", "a-act-17-22", "a-act-17-34" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "叙事将讨论地点设在亚略．巴古，并在其后提到丢尼修。", "limit": "单凭这一先后次序，不能断定他主持、投票或参与了正式审讯。" }, { "id": "lexical-mapping", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "s-green-areopagite", "s-thayer-areopagite" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "格林将这一称呼与亚略．巴古法庭联系起来，塞耶则明确解释为该法庭的成员身份。", "limit": "这并未确定丢尼修的职责，也不能证明他主持过对保罗的正式审讯。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "magistrate", "disciple" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-areopagus-member" }, { "id": "synagogue-ruler", "name": "会堂主管", "summary": "在使徒行传有关经文诵读和地方宣教接触的记述中，会堂主管是一种领袖称呼。在彼西底的安提阿，主管在诵读后邀请来访者发言；在哥林多，基利司布和苏提尼则在不同事件中获此称呼。这些叙事显示他们在特定群体中负有公认的责任，却没有提供普遍适用的会堂章程，也未确立两名具名者之间未被记述的职务承继。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-13-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-18-8", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-18-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:17", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "readings", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-13-15" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "在彼西底的安提阿的场景中，主管在诵读后邀请来访者向聚集的听众发言。", "limit": "这次具体邀请，并不能确定每位主管在每所会堂中的职责。" }, { "id": "corinth", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-18-8", "a-act-18-17" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传在哥林多的记述中，以会堂主管这一称呼描述基利司布和苏提尼。", "limit": "单凭这一头衔和叙述次序，不能证明两人先后担任同一职分。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "synagogue", "teacher" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-synagogue-ruler" }, { "id": "king", "name": "王", "summary": "使徒行传将王这一头衔用于不同统治者。希律王出现在一段逼迫记述中，亚基帕则在保罗于该撒利亚申辩时获此称呼。这一称谓标明他们在相关场景中具有公认的王室地位，却不能说明这些统治者拥有相同的领土、权限或与罗马的关系。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-12-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 12:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-25-13", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 25:13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-26-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 26:2", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "usage", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-12-1", "a-act-25-13", "a-act-26-2" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传在不同叙事场景中，将希律王和亚基帕都称为王。", "limit": "共享这一头衔，并不能证明他们是同一个人或拥有相同权限。" }, { "id": "hearing", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-25-13", "a-act-26-2" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "亚基帕的王室头衔，与他聆听保罗申辩的角色一同出现。", "limit": "单凭这一头衔，不能证明他是行省总督，也不能证明最终司法决定由他作出。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "emperor", "governor" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-king" }, { "id": "emperor", "name": "皇帝／凯撒", "summary": "在这些段落中，凯撒指帝国权威。使徒行传记述了有关凯撒法令的控告，以及保罗向凯撒上诉的行动；腓立比书则转达与凯撒家属体系有关的人所致的问候。这些用法涉及帝国权威、法律上诉和家属体系的归属，不能为每段经文确定同一位皇帝，也未揭示每名成员的工作或等级。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-17-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-25-11", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 25:11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-25-21", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 25:21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-4-22", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 4:22", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "authority", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-17-7", "a-act-25-11", "a-act-25-21" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传既在政治控告中提到凯撒，也将其作为保罗上诉的对象。", "limit": "不能把这项控告当成叙述者对保罗教导所作的无条件描述。" }, { "id": "household", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-phi-4-22" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "腓立比书将部分问候与凯撒的家属体系联系起来。", "limit": "这并不表明皇帝本人是信徒，也未说明相关个人的确切职位。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "king", "governor", "roman-citizenship" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-emperor" }, { "id": "soldier", "name": "士兵", "summary": "使徒行传在羁押与保护事件中，以士兵称呼军事人员。提摩太后书也以这一称呼作比，勉励人忍受艰难。区分这些用法，可以避免将关于基督徒服事的比喻误读为入伍记述。所选段落同样不能解决后世基督徒关于参军问题的一切争论。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-21-32", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:32", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-27-31", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:31", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2ti-2-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 2:3", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "literal", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-21-32", "a-act-27-31" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传在耶路撒冷的介入事件及航海记述中，区分了士兵与其长官。", "limit": "这些叙事中的出现，并未提供完整的军队组织架构。" }, { "id": "metaphor", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2ti-2-3" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "提摩太后书在勉励忍耐时，以士兵作比喻。", "limit": "这个比喻旨在勉励忍耐，而不是要求实际入伍。提摩太后书的作者归属仍有争议。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "centurion", "tribune", "suffering" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-soldier" }, { "id": "silversmith", "name": "银匠", "summary": "使徒行传将低米丢称为银匠：他制作与亚底米崇拜有关的银龛，并为其他工匠带来生意。这节经文将宗教物品与行业及其收入相连，却未详述其作坊的组织方式、行会成员身份，或每位以弗所金属工匠的地位。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-19-24", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:24", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "demetrius", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-19-24" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传将低米丢称为银匠，并把他制作神龛的业务与工匠的生计联系起来。", "limit": "这节经文支持的是叙事中的职业与经济描述，并非对某间作坊或行会成员身份的独立文献证明。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "magician", "temple-warden" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-silversmith" }, { "id": "tentmaker", "name": "制造帐棚的人", "summary": "使徒行传称保罗、亚居拉和百基拉为制造帐棚的人，并解释他们因从事同一行业而一同居住、工作。这段记述将他们的关系与谋生联系起来，却没有说明所用材料、工艺或具体产品。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-18-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-18-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:3", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "shared-trade", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-18-2", "a-act-18-3" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传以共同的行业解释保罗为何与这对夫妇一同居住和工作。", "limit": "这一解释没有说明工作占用了多少时间，也未交代每次宣教旅程的经费来源。" }, { "id": "materials-limit", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-18-3" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "WEB将这一行业称为帐棚制作，却没有描述材料或方法。", "limit": "这节经文不能确定他们的工作是否包括皮革制作、编织或其他产品。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "teacher", "hospitality" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-tentmaker" }, { "id": "magician", "name": "术士／法术", "summary": "使徒行传描述了行法术的西门在撒玛利亚的法术、帕弗的一名术士，以及以弗所焚毁法术书的事件。这些实践与背景各不相同，并不能证明存在一个统一的机构。叙事记述并评价这些活动，却不能独立证明每位从业者所声称的能力。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-8-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-13-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-19-19", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:19", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "settings", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-8-9", "a-act-13-6", "a-act-19-19" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传描述撒玛利亚的法术、帕弗的一名术士，以及以弗所与法术书有关的人。", "limit": "这些例子不应被合并为单一群体、同一种实践或统一的职业身份。" }, { "id": "evaluation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-8-9", "a-act-13-6", "a-act-19-19" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传称帕弗的术士为假先知，并记述以弗所有人焚毁与其法术活动有关的书籍。", "limit": "报告某些实践或其效果，并不等于独立证实超自然效力。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "prophet", "silversmith" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-magician" }, { "id": "eurakylon", "name": "友拉革罗（Eurakylon／Euroclydon）", "summary": "Euroclydon是使徒行传27章对暴风所用的名称。这阵风使保罗所乘的船无法保持航向，只能随风漂行。这段经文没有测量风向或风速，也没有解释这一名称。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-27-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-27-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "s-green-eurakylon", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "green-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1896", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament", "locator": "Supplement, p. 212, s.v. Εὐρακύλων", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/40935/pg40935-images.html#pg212", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Wallace N. Stearns; supervised by J. H. Thayer", "year": "1896" } }, { "id": "s-green-euroclydon", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "green-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1896", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament", "locator": "Main Lexicon, p. 78, s.v. Εὐροκλύδων", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/40935/pg40935-images.html#pg78", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Thomas Sheldon Green (reviser of William Greenfield's lexicon)", "year": "1896" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "storm", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-27-14", "a-act-27-15" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传为暴风赋予名称，并描述船只无法继续迎风航行。", "limit": "文本没有提供以现代仪器测得的风向或风速。" }, { "id": "form-limit", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-27-14" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Euroclydon是WEB在这一航程节点所用的拼写。", "limit": "这节经文提供的是英语风名，并非对原文不同读法的比较，也不是对名称来源的解释。" }, { "id": "lexical-mapping", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "s-green-euroclydon", "s-green-eurakylon" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "格林的Euroclydon词条记载了不同的希腊话词形，补编则将Eurakylon交叉索引至该词条。", "limit": "这些词条不能确立各读法在抄本中的分布、当今的文本批判地位，或实测风向。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "centurion", "soldier" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-eurakylon" }, { "id": "temple-warden", "name": "护庙城", "summary": "以弗所的城镇书记在提到亚底米及一尊受敬奉的像时，将以弗所描述为护庙城。这一描述用于城市，并非用于一名个别的看守者。这节经文没有解释这一称号如何取得，也未说明它是否附带特定法律特权。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-19-35", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:35", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "s-green-neokoros", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "green-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1896", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament", "locator": "Main Lexicon, pp. 122–123, s.v. Νεωκόρος", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/40935/pg40935-images.html#pg123", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Thomas Sheldon Green (reviser of William Greenfield's lexicon)", "year": "1896" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "city-title", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-19-35" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "以弗所的城镇书记在谈及亚底米及一尊像时，将城市本身描述为护庙城。", "limit": "这里报告的是讲话中的城市主张，不能独立确定某个正式称号何时或由谁授予。" }, { "id": "scope", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-19-35" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "这段经文中的描述属于城市，并非某位具名的庙宇雇员。", "limit": "这节经文没有描述个别庙宇官员的职责，也未表明其他城市拥有同一称号。" }, { "id": "lexical-mapping", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "s-green-neokoros" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "格林区分了个人照看庙宇的职责，与使徒行传19:35用于以弗所的城市宗教称号。", "limit": "这种词义区分没有确定城市称号的授予者、授予日期或法律特权。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "synagogue", "silversmith" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-temple-warden" }, { "id": "asiarch", "name": "亚西亚省首领", "summary": "以弗所骚乱期间，一些亚西亚省首领被称为保罗的朋友。他们派人警告他，劝他不要进入剧场。这节经文报告了双方的关系及这些首领的介入，却没有交代他们当时身在何处、逐一列明其身份，或说明其职责。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-19-31", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:31", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "s-green-asiarch", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "green-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1896", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament", "locator": "Main Lexicon, p. 24, s.v. Ἀσιάρχης", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/40935/pg40935-images.html#pg24", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Thomas Sheldon Green (reviser of William Greenfield's lexicon)", "year": "1896" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "friends", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-19-31" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传将一些亚西亚省首领称为保罗的朋友，并报告他们就进入剧场一事提出警告。", "limit": "这段经文不能确定他们是基督徒，也未逐一说明其身份或定义其制度。" }, { "id": "lexical-mapping", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "s-green-asiarch" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "格林将这一称号解释为亚西亚省的一种官员，与宗教仪式和公共竞技活动有关。", "limit": "这部旧版词典不能独立确立该职分的详细组织形式，也不能证明使徒行传中的这些首领是基督徒。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "magistrate", "temple-warden" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-asiarch" }, { "id": "politarch", "name": "城政官", "summary": "使徒行传描述帖撒罗尼迦的城市官员受理涉及耶孙与宣教者的控告，并因申诉而不安。这些段落显示他们在处理争端中的角色，却未说明其任命方式、完整职责或任期。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-17-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-17-8", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "s-green-politarch", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "green-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1896", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament", "locator": "Main Lexicon, p. 151, s.v. Πολῑτάρχης", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/40935/pg40935-images.html#pg151", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Thomas Sheldon Green (reviser of William Greenfield's lexicon)", "year": "1896" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "rulers", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-17-6", "a-act-17-8" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传描写帖撒罗尼迦的城市官员受理控告，并因申诉而不安。", "limit": "这些经节支持的是叙事中的角色，并非对这一职分的完整技术定义。" }, { "id": "lexical-mapping", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "s-green-politarch" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "格林将城政官（politarch）解释为城市的裁判官，并将这一称号与使徒行传17:6及17:8相连。", "limit": "这一词义对应本身不能核实铭文、日期，或该职分的制度构成及地理分布。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "magistrate", "governor" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-politarch" }, { "id": "lictor", "name": "杖吏", "summary": "在WEB的腓立比记述中，一些被WEB称为“军士”（sergeants）的随员传达裁判官的释放指示，并回报有关保罗和西拉公民身份的消息。这些段落没有认定这些传信者就是先前执行殴打的人，也未完整描述他们的职责。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-16-35", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:35", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-16-38", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:38", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "s-green-lictor", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "green-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1896", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament", "locator": "Main Lexicon, p. 164, s.v. Ῥαβδοῦχος", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/40935/pg40935-images.html#pg164", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Thomas Sheldon Green (reviser of William Greenfield's lexicon)", "year": "1896" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "messages", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-16-35", "a-act-16-38" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "这些随员传达腓立比的裁判官所发的释放命令，并向他们回报公民身份的消息。", "limit": "这段经文没有将这些随员认定为先前实施惩罚的具体人员。" }, { "id": "lexical-mapping", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "s-green-lictor" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "格林将使徒行传16:35和16:38中的随员认定为杖吏，即与携带棍杖有关的裁判官随员。", "limit": "这一概括性描述不能确定这些传信者就是先前执行殴打的人。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "magistrate", "roman-citizenship" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-lictor" }, { "id": "synagogue", "name": "会堂", "summary": "在宣教叙事中，会堂指群体聚会、诵读经文和讨论的场所。使徒行传描述了安息日的到访、诵读后的发言邀请，以及保罗与犹太人和希腊人听众的辩论。这些事件展示特定的聚会与接触，不能据此确立所有古代会堂统一的建筑布局、治理方式或出席模式。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-13-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-13-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-17-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-18-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:4", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "gathering", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-13-14", "a-act-13-15", "a-act-18-4", "a-act-17-1" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传将会堂场景与安息日聚会、经文诵读及讨论联系起来。", "limit": "所引场景是具体实例，并未穷尽会堂的实践。" }, { "id": "hearers", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-18-4" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多的记述将犹太人与希腊人听众，都置于保罗在会堂中的讨论之中。", "limit": "这并不能确定每位听众的正式成员身份或完整宗教经历。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "synagogue-ruler", "teacher" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-synagogue" }, { "id": "temple", "name": "圣殿", "summary": "圣殿可以指神圣的场所，也可用来描述群体与神的关系。使徒行传中，一项关于耶路撒冷圣殿的控告促成了对保罗的袭击；哥林多前书称群体为神的殿；以弗所书则以建筑的意象描写联结在一起的信徒。实体圣所与群体意象的指向不同，虽然两者都涉及圣洁及神的临在。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-21-28", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:28", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-21-29", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:29", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-3-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 3:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-eph-2-21", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 2:21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-eph-2-22", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 2:22", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-21-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:17", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "jerusalem", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-21-28", "a-act-21-29" ], "qualifies": [ "a-act-21-17" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传报告有人指控保罗带希腊人进入圣殿，随后解释控告者因看见特罗非摩与保罗一同在城里，便作出了相关推断。", "limit": "叙事指出控告背后的推断，并不能证明所声称的进入圣殿确曾发生。" }, { "id": "community", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-3-16", "a-eph-2-21", "a-eph-2-22" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书和以弗所书以圣殿及建筑的意象描述信仰群体，并将其与神的灵联系起来。", "limit": "不应将这些群体意象视为对实体建筑结构的描述。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "synagogue", "holy-spirit", "church" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-temple" }, { "id": "pharisee", "name": "法利赛人", "summary": "法利赛人标明保罗在议会场景及回顾早年身份时所认同的犹太人群体。使徒行传将法利赛人置于复活争论的一方，腓立比书则把这一身份列为保罗因基督而重新评价的优势之一。这些用法保留了具体的犹太人身份，不应把法利赛人泛化为虚伪或敌意的标签。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-23-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 23:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-23-8", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 23:8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-3-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 3:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-3-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 3:7", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "identity", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-23-6", "a-phi-3-5" ], "qualifies": [ "a-phi-3-7" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "保罗在使徒行传中认同法利赛人的身份，并在腓立比书提到自己的这一背景。", "limit": "使徒行传将这项自我认定置于议会争论中；腓立比书则把它列为保罗相对于基督而重新评价的优势之一。" }, { "id": "resurrection", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-23-6", "a-act-23-8" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传将法利赛人描述为肯定复活，以及撒都该人所否认的天使或灵的信念。", "limit": "这是叙事对分歧的描述，不能据此为每一位犹太人设定相同态度。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "sadducee", "law", "resurrection", "israel" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-pharisee" }, { "id": "sadducee", "name": "撒都该人", "summary": "撒都该人是使徒行传议会相遇场景中的一个犹太人群体。叙事将他们描述为否认复活及关于天使或灵的信念，与法利赛人形成对照。保罗随后诉诸自己的复活盼望，使聚集的人产生分歧。这些段落按该群体在这场争论中的作用来辨识他们，并未将所有犹太人领袖都描述为持相同立场。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-23-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 23:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-23-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 23:7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-23-8", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 23:8", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "contrast", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-23-8" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传将撒都该人描述为否认复活及关于天使或灵的信念，与法利赛人形成对照。", "limit": "这项主张记录的是使徒行传的刻画，并非对所有成员信念全貌的重构。" }, { "id": "council", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-23-6", "a-act-23-7" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "保罗诉诸复活盼望，使使徒行传所描写的议会听众产生分歧。", "limit": "这一场景中的分歧，发生在保罗宣告自己的案件涉及复活盼望之后。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "pharisee", "resurrection" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-sadducee" }, { "id": "gentile", "name": "外族人", "summary": "在这些段落中，外族人指与犹太人有所区分的人。使徒行传讨论人归向神，而不要求他们成为犹太人；加拉太书回应外族人信徒承受的压力，即采用犹太人的生活方式；罗马书则强调神同时关怀这两个群体。这一区分关系到接纳与共同生活的论证，不应被转化为任何一方具有较低人格价值的主张。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-15-19", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-15-20", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:20", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-2-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 2:14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-3-29", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 3:29", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-15-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-15-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-15-13", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:13", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "inclusion", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-15-19", "a-act-15-20" ], "qualifies": [ "a-act-15-1", "a-act-15-5", "a-act-15-13" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传中雅各的判断反对为归向神的外族人增添障碍，同时也提出具体要求。", "limit": "这一场景处理的是特定争议与决定，并未将犹太人的生活描述为本质上沉重的负担。" }, { "id": "shared-god", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-3-29", "a-gal-2-14" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将神描述为既关怀外族人也关怀犹太人，加拉太书则反对迫使外族人按犹太人的方式生活。", "limit": "这些段落处理的是神学归属及群体实践，并非现代国族分类。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "israel", "law", "circumcision", "faith" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-gentile" }, { "id": "proselyte", "name": "归信犹太教者", "summary": "格林1896年的词典将这一词语定义为归信犹太教的人。使徒行传记述在彼西底的安提阿会堂聚会后，跟随保罗和巴拿巴的人中，既有犹太人，也有虔诚的归信者。宣教者勉励跟随的人继续回应神的恩典。该段落没有描述他们的归信程序，其措辞也不能证明其他地方所有被称为敬畏神的人都属于归信者。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-13-43", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:43", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-13-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "s-green-proselyte", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "green-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1896", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament", "locator": "Main Lexicon, p. 158, s.v. Προσήλῠτος, New Testament conversion gloss", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/40935/pg40935-images.html#pg158", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Thomas Sheldon Green (reviser of William Greenfield's lexicon)", "year": "1896" } }, { "id": "s-thayer-proselyte", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "thayer-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1889", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament", "locator": "Main Lexicon, entry for proselyte, sense 2, conversion-to-Judaism definition before the discussion of classes of proselytes", "url": "https://archive.org/download/agreekenglishle00wilkgoog/agreekenglishle00wilkgoog_djvu.txt", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Joseph Henry Thayer", "year": "1889" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "participants", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-13-43" ], "qualifies": [ "a-act-13-14" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传记述聚会后跟随保罗和巴拿巴的人中，既有犹太人参与者，也有虔诚的归信者。", "limit": "这节经文没有列明这一称呼背后的法律或礼仪要求。" }, { "id": "encouragement", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-13-43" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "宣教者勉励已经跟随他们的人，继续回应神的恩典。", "limit": "共同受到勉励，并不抹除文本用于区分参与者的不同描述。" }, { "id": "lexical-definition", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "s-green-proselyte", "s-thayer-proselyte" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "格林1896年的词典和塞耶1889年的词典，都将这一词语定义为归信犹太教的人。", "limit": "“归信者”这一释义，并未描述使徒行传13:43中那些人所经历的法律或礼仪步骤。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "god-fearer", "synagogue", "gentile" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-proselyte" }, { "id": "god-fearer", "name": "敬畏神的人", "summary": "在这些使徒行传段落中，这一称呼描述尊崇神的人。哥尼流以祷告与慷慨行为受到刻画；敬畏神的听众与以色列人一同获致辞；吕底亚则被描述为敬拜神的人。这些用法显示虔诚与参与，却没有为所有如此被描述的人规定共同的正式地位或相同的归信要求。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-10-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 10:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-13-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-16-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-13-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:14", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "descriptions", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-10-2", "a-act-13-16", "a-act-16-14" ], "qualifies": [ "a-act-13-14" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传在介绍哥尼流、保罗会堂听众中的一部分人，以及吕底亚时，使用了尊崇或敬拜的描述。", "limit": "所选的英语描述并不相同；把它们归在一起，不能确立相同的技术术语或正式地位。" }, { "id": "cornelius", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-10-2" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥尼流的虔诚表现在经常祷告，以及为有需要的人提供物质帮助。", "limit": "这一刻画并未完整说明他先前的宗教养成经历。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "proselyte", "gentile", "synagogue" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-god-fearer" }, { "id": "israel", "name": "以色列", "summary": "以色列指保罗在罗马书中所讨论其承受产业及未来的民族。他回顾他们的特权，区分血统与神应许的实现，并在谈及外族人加入时讨论以色列。他的论证结合了警告、盼望及神持续的信实承诺。必须沿着讨论的各个阶段辨明指向，不能自动把它等同于现代国家或整个教会。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-9-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-9-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-11-25", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 11:25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-11-26", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 11:26", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-11-28", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 11:28", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-11-29", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 11:29", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "inheritance", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-9-4", "a-rom-9-6" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将以色列人与儿子名分、诸约、敬拜及应许联系起来，同时区分血统与论证所描述的以色列。", "limit": "罗马书9:6中的区分需要按周围讨论解释，并不容许抹除犹太人身份。" }, { "id": "future", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-11-25", "a-rom-11-26", "a-rom-11-28", "a-rom-11-29" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将对以色列的盼望与外族人的接纳联系起来，并论到神持久的呼召。", "limit": "单凭这些经节，不能解决罗马书11:26所期待之救恩涉及谁、何时及如何实现的问题。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "gentile", "covenant", "promise", "election" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-israel" }, { "id": "gospel", "name": "福音", "summary": "福音指这些书信所面向的群体宣讲并领受的、关于基督的信息。罗马书将其与神拯救犹太人和希腊人信徒的行动相连；哥林多前书回顾保罗所传递的信息，其中包含基督的死亡、埋葬和复活；加拉太书则将扭曲这一宣讲的信息视为读者面临的严重危险。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-1-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 1:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-15-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 15:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-15-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 15:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-15-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 15:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-1-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 1:7", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "message", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-15-1", "a-1co-15-3", "a-1co-15-4" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书将基督的死亡、埋葬和复活列为保罗所领受并传递之信息的核心。", "limit": "这段经文回顾听众已经领受的信息，其中也包含被赋予基督之死的拯救意义。" }, { "id": "significance", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-1-16", "a-gal-1-7" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将福音描述为跨越犹太人与希腊人区分、带来救恩的力量，加拉太书则反对对福音的扭曲。", "limit": "罗马书在这项陈述中包含犹太人和希腊人信徒，加拉太书则向本信读者警告受到扭曲的宣讲。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "christ", "salvation", "cross", "resurrection" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-gospel" }, { "id": "grace", "name": "恩典", "summary": "恩典描述神慷慨的拯救行动，以及这种行动对领受者生活的影响。罗马书将恩典与借着基督称义相连；以弗所书将其与因信领受的救恩相连；提多书则将其与学习拒绝恶行的生活相连。这些段落将神圣的慷慨与行为改变放在一起：恩典既不是靠成就赚得的报酬，也不是无视人如何生活的许可。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-3-24", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 3:24", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-4-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 4:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-eph-2-8", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 2:8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-eph-2-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 2:9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-eph-2-10", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 2:10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-tit-2-11", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 2:11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-tit-2-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 2:12", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "gift", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-3-24", "a-rom-4-4", "a-eph-2-8", "a-eph-2-9" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书和以弗所书将神慷慨的拯救描述为白白赐下，而非因成就而理应得到的报偿。", "limit": "罗马书以工价与礼物形成对照，以弗所书则排除以人的行为作为夸口的根据。" }, { "id": "conduct", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-eph-2-10", "a-tit-2-11", "a-tit-2-12" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "以弗所书将神的工作与更新后行善的生活相连，提多书则描述恩典如何教导人改变生活方式。", "limit": "以弗所书区分作为礼物领受的救恩，与更新生命中的善行；提多书则将恩典描述为训练信徒以不同方式生活。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "faith", "justification", "salvation", "holiness" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-grace" }, { "id": "faith", "name": "信心", "summary": "在这些段落中，信心包含对神的依靠，以及受这种信赖塑造的生活。罗马书以亚伯拉罕为例，区分信赖与索取报酬的主张。加拉太书将信心与爱联系起来；帖撒罗尼迦前书则回顾由信心而生的行为。这些用法将相信与从神领受，以及在群体生活中作出回应联系起来。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-4-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 4:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-4-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 4:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-5-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 5:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1th-1-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 1:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-4-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 4:3", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "trust", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-4-4", "a-rom-4-5" ], "qualifies": [ "a-rom-4-3" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将为取得报酬而工作，与信靠那位使有过犯的人称义的神作对照。", "limit": "罗马书以亚伯拉罕为例，对照依靠神与凭工作索取工价的主张。" }, { "id": "activity", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-gal-5-6", "a-1th-1-3" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "加拉太书将信心与爱相连，帖撒罗尼迦前书则回顾与信心有关的工作。", "limit": "加拉太书将信心的行动与爱相连，帖撒罗尼迦前书则将所回顾的工作与爱和盼望并列。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "grace", "justification", "righteousness", "love" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-faith" }, { "id": "justification", "name": "称义", "summary": "格林1896年的词典将称义的含义列为获接纳为义或被宣告无罪。罗马书将其与恩典、救赎及和平相连，加拉太书则在关于信心与律法行为的争论中讨论称义。其神学范围存在争议：加尔文区分称义与更新，特伦托会议则将更新包括在称义之内；双方都将称义视为恩典的礼物。伯德讨论一个相关问题时，认为神的判定与归属神立约子民的身份不可分开。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-3-24", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 3:24", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-5-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 5:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-2-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 2:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "s-green-justify-verb", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "green-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1896", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament", "locator": "s.v. Δικαιόω", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/40935/pg40935-images.html", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Thomas Sheldon Green (reviser of William Greenfield's lexicon)", "year": "1896" } }, { "id": "s-green-justify-noun", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "green-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1896", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament", "locator": "s.v. Δικαίωσις", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/40935/pg40935-images.html", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Thomas Sheldon Green (reviser of William Greenfield's lexicon)", "year": "1896" } }, { "id": "s-calvin-justification", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "calvin-institutes-beveridge-1845", "work": "Institutes of the Christian Religion", "locator": "Book III, chapter 11, sections 1–2", "url": "https://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes.v.xii.html", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "John Calvin", "translator": "Henry Beveridge", "year": "1845" } }, { "id": "s-trent-justification", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "trent-justification-waterworth-1848", "work": "Decree on Justification, Session VI", "locator": "Session VI (1547), chapters VII–VIII", "url": "https://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/ct06.html", "publicDomain": true, "role": "primary-text", "author": "Council of Trent", "translator": "J. Waterworth", "year": "1848" } }, { "id": "s-bird-justification", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "bird-justification-forensic-covenant-2006", "work": "Justification as Forensic Declaration and Covenant Membership: A Via Media Between Reformed and Revisionist Readings of Paul", "locator": "Sections 1, Introduction; 4, A Proposed Solution; 5, Conclusion", "url": "https://www.tyndalebulletin.org/article/29207.pdf", "publicDomain": false, "role": "edition", "author": "Michael F. Bird", "year": "2006" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "connections", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-3-24", "a-rom-5-1" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将称义与白白赐下的恩典、借着基督的救赎，以及与神的和睦相连。", "limit": "罗马书3:24将称义与救赎并列，5:1则将与神的和睦引为称义的结果。" }, { "id": "contrast", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-gal-2-16" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "加拉太书否认律法行为能够确立称义，并将称义与对基督的信相连。", "limit": "律法行为的确切范围，以及涉及基督的“信”字措辞，仍需进一步结合语境与语法解释。" }, { "id": "historical-lexical-gloss", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "s-green-justify-verb", "s-green-justify-noun" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "格林1896年的词典，将获接纳为义和被宣告无罪列为与称义有关的含义。", "limit": "这里报告的是旧版词典的释义，并未决定这一词语在罗马书或加拉太书每一处出现时的神学范围。" }, { "id": "justification-renewal-relation", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "debated", "confidence": "medium", "supports": [ "s-calvin-justification", "s-trent-justification" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "加尔文区分称义与更新；特伦托会议则将内在更新纳入称义之中。", "limit": "加尔文把更新描述为领受基督带来的另一项益处。特伦托会议则指出，先前的信心或行为都不能赚得最初的称义恩典。这些历史表述并不代表后世所有新教或天主教观点。" }, { "id": "verdict-and-belonging", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "debated", "confidence": "medium", "supports": [ "s-bird-justification" ], "qualifies": [ "a-gal-2-16" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "伯德认为，神使人称义的判定，与归属神立约子民的身份不可分开。", "limit": "他反对将称义缩减为成员身份。这讨论的是称义的群体层面，并非在加尔文和特伦托会议之外另立一个彼此排斥的第三立场。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [ { "text": "Δικαιόω", "language": "grc", "anchorId": "s-green-justify-verb" }, { "text": "Δικαίωσις", "language": "grc", "anchorId": "s-green-justify-noun" } ], "relatedTermIds": [ "faith", "grace", "righteousness", "works-of-law" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-justification" }, { "id": "righteousness", "name": "义／公义", "summary": "格林1896年的词典以这一词语描述正直行为，也在不同语境中用来表示在神面前被接纳为正当。罗马书既论到神的义显明，也论到亚伯拉罕因信而被算为义，并指出律法与先知为这一启示作见证。塞耶1889年的词典则将罗马书1:17和3:21中神的义，解释为神接纳人为义。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-1-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 1:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-3-21", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 3:21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-4-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 4:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-1-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 1:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "s-green-righteousness", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "green-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1896", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament", "locator": "Main Lexicon, p. 46, s.v. Δικαιοσύνη, justice, uprightness, devotion and acceptance/justification senses", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/40935/pg40935-images.html#pg46", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Thomas Sheldon Green (reviser of William Greenfield's lexicon)", "year": "1896" } }, { "id": "s-thayer-righteousness", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "thayer-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1889", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament", "locator": "Main Lexicon, s.v. δικαιοσύνη, broad definition, upright conduct, Pauline usage including Romans 1:17 and 3:21, and closing sense 2 (justice)", "url": "https://archive.org/download/agreekenglishle00wilkgoog/agreekenglishle00wilkgoog_djvu.txt", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Joseph Henry Thayer", "year": "1889" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "revelation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-1-16", "a-rom-1-17", "a-rom-3-21" ], "qualifies": [ "s-thayer-righteousness" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将神的义描述为与福音相连而显明，并由以色列的经卷作见证。", "limit": "这项陈述报告的是罗马书的措辞；塞耶以接纳为重点的解释，是针对罗马书1:17和3:21、注明来源的一种读法。" }, { "id": "abraham", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-4-3" ], "qualifies": [ "a-rom-1-17", "a-rom-3-21" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书在描述亚伯拉罕被算为义时，诉诸他对神的相信。", "limit": "罗马书以亚伯拉罕作为相信神的例子；这里描述的是算给他的义，有别于论及神之义的段落。" }, { "id": "lexical-range", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "s-green-righteousness" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "格林1896年的词典在这一词语的用法中，区分正直行为、宗教虔诚和获接纳为义。", "limit": "他的词条将罗马书4:11与获接纳为义相连，将罗马书1:17与为称义所作的安排相连。" }, { "id": "thayer-romans-reading", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "source-supported", "confidence": "medium", "supports": [ "s-thayer-righteousness" ], "qualifies": [ "a-rom-1-17", "a-rom-3-21" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "塞耶1889年的词典将罗马书1:17和3:21中神的义，解释为神接纳人为义。", "limit": "他的词条也以这一词语指正直行为，并在其他表述中指向神本身的圣洁。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "justification", "faith", "law" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-righteousness" }, { "id": "law", "name": "律法", "summary": "律法可以指赐给以色列的教导，但必须逐段辨明其含义。罗马书将律法描述为良善，并揭露罪；加拉太书考察律法与应许及基督的关系；哥林多前书则区分与律法的不同关系。这些论证质询律法能成就什么，却没有将神的教导本身说成邪恶，也未将犹太人一概描绘为反对恩典。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-9-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-7-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 7:7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-7-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 7:12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-3-19", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 3:19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-3-21", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 3:21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-9-21", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 9:21", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "goodness-and-sin", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-7-7", "a-rom-7-12" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书反对将律法等同于罪，指出律法使人认识过犯，并正面描述诫命。", "limit": "文本对罪的批评，不能不加区分地转移到律法或犹太人身上。" }, { "id": "different-roles", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-gal-3-19", "a-gal-3-21", "a-1co-9-21" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "加拉太书将律法的作用与神的应许一同讨论，哥林多前书则区分保罗在不同接触场景中与律法的关系。", "limit": "这些语境不支持为“律法”的每次出现指定完全相同的指向或作用。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "works-of-law", "promise", "sin", "grace" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-law" }, { "id": "works-of-law", "name": "律法的行为", "summary": "在保罗关于称义的论证中，律法的行为涉及遵行摩西的律法。伯德将其理解为律法的各项要求，包括割礼、饮食规则和安息日遵守，并反对把这一词组缩减为身份标记。犹太人与外族人的争议仍是语境的一部分。学术分歧既关乎这一表述侧重哪些实践，也关乎保罗为何将它们排除在称义的根据之外。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-3-20", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 3:20", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-2-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 2:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-3-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 3:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-2-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 2:14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "s-bird-works-law", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "bird-justification-forensic-covenant-2006", "work": "Justification as Forensic Declaration and Covenant Membership: A Via Media Between Reformed and Revisionist Readings of Paul", "locator": "Section 4, A Proposed Solution; subsection 4.2, Galatians 2", "url": "https://www.tyndalebulletin.org/article/29207.pdf", "publicDomain": false, "role": "edition", "author": "Michael F. Bird", "year": "2006" } }, { "id": "s-schreiner-works-law", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "schreiner-works-of-law-paul-1991", "work": "Works of Law in Paul", "locator": "Section 5, Concluding comments on the problem of legalism; conclusion", "url": "https://cdn.sbts.edu/documents/tschreiner/NT_33.pdf", "publicDomain": false, "role": "edition", "author": "Thomas R. Schreiner", "year": "1991" } }, { "id": "s-hunn-works-law-form", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "hunn-pistis-christou-galatians-2006", "work": "Pistis Christou in Galatians 2:16: Clarification from 3:1–6", "locator": "Section 1, Introduction; phrase form only", "url": "https://www.tyndalebulletin.org/article/29203-in-galatians-2-16-clarification-from-3-1-6.pdf", "publicDomain": false, "role": "edition", "author": "Debbie Hunn", "year": "2006" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "justification", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-3-20", "a-gal-2-16" ], "qualifies": [ "a-gal-2-14" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书和加拉太书都否认以律法的行为作为称义的根据。", "limit": "加拉太书在有关犹太人与外族人实践的冲突之后提出这一论证，因此其社会背景必须与称义的陈述一同考虑。" }, { "id": "spirit", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-gal-3-2" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "加拉太书在对照律法的行为与聆听和信心时，要求收信人回想他们领受圣灵的经历。", "limit": "这一反问属于书信中的争论，并未描述每位犹太人的动机。" }, { "id": "mosaic-law-requirements", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "source-supported", "confidence": "medium", "supports": [ "s-bird-works-law" ], "qualifies": [ "a-rom-3-20", "a-gal-2-14", "a-gal-2-16" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "伯德将律法的行为视为摩西律法的要求，同时保留其犹太人与外族人的语境。", "limit": "他包括割礼、饮食规则和安息日遵守，同时反对仅以族群标记解释这一词组。他的讨论并未为所有犹太人遵守律法的行为确立单一动机。" }, { "id": "inability-reading", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "debated", "confidence": "medium", "supports": [ "s-schreiner-works-law" ], "qualifies": [ "a-rom-3-20", "a-gal-2-16" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "施赖纳认为，律法的行为不能使人称义，因为人未能遵守律法。", "limit": "这涉及他为何将行为排除于称义根据之外的解释。伯德讨论的是词组的范围，不能仅因此将施赖纳的论证视为一个相反的定义。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [ { "text": "ἔργα νόμου", "language": "grc", "anchorId": "s-hunn-works-law-form" } ], "relatedTermIds": [ "law", "justification", "faith", "circumcision" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-works-of-law" }, { "id": "circumcision", "name": "割礼", "summary": "割礼是一种切除包皮的实践；当外族人加入信仰群体时，其意义成为争议。使徒行传报告有人要求外族人信徒为得救而接受割礼；加拉太书则警告收信人，不要接受这一要求，把割礼当成称义之路。罗马书强调的则是亚伯拉罕的信先于割礼。这些不同语境区分了实践本身，以及有关归属与得救条件的主张。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-15-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-5-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 5:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-5-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 5:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-5-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 5:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-4-10", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 4:10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-4-11", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 4:11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-2-28", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 2:28", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "s-green-circumcision", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "green-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1896", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament", "locator": "Main Lexicon, p. 145, s.vv. Περιτέμνω and Περιτομή, physical definition and act/state/metonymic senses", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/40935/pg40935-images.html#pg145", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Thomas Sheldon Green (reviser of William Greenfield's lexicon)", "year": "1896" } }, { "id": "s-thayer-circumcision", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "thayer-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1889", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament", "locator": "Main Lexicon, entries for circumcise and circumcision: physical gloss; circumcision sense a (act, state and metonymic use)", "url": "https://archive.org/download/agreekenglishle00wilkgoog/agreekenglishle00wilkgoog_djvu.txt", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Joseph Henry Thayer", "year": "1889" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "dispute", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-15-1", "a-gal-5-2", "a-gal-5-3", "a-gal-5-4" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传报告一些教师要求以割礼作为得救条件；加拉太书则在有关律法与称义的争论中，质疑对割礼的倚靠。", "limit": "不应将所报告的要求归于每一位犹太人，或耶路撒冷讨论中的每一位参与者。" }, { "id": "abraham", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-4-10", "a-rom-4-11" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将亚伯拉罕的相信置于割礼之前，并将割礼描述为确认的标记。", "limit": "这一次序之所以重要，是因为罗马书在关于亚伯拉罕的论证中也包括未受割礼的信徒。" }, { "id": "physical-definition", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "s-green-circumcision", "s-thayer-circumcision" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "两部词典都将这一身体实践定义为切除包皮，并区分施行的动作与已经受割礼的状态。", "limit": "这一名词也可用来指受割礼的人，因此提到割礼并不总是在描述正在进行的手术。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "gentile", "law", "faith", "justification" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-circumcision" }, { "id": "covenant", "name": "约", "summary": "立约的语言将神的承诺与一个民族的生活及身份联系起来。罗马书把诸约列为以色列的特权之一；哥林多前书将群体用餐时的杯，与借耶稣之死所立的新约相连；哥林多后书则将新约的事奉与圣灵相连。罗马书使用复数，两封写给哥林多的书信则在不同场景中使用新约的语言。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-9-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-11-25", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 11:25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-11-26", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 11:26", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-3-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 3:6", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "israel", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-9-4" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将诸约列为与以色列人有关的特权之一。", "limit": "这节经文的复数表达，本身并未逐一辨明和解释所回顾的每一个约。" }, { "id": "new-covenant", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-11-25", "a-1co-11-26", "a-2co-3-6" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书将新约的语言与杯及耶稣的死相连，哥林多后书则将其与得圣灵加力的事奉相连。", "limit": "这些段落支持上述联系，却没有解决对这顿饭或不同的约之间延续关系的一切解释。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "israel", "promise", "lords-supper", "holy-spirit" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-covenant" }, { "id": "promise", "name": "应许", "summary": "应许描述神承诺赐下的事，尤其出现在关于亚伯拉罕及其后裔的论证中。加拉太书将应许中的后裔与基督相连，并强调后来出现的律法不能废除应许；罗马书将亚伯拉罕承受产业与信心相连，并区分应许的儿女与单凭血统的归属。这两个论证都探讨神的承诺与律法有何关系，以及如何辨明承受者。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-gal-3-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 3:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-3-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 3:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-4-13", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 4:13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-9-8", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:8", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "abraham-and-christ", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-gal-3-16", "a-gal-3-17" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "加拉太书在解读给亚伯拉罕的应许时指向基督，并论证后来出现的律法不能废除先前的承诺。", "limit": "这陈述的是书信对经文的解释，并不能独立确立适用于“后裔”一词所有用法的语言规则。" }, { "id": "recipients", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-4-13", "a-rom-9-8" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将承受产业的应许与信心相连，并在叙述亚伯拉罕的家族时区分应许的儿女。", "limit": "罗马书4:13将信心与律法作对照，9:8则区分应许的儿女与单凭血统的归属。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "covenant", "inheritance", "faith", "israel" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-promise" }, { "id": "election", "name": "拣选", "summary": "拣选涉及神在恩典、以色列及在基督里生活的论证中所作的选择与呼召。罗马书论到雅各与以扫尚未出生时神的旨意，后来又论到与恩典有关的余民；以弗所书将神在基督里的拣选与圣洁和爱相连。这些段落强调神圣的主动，但拣选涉及个人还是群体，以及与人的回应有何关系，仍需解释。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-9-10", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-9-11", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-9-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-11-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 11:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-11-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 11:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-eph-1-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 1:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-9-13", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:13", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "romans", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-9-10", "a-rom-9-11", "a-rom-9-12", "a-rom-11-5", "a-rom-11-6" ], "qualifies": [ "a-rom-9-13" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书透过尚未出生的兄弟，以及现今与恩典有关的余民，讨论神的拣选。", "limit": "罗马书9章将神的旨意置于兄弟二人的行为之前；11章则讨论现今的余民。" }, { "id": "purpose", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-eph-1-4" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "以弗所书将在基督里蒙拣选，与以圣洁和爱为特征的生活相连。", "limit": "单凭这节经文，不能裁定有关拣选范围或方式的不同解释。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "israel", "calling", "grace", "holiness" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-election" }, { "id": "adoption", "name": "儿子名分", "summary": "儿子名分表达借着基督和圣灵归入神家中的身份。罗马书将其与有信心亲近神、而非重新陷入恐惧相连，也将其与关乎身体的未来盼望相连；加拉太书将儿子名分与神的儿子被差遣相连，以弗所书则将其置于神的旨意中。在罗马书中，家庭归属与承受产业既伴随苦难，也伴随身体更新的盼望。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-8-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 8:15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-8-23", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 8:23", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-4-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 4:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-4-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 4:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-eph-1-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 1:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-8-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 8:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-4-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 4:6", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "family", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-8-15", "a-gal-4-4", "a-gal-4-5", "a-gal-4-6" ], "qualifies": [ "a-rom-8-17" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书和加拉太书将儿子名分与圣灵、神的儿子，以及承认神为父相连。", "limit": "罗马书将家人的地位与承受产业、分担基督的苦难，以及现今所得的安慰相连。" }, { "id": "present-and-future", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-8-15", "a-rom-8-23", "a-eph-1-5" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书既描述现今领受与儿子名分有关的圣灵，也描述仍待实现的儿子名分；以弗所书则将儿子名分与神借基督所定的旨意相连。", "limit": "现今归属与将来身体上实现的关系，需要结合周围论证理解；这并不是立刻脱离苦难的应许。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "son-of-god", "holy-spirit", "inheritance" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-adoption" }, { "id": "inheritance", "name": "承受产业", "summary": "承受产业指向神应许供应的一份益处，而不只指人类家族内部的财产转移。加拉太书将其与神给亚伯拉罕的应许相连；以弗所书将其与神的旨意及圣灵相连；歌罗西书则将其与在神子民中有份相连。这一意象将归属与从神领受的礼物联系起来，其具体内容及其与现今和未来生活的关系，必须按各处论证理解。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-gal-3-18", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 3:18", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-eph-1-11", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 1:11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-eph-1-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 1:14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-col-1-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 1:12", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "promise", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-gal-3-18" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "加拉太书对照借应许领受产业，与从律法取得产业这两种说法。", "limit": "加拉太书将产业归于神给亚伯拉罕的应许，并未将它视为律法提供的一项资格权益。" }, { "id": "participation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-eph-1-11", "a-eph-1-14", "a-col-1-12" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "以弗所书将承受产业与神的旨意及圣灵的保证相连；歌罗西书则为获得有份于产业的资格而感谢。", "limit": "这些有份的意象，不应被转化为个人财富的保证。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "promise", "adoption", "hope" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-inheritance" }, { "id": "reconciliation", "name": "和好", "summary": "和好描述原有敌意或疏离的关系发生改变。罗马书将其与神的儿子的死相连；哥林多后书将神视为和好的源头，并交付和好的事奉；歌罗西书则在宇宙层面描述借基督带来的和平。这些段落将神圣行动与关系修复相连；在考虑这种修复如何被领受及完成时，各段落不同的范围不容忽略。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-5-10", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 5:10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-5-18", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 5:18", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-5-19", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 5:19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-col-1-20", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 1:20", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-col-1-21", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 1:21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-col-1-22", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 1:22", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "godward", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-5-10", "a-2co-5-18" ], "qualifies": [ "a-col-1-21", "a-col-1-22" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书描述借着神的儿子的死与神和好；哥林多后书则将借基督而有的和好归于神。", "limit": "罗马书谈到原本与神为敌的人；歌罗西书则将先前疏离的人描述为借基督的死得以和好。" }, { "id": "scope-and-ministry", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2co-5-18", "a-2co-5-19", "a-col-1-20" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多后书将和好与托付给说话者的信息相连，歌罗西书则将促成和平的语言扩展到天与地。", "limit": "歌罗西书的广泛措辞，本身不能裁定有关每个人最终回应或归宿的不同结论。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "cross", "salvation", "forgiveness" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-reconciliation" }, { "id": "redemption", "name": "救赎", "summary": "在这些书信中，救赎描述借基督而来的解救。罗马书将其与称义和恩典相连；加拉太书论到借基督的死脱离律法的咒诅；以弗所书则将其与赦免相连。这些段落强调拯救及其代价，却没有把意象的每一部分都对应于某种古代交易，也未指定款项必定支付给了谁。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-3-24", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 3:24", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-3-13", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 3:13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-eph-1-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 1:7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-3-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 3:14", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "connections", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-3-24", "a-eph-1-7" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将基督里的救赎与称义及恩典相连，以弗所书则将其与基督的死和赦免相连。", "limit": "罗马书着重称义是礼物，以弗所书则明确将救赎与过犯得赦相连。" }, { "id": "curse", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-gal-3-13", "a-gal-3-14" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "加拉太书描述基督在死亡中承受咒诅，从而带来脱离律法咒诅的解救。", "limit": "这一表述属于关于应许、律法和外族人福分的论证，不应将其解读为神的律法邪恶的主张。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "cross", "justification", "forgiveness", "grace" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-redemption" }, { "id": "atoning-sacrifice", "name": "赎罪祭", "summary": "“赎罪祭”译出WEB在罗马书3:25中描述基督角色所用的英语措辞。格林的旧版词典赋予这一表述挽回的含义，并记载其在希伯来书9:5中指施恩座的用法。贝利认为，罗马书将基督呈现为施恩座，即圣所中赎罪与神圣启示的所在。这些解释讨论意象的含义，不能单独完整说明基督的死如何带来拯救。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-3-24", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 3:24", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-3-25", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 3:25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-3-26", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 3:26", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "s-green-hilasterion", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "green-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1896", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament", "locator": "s.v. Ἱλαστήριος; explicit Romans 3:25 mapping and substantive τὸ ἱλαστήριον mapped to Hebrews 9:5", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/40935/pg40935-images.html", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Thomas Sheldon Green (reviser of William Greenfield's lexicon)", "year": "1896" } }, { "id": "s-bailey-mercy-seat", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "bailey-jesus-mercy-seat-2000", "work": "Jesus as the Mercy Seat: The Semantics and Theology of Paul's Use of Hilasterion in Romans 3:25", "locator": "Complete dissertation-summary article; discussion of the concrete referent and sanctuary symbolism", "url": "https://www.tyndalebulletin.org/api/v1/articles/30287-jesus-as-the-mercy-seat-the-semantics-and-theology-of-paul-s-use-of-_hilasterion_-in-romans-3-25.pdf", "publicDomain": false, "role": "edition", "author": "Daniel P. Bailey", "year": "2000" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "romans", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-3-24", "a-rom-3-25", "a-rom-3-26" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书在论述称义、信心与神的义时，将基督呈现为赎罪祭。", "limit": "罗马书将这一意象与信心、基督的血、先前的罪，以及神的义相连。" }, { "id": "forbearance", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-3-25", "a-rom-3-26" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "相关解释将基督的血与神对先前之罪的处理，以及公开彰显神的义联系起来。", "limit": "这一解释既涉及先前的罪，也涉及现今彰显神的义；“暂且不追究”那些罪的意义仍需解释。" }, { "id": "historical-lexical-image", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "s-green-hilasterion" ], "qualifies": [ "a-rom-3-25" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "格林赋予罗马书中的表述以挽回之意，并将这一名词指施恩座的用法对应至希伯来书9:5。", "limit": "希伯来书中的对应用法，不能单独确立罗马书3:25的指向，也不能提供完整的赎罪理论。" }, { "id": "mercy-seat-reading", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "debated", "confidence": "medium", "supports": [ "s-bailey-mercy-seat" ], "qualifies": [ "a-rom-3-25" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "贝利将基督解释为施恩座，把赎罪与神圣启示联系起来。", "limit": "贝利提出的是对罗马书3:25的一种具体读法，既不是完整的救恩模式，也不是一个穷尽所有可能的“刑罚或洁净”二选一中的一方。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [ { "text": "ἱλαστήριον", "language": "grc", "anchorId": "s-green-hilasterion" } ], "relatedTermIds": [ "cross", "redemption", "forgiveness", "righteousness" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-atoning-sacrifice" }, { "id": "forgiveness", "name": "赦免", "summary": "在这些段落中，赦免描述神借基督宽恕人的过犯。以弗所书和歌罗西书将其与救赎相连，以弗所书也强调神丰厚的恩典；使徒行传则描写保罗宣告借耶稣而来的赦免。这些用法区分了赦免这一礼物，以及使听众得知这项礼物的宣讲。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-eph-1-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 1:7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-col-1-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 1:14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-13-38", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:38", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-13-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-13-33", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:33", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "redemption", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-eph-1-7", "a-col-1-14" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "以弗所书和歌罗西书将赦免与基督里的救赎并列。", "limit": "这些并列的表述显示两者紧密相关，却不能证明它们在所有语境中的含义都相同。" }, { "id": "proclamation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-13-38" ], "qualifies": [ "a-act-13-16", "a-act-13-33" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传描写保罗宣告借耶稣而来的罪得赦免。", "limit": "这段使徒行传讲话将这一宣告置于有关耶稣的信息之中，并声称神使他从死亡中复起。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "redemption", "sin", "grace", "reconciliation" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-forgiveness" }, { "id": "salvation", "name": "救恩", "summary": "救恩描述神借基督带来的拯救与更新。罗马书将其与福音及相信相连，以弗所书将其与因信领受的恩典相连，提多书则将其与神圣的怜悯及圣灵带来的更新相连。提多书也将这项拯救与永生的盼望及行善的决心相连。这些段落将救恩呈现为影响生活的神之礼，而非凭道德成就买得的报偿。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-1-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 1:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-eph-2-8", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 2:8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-tit-3-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 3:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-tit-3-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 3:7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-tit-3-8", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 3:8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-eph-2-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 2:9", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "gift", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-1-16", "a-eph-2-8", "a-tit-3-5" ], "qualifies": [ "a-eph-2-9" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将救恩与相信相连，以弗所书和提多书则将其根基置于神的恩典或怜悯，而非人的成就。", "limit": "以弗所书将礼物与人的行为作对照；提多书则具体将拯救的怜悯与人先前所行的义行作对照。" }, { "id": "renewal-and-hope", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-tit-3-5", "a-tit-3-7", "a-tit-3-8" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "提多书将救恩与圣灵的更新、永生的盼望，以及重新立志行善相连。", "limit": "提多书关于洗净与更新的语言，属于其对救恩的解释；重新立志行善则出现在随后的指示中。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "gospel", "grace", "faith", "holy-spirit" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-salvation" }, { "id": "sin", "name": "罪", "summary": "在罗马书的论证中，罪既指人的过犯，也指一种支配的力量。保罗将犹太人与希腊人一同置于其影响之下，将罪的进入与亚当及死亡相连，并劝信徒不要顺从它的要求。在行为与拟人化力量之间转换，有助于说明为何讨论既包括责任，也包括解放，而不只是一张禁行事项清单。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-3-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 3:9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-5-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 5:12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-5-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 5:14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-6-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 6:12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-6-13", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 6:13", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "shared-condition", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-3-9", "a-rom-5-12", "a-rom-5-14" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将犹太人和希腊人一同置于罪的权势之下，并将罪与死联系到亚当的记述。", "limit": "这一段落的普遍范围，不应被改为对单一族群的归咎；罪如何传递仍是进一步的诠释问题。" }, { "id": "personified-rule", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-6-12", "a-rom-6-13" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将罪描写为寻求人的顺从，并教导信徒将身体所行的转向神。", "limit": "这种拟人化并不等于将肉身本身与罪等同。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "law", "grace", "salvation", "flesh" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-sin" }, { "id": "cross", "name": "十字架", "summary": "十字架指耶稣受死的方式，也成为表达其意义的核心意象。腓立比书将这一死亡与他的顺服及降卑相连；哥林多前书将十字架的信息描述为对通常有关智慧与能力之判断的挑战；加拉太书则把它置于保罗与世界关系改变的核心。这些书信借钉十字架的事件，解释在基督里生活的形态与意义。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-phi-2-8", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 2:8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-1-18", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:18", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-1-23", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:23", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-1-24", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:24", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-6-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 6:14", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "death", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-phi-2-8" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "腓立比书在论述耶稣的谦卑与顺服时，呈现他死在十字架上。", "limit": "腓立比书的重点在于归于耶稣的谦卑与顺服。" }, { "id": "significance", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-1-18", "a-1co-1-23", "a-1co-1-24", "a-gal-6-14" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书将关于基督被钉十字架的信息呈现为神拯救的能力；加拉太书则使十字架成为保罗夸口及其与世界之关系的核心。", "limit": "哥林多前书对照不同听众如何评价这一信息；加拉太书则表达保罗自己与世界之间已经改变的关系。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "christ", "atoning-sacrifice", "resurrection", "redemption" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-cross" }, { "id": "resurrection", "name": "复活", "summary": "复活涉及从死亡中被兴起，既包含对基督的宣讲，也包含属于他之人的未来盼望。哥林多前书回顾基督的埋葬与复起，论证他的复活奠定信徒的盼望，并描述身体改变后的生命；帖撒罗尼迦前书则将已故信徒的复起与基督的再来相连。这一论证将基督的复活与属于他之人的未来联系起来。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-1co-15-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 15:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-15-20", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 15:20", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-15-42", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 15:42", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-15-43", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 15:43", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-15-44", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 15:44", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1th-4-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 4:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-15-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 15:12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-15-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 15:14", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "christ", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-15-4", "a-1co-15-12", "a-1co-15-14", "a-1co-15-20" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书传递关于基督复活的宣告，并以此作为讨论死人复起的基础。", "limit": "这一宣告在有关死人是否复活的争论中被重新提出；哥林多前书将基督的复活视为这一论证的决定性根据。" }, { "id": "believers", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-15-42", "a-1co-15-43", "a-1co-15-44", "a-1th-4-16" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书描述身体的改变，帖撒罗尼迦前书则期待已故信徒在主再来时复起。", "limit": "帖撒罗尼迦前书将已故信徒的复起置于基督到来之时；哥林多前书则描述复活身体的状态。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "christ", "hope", "christs-return" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-resurrection" }, { "id": "union-with-christ", "name": "与基督联合", "summary": "与基督联合描述借这些书信所呈现的关系，分享基督的生命。罗马书将信徒与他的死亡和复活相连；加拉太书论到基督活在保罗里面；哥林多前书则描述与主相联合。罗马书将这种参与与洗礼和新的生活方式相连，哥林多前书则将归属于主与身体行为的责任相连。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-6-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 6:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-6-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 6:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-2-20", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 2:20", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-6-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 6:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-6-20", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 6:20", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-6-19", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 6:19", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "participation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-6-4", "a-rom-6-5", "a-gal-2-20" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将参与基督的死与复活同更新的生命相连，加拉太书则透过基督舍己的爱来描述保罗的生活。", "limit": "罗马书借受洗归入基督的死来呈现这种参与；加拉太书则将保罗现今的生活与基督的爱及自我付出相连。" }, { "id": "embodied-life", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-6-17", "a-1co-6-19", "a-1co-6-20" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书在关于身体行为及归属神的论证中，论及与主联合。", "limit": "这种语言并不意味着身体或个人责任变得不重要。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "christ", "baptism", "resurrection", "new-creation" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-union-with-christ" }, { "id": "new-creation", "name": "新创造", "summary": "新创造描述与归属基督有关的改变。哥林多后书将其置于对基督之死、看待他人方式的转变，以及与神和好的论述中；加拉太书则在割礼身份不具决定性之处，赋予新创造决定性的地位。在这些段落中，这一意象与为基督而活、关系改变，以及不由割礼决定的地位相连。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-2co-5-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 5:14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-5-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 5:15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-5-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 5:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-5-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 5:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-5-18", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 5:18", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-6-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 6:15", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "christ", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2co-5-14", "a-2co-5-15", "a-2co-5-17", "a-2co-5-18" ], "qualifies": [ "a-2co-5-16" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多后书在论述被基督重新定向的生命与神带来的和好时，提到新创造。", "limit": "哥林多后书将这一意象与为基督而活，以及看待他人的方式发生改变相连。" }, { "id": "status", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-gal-6-15" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "加拉太书将新创造置于割礼身份之上，视为具有决定性的重要因素。", "limit": "这句话对照的是在基督里什么才算重要，并非描述任何人的族群血统。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "union-with-christ", "reconciliation", "circumcision" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-new-creation" }, { "id": "spiritual-gifts", "name": "属灵恩赐", "summary": "属灵恩赐指群体中与神的恩典及圣灵有关的不同能力与活动。罗马书包括教导、服事、慷慨给予和带领；哥林多前书则将多样恩赐与共同源头及他人的益处相连。所列恩赐包含不同形式的服事，都指向群体的益处。哥林多前书也将渴慕恩赐与追求爱的呼吁并列。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-12-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 12:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-12-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 12:7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-12-8", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 12:8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-12-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 12:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-12-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 12:7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-14-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 14:1", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "diversity", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-12-6", "a-rom-12-7", "a-rom-12-8", "a-1co-12-4" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书描述在多种服事中表达的不同恩赐，哥林多前书则将不同恩赐归于同一位圣灵。", "limit": "这些例子包括教导、实际服事、鼓励、慷慨给予、带领和怜悯。" }, { "id": "purpose", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-12-7", "a-1co-14-1" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书将圣灵的彰显与共同的益处相连，并将渴慕属灵恩赐与追求爱并列。", "limit": "哥林多前书将恩赐导向他人的益处，并把渴慕恩赐与追求爱放在一起。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "holy-spirit", "prophet", "teacher", "tongues", "love" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-spiritual-gifts" }, { "id": "tongues", "name": "方言／语言", "summary": "这里的方言指与圣灵有关的发言，其公开使用需要传译。使徒行传在圣灵临到以弗所的一群人之后，将其与说预言相连；哥林多前书列出不同种类的语言，限制发言者，并要求聚会中有传译者；若没有，则容许私下向神发言。格林1896年的词典将其描述为获赐一种并非说话者自身语言的语言。塞耶1889年的词典则将哥林多的发言及使徒行传19:6解释为出神状态下的言语，并将其与外国语言的发言区分。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-19-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-12-10", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 12:10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-14-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 14:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-14-13", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 14:13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-14-27", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 14:27", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-14-28", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 14:28", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-19-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "s-green-tongues", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "green-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1896", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament", "locator": "Main Lexicon, pp. 35–36, s.v. Γλῶσσα, language and gifted-language senses; First Corinthians 14:13", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/40935/pg40935-images.html#%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Thomas Sheldon Green (reviser of William Greenfield's lexicon)", "year": "1896" } }, { "id": "s-thayer-tongues", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "thayer-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1889", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament", "locator": "Main Lexicon, entry for tongue/language, sense 2: distinction between foreign-language speech and ecstatic utterance; Acts 19:6 and First Corinthians 14:2", "url": "https://archive.org/download/agreekenglishle00wilkgoog/agreekenglishle00wilkgoog_djvu.txt", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Joseph Henry Thayer", "year": "1889" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-and-listed", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-19-6", "a-1co-12-10" ], "qualifies": [ "a-act-19-1" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传记述圣灵临到以弗所的一群人之后，他们说方言并讲预言；哥林多前书则将不同种类的语言及其传译列入恩赐。", "limit": "使徒行传报告的是以弗所的一次特定接触；哥林多前书则指示聚集的群体应如何发言。" }, { "id": "understanding", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-14-2", "a-1co-14-13", "a-1co-14-27", "a-1co-14-28" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书描述一种向神说、其他人却不理解的发言，并要求在聚会中对此传译；若无传译者，就应在聚会中保持安静。", "limit": "没有传译时，说话者应在聚会中保持安静，私下向神发言。" }, { "id": "lexical-readings", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "debated", "confidence": "medium", "supports": [ "s-green-tongues", "s-thayer-tongues" ], "qualifies": [ "a-1co-14-2", "a-1co-14-13" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [ "green-language", "thayer-ecstatic" ], "statement": "两部词典对这种获赐的发言有不同说明：格林将其描述为并非说话者自身语言的一种语言，塞耶则解释为出神状态下的言语，并与外国语言的发言区分。", "limit": "格林以哥林多前书14:13支持其语言释义；塞耶的出神读法则包括使徒行传19:6及哥林多前书14:2。" } ], "alternatives": [ { "id": "green-language", "supports": [ "s-green-tongues" ], "qualifies": [ "a-1co-14-13" ], "label": "格林：并非说话者自身语言的一种语言", "statement": "格林1896年的词典将这一恩赐描述为并非说话者自身语言的一种语言，并将此含义用于哥林多前书14:13。" }, { "id": "thayer-ecstatic", "supports": [ "s-thayer-tongues" ], "qualifies": [ "a-act-19-6", "a-1co-14-2" ], "label": "塞耶：出神状态下的言语", "statement": "塞耶1889年的词典将使徒行传19:6及哥林多前书14:2中的发言解释为出神状态下的言语，并与外国语言的发言区分。" } ], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "holy-spirit", "spiritual-gifts", "prophet", "prayer" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-tongues" }, { "id": "fruit-of-spirit", "name": "圣灵的果子", "summary": "圣灵的果子是加拉太书用来描述受圣灵引导之生活特质的意象。例子包括爱、耐心和自我约束，与先前描述的破坏性模式形成对照。这一意象关乎品格与行为，而非展示超常能力。它属于一段将圣灵的活动与信徒如何在人群中生活联系起来的论证。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-gal-5-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 5:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-5-19", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 5:19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-5-20", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 5:20", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-5-21", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 5:21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-5-22", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 5:22", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-5-23", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 5:23", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-5-25", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 5:25", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "character", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-gal-5-22", "a-gal-5-23" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "加拉太书透过品格与关系的特质描述圣灵的果子，包括爱、耐心和自我约束。", "limit": "这些例子关乎塑造群体关系的态度与行动。" }, { "id": "contrast", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-gal-5-19", "a-gal-5-20", "a-gal-5-21", "a-gal-5-22", "a-gal-5-25" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "果子的意象紧接在破坏性行为模式之后，并引向让圣灵引导日常生活的呼吁。", "limit": "加拉太书将这些特质与敌意、争竞和嫉妒等行为作对照，继而勉励人受圣灵引导而活。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "holy-spirit", "love", "holiness", "spiritual-gifts" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-fruit-of-spirit" }, { "id": "church", "name": "教会／聚集的群体", "summary": "这里的教会指信徒群体，而非专用的宗教建筑。使徒行传描述地方群体获任命长老；哥林多前书向哥林多的群体致信；腓利门书则提到在家中聚会的群体。这些段落将群体身份与共同效忠基督及实际组织相连，提供了几种地方背景，却没有规定统一的建筑类型或适用于所有群体的完整结构。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-14-23", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 14:23", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-1-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phm-1-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:2", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "local-communities", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-14-23", "a-1co-1-2", "a-phm-1-2" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传、哥林多前书和腓利门书描述可辨识的聚集群体，包括一个与家庭有关的群体。", "limit": "腓利门书中的家庭聚会只是一种地方背景；其他记载没有指定聚会建筑。" }, { "id": "identity-and-order", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-14-23", "a-1co-1-2" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传将地方群体与任命长老相连，哥林多前书则以归属基督来称呼其群体。", "limit": "这些细节不能确立所有聚集群体都采取统一的制度安排。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "elder", "body-of-christ", "fellowship" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-church" }, { "id": "body-of-christ", "name": "基督的身体", "summary": "基督的身体这一意象，将信徒描绘为借基督彼此归属、各有分别的肢体。罗马书强调共同的成员身份；哥林多前书阐述每个肢体的必要性与彼此照顾；以弗所书则将身体的成长与服事相连。这一意象支持合一，却不要求每个人执行相同任务。肢体之间的差异成为彼此照顾的理由，而非排斥的理由。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-12-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 12:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-12-21", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 12:21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-12-25", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 12:25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-12-27", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 12:27", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-eph-4-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 4:12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-12-26", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 12:26", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "members", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-12-5", "a-1co-12-21", "a-1co-12-27" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书和哥林多前书将信徒一同描述为一个身体，其中不同肢体彼此需要。", "limit": "这一比喻表达共同归属，却不抹除个人差异或责任。" }, { "id": "care-and-growth", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-12-25", "a-1co-12-26", "a-eph-4-12" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书将身体的意象与在受苦及得尊荣时彼此照顾相连，以弗所书则将其与服事和成长相连。", "limit": "彼此照顾并不使各肢体能够互相替代；这一意象仍保留它们之间的差异。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "church", "spiritual-gifts", "union-with-christ", "lords-supper" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-body-of-christ" }, { "id": "baptism", "name": "洗礼", "summary": "洗礼是一种与悔改、效忠耶稣及参与基督有关的实践。使徒行传区分了施洗的约翰的洗礼，与保罗解释耶稣之后所领受的洗礼；罗马书将洗礼置于分享基督的死及更新生命的论述中；加拉太书则将其与归属基督相连。这些段落赋予洗礼神学意义，却没有解决关于受洗者、施行方式或其与救恩之关系的所有分歧。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-19-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-19-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-19-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-6-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 6:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-6-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 6:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-3-27", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 3:27", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "acts-distinction", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-19-3", "a-act-19-4", "a-act-19-5" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传区分施洗的约翰的洗礼，与以弗所的参与者因耶稣而领受的洗礼。", "limit": "单凭这一事件的先后次序，不能为每项归信记述确立相同的顺序。" }, { "id": "participation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-6-3", "a-rom-6-4", "a-gal-3-27" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将洗礼与基督的死及更新的生活方式相连；加拉太书则将其与归属基督相连。", "limit": "这些经节将洗礼与参与基督相连，却没有规定受洗年龄或单一的施行方式；洗礼确切的效力仍是诠释问题。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "repentance", "union-with-christ", "holy-spirit", "salvation" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-baptism" }, { "id": "lords-supper", "name": "主餐", "summary": "主餐是哥林多前书联系耶稣之死所讨论的、分享饼与杯的聚餐。保罗回顾自己所领受的记述，将参与与基督及彼此的关系相连，并批评使缺乏食物者受辱的聚会。因此，这顿饭的纪念与宣告意义，必须与其群体责任一同考虑。对基督如何临在及参与有何意义的解释，不能仅凭辨明餐中的物品来决定。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-1co-10-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 10:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-10-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 10:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-11-20", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 11:20", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-11-22", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 11:22", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-11-23", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 11:23", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-11-24", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 11:24", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-11-25", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 11:25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-11-26", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 11:26", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-11-21", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 11:21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-11-33", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 11:33", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "remembrance-and-sharing", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-10-16", "a-1co-11-24", "a-1co-11-25", "a-1co-11-26" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书将饼与杯同参与基督、纪念耶稣及宣告他的死相连。", "limit": "这些联系本身不能裁定有关基督的临在或圣礼参与的不同解释。" }, { "id": "community", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-11-20", "a-1co-11-21", "a-1co-11-22", "a-1co-11-33" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "保罗质疑一种分裂的聚餐：有人过于丰足，另一些人却因不足而受辱；他要求参与者彼此等候。", "limit": "他的纠正既涉及聚会中实际如何对待人，也涉及这顿饭的意义。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "covenant", "cross", "body-of-christ", "fellowship" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-lords-supper" }, { "id": "holiness", "name": "圣洁／成圣", "summary": "圣洁与成圣关乎归属于神，并相应而活。哥林多前书向已经在基督里成圣的人致信；罗马书描述身体服事模式的改变如何引向成圣；帖撒罗尼迦前书则将其与性行为及拒绝伤害他人相连。这些段落将身份与实践并置，不把圣洁缩减为社会地位、私人感受，或逃避对他人的责任。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-1co-1-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-6-19", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 6:19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-6-22", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 6:22", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1th-4-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 4:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1th-4-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 4:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-11-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 11:17", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "belonging", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-1-2" ], "qualifies": [ "a-1co-11-17" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书将所致信的群体描述为在基督里成圣的人。", "limit": "这一称呼不意味着书信已经满意于群体各方面的行为。" }, { "id": "conduct", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-6-19", "a-rom-6-22", "a-1th-4-3", "a-1th-4-6" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将成圣与身体服事方式的改变相连；帖撒罗尼迦前书则将其应用于性行为，以及在这件事上拒绝侵害他人。", "limit": "这些例子并未穷尽圣洁语言的所有用法，也不能裁定后世有关成圣阶段的不同解释。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "calling", "love", "fruit-of-spirit", "sin" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-holiness" }, { "id": "conscience", "name": "良心", "summary": "良心关乎人在神面前对自身行为的认识与评价。罗马书将它与控告或辩护的思想并列描述；哥林多前书则考虑人先前与偶像的联系，如何影响他们吃某种食物时的感受。保罗要求信徒既顾及自己的自由，也顾及他人的良心。因此，良心具有道德意义，却没有被视为永不出错或人人相同的指引。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-2-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 2:15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-8-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 8:7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-8-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 8:9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-10-28", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 10:28", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-10-29", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 10:29", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "witness", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-2-15" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将良心呈现为参与内在评估的一环，这种评估可能控告或辩护人的行为。", "limit": "这段经文并未将每次出于良心的判断，都等同于正确或完整的道德裁决。" }, { "id": "consideration", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-8-7", "a-1co-8-9", "a-1co-10-28", "a-1co-10-29" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书将良心与人对偶像相关食物的不同经历相连，并要求读者考虑自身行为对他人的影响。", "limit": "食物争议属于特定语境，不能据此确立他人的偏好支配每一项决定。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "freedom", "love", "law" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-conscience" }, { "id": "freedom", "name": "自由", "summary": "自由在几个不同论证中，描述解脱以及负责任地运用自由。加拉太书将基督带来的释放与抵抗重新受奴役，以及借爱服事他人相连；哥林多前书描述保罗为宣教而自愿限制自身独立；罗马书则将自由的盼望扩展至受造界脱离败坏。这些用法涉及属灵、关系及未来的现实，并不指一种完全相同的法律地位。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-gal-5-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 5:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-5-13", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 5:13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-9-19", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 9:19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-8-21", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 8:21-22", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "service", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-gal-5-13", "a-1co-9-19" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "加拉太书将自由与爱的服事结合，哥林多前书则描写保罗自愿将自己置于为他人服事的位置。", "limit": "不应利用服事的意象，抹除自愿行动与实际被奴役之间的区别。" }, { "id": "creation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-8-21" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书期待受造界脱离败坏，将其视为与神的儿女有关的未来之一部分。", "limit": "所期待的解脱仍属未来；受造界仍被描述为持续受苦。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "law", "love", "conscience", "slavery" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-freedom" }, { "id": "love", "name": "爱", "summary": "在哥林多前书中，爱表现为耐心、仁慈、真诚，以及关心他人的益处。罗马书和加拉太书将爱邻舍与成全律法相连。这些段落所描述的不只是情绪：爱引导行为，并抵抗伤害他人的行动。它们对神教导的正面诉求，也使爱与顺服保持紧密关系。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-1co-13-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 13:1-4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-13-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 13:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-13-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 13:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-13-10", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 13:10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-5-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 5:14", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "conduct", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-13-4", "a-1co-13-5", "a-1co-13-6" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书透过行为及关系中的特质来刻画爱。", "limit": "这段经文以是否有爱来检验令人印象深刻的恩赐及付出重大代价的行动；这些活动不能代替爱。" }, { "id": "neighbor", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-13-10", "a-gal-5-14" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书和加拉太书将对邻舍的爱与成全律法相连。", "limit": "这一论证关乎如何对待邻舍，并未将爱呈现为伤害那人的许可。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "faith", "law", "holiness", "spiritual-gifts" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-love" }, { "id": "hope", "name": "盼望", "summary": "盼望是对神尚未完全显明之事怀着期待的依靠。罗马书将其与耐心等候及圣灵的工作相连；帖撒罗尼迦前书则把复活的盼望带入群体对已故信徒的哀伤中。这份期待伴随悲伤，并不要求人否认悲伤。其根据是神在基督里应许的未来，而不是确信眼前每一种处境都会立即好转。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-8-24", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 8:24", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-8-25", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 8:25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-15-13", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 15:13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1th-4-13", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 4:13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1th-4-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 4:14", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "unseen-future", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-8-24", "a-rom-8-25", "a-rom-15-13" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书区分盼望与已经拥有眼前可见之物，并将怀着盼望的坚忍与神及圣灵相连。", "limit": "这些段落没有把盼望变成保证某个即刻结果如人所愿。" }, { "id": "grief", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1th-4-13", "a-1th-4-14" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "帖撒罗尼迦前书透过回顾耶稣的死亡和复活，回应人对已故信徒的哀伤。", "limit": "这段经文对照有盼望与没有盼望的哀伤，并不要求人毫无悲伤。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "resurrection", "christs-return", "suffering", "holy-spirit" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-hope" }, { "id": "suffering", "name": "苦难", "summary": "苦难以现今艰难的形式出现，是信徒等候神应许之未来时所面对的现实。罗马书将其与将来的荣耀作比较；腓立比书将认识基督与分享他的苦难相连；哥林多后书则将患难与领受并分享的安慰并列。重点在于坚忍、彼此同担和盼望；领受安慰也为了他人，而不只是自己。这些段落承认痛苦，同时将其置于更广阔的期待之中。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-8-18", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 8:18", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-3-10", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 3:10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-1-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 1:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-1-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 1:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-1-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 1:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-1-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 1:7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-3-11", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 3:11", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "future-and-christ", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-8-18", "a-phi-3-10", "a-phi-3-11" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将现今苦难与未来荣耀并列，腓立比书则将分享基督的苦难与复活盼望相连。", "limit": "这些比较不能证明任何一项具体艰难，是为了某种特定的神圣教训而被施加。" }, { "id": "shared-comfort", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2co-1-4", "a-2co-1-5", "a-2co-1-6", "a-2co-1-7" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多后书将从神领受的安慰，描述为使人能安慰其他患难者的力量。", "limit": "这段经文对坚忍的描述，并不要求拒绝帮助，也不要求让他人的苦难延续。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "hope", "resurrection", "weakness" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-suffering" }, { "id": "repentance", "name": "悔改", "summary": "悔改描述转向神、并使行为改变的回应。使徒行传将它与对耶稣的信并置，列入保罗向犹太人和希腊人听众传达的信息；罗马书将其与神的恩慈相连；哥林多后书则区分能带来益处的忧愁，与导致毁坏的忧愁。后一个段落寻求对具体过错作出改变的回应，因此悔改不只是感到后悔或显露痛苦。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-20-21", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-2-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 2:4-5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-7-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 7:9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-7-10", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 7:10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-7-11", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 7:11", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "godward-response", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-20-21", "a-rom-2-4" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传将转向神的悔改与对耶稣的信结合，罗马书则将神的恩慈描述为引导人悔改。", "limit": "罗马书一方面描述恩慈引向悔改，另一方面也警告人可以拒绝这份恩慈。" }, { "id": "sorrow-and-change", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2co-7-9", "a-2co-7-10", "a-2co-7-11" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多后书按结果区分忧愁，并肯定它在群体中所看见的改变回应。", "limit": "这段讨论处理一场具体的群体争端，并非对每一种哀伤或精神困扰作诊断。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "faith", "grace", "salvation", "sin" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-repentance" }, { "id": "prayer", "name": "祷告", "summary": "祷告是信徒透过祈求、感谢和持续依靠向神说话的方式。腓立比书邀请群体将所关切的事带到神面前；帖撒罗尼迦前书勉励持续祷告；罗马书则描述人在不知如何祷告时得到圣灵帮助。这些段落既容纳说出的祈求，也容纳难以言说的软弱，并未将祷告的效力系于完美理解或某种固定措辞。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-phi-4-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 4:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1th-5-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 5:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-8-26", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 8:26", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "requests-and-thanks", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-phi-4-6", "a-1th-5-17" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "腓立比书将向神的祈求与感谢结合，帖撒罗尼迦前书则勉励持续祷告。", "limit": "帖撒罗尼迦前书的简短劝勉并未规定不停歇地出声祷告，也未要求单一的时间安排。" }, { "id": "help-in-weakness", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-8-26" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书描写信徒在不知如何祷告时，得到圣灵的协助。", "limit": "这里描述的软弱是不知该求什么；文本没有将这种困难视为信徒已不在圣灵帮助的范围之内。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "holy-spirit", "hope", "weakness" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-prayer" }, { "id": "judgment", "name": "审判", "summary": "审判关乎神对人的行为所作的评估，以及由此而来的问责。罗马书将其与真实及不偏待相连；哥林多后书将人置于基督面前，为自身行动负责；使徒行传则在保罗于雅典的讲话中呈现未来的审判。这些段落谈论神圣权威，而不只是个人的负面意见。其警告也质询那些谴责他人、自己却做同样恶事的人。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-2-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 2:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-2-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 2:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-2-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 2:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-2-11", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 2:11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-5-10", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 5:10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-17-31", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:31", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "accountability", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-2-2", "a-rom-2-11", "a-2co-5-10" ], "qualifies": [ "a-rom-2-1" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将神的审判描述为真实而不偏待，哥林多后书则将基督面前的问责与身体所行的相连。", "limit": "罗马书的警告也适用于评断他人的人；问责并不限于遭批评者。" }, { "id": "future-and-warning", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-17-31", "a-rom-2-1", "a-rom-2-5" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传呈现由神指定者执行的未来审判；罗马书则警告谴责他人、自己却行同样之事的人。", "limit": "这段讲话将被指定的审判者与复活相连，却没有给出审判的日历日期。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "wrath", "repentance", "salvation", "christs-return" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-judgment" }, { "id": "wrath", "name": "忿怒", "summary": "在罗马书和帖撒罗尼迦前书中，忿怒描述神对过犯及其后果的反对。罗马书既论到忿怒显明，也论到借基督得到拯救；帖撒罗尼迦前书则在期待耶稣再来的语境中，提到从将来的忿怒中获救。这些段落将警告与盼望结合。应留意其中现在与未来的语言，不能把它缩减为一时的人类情绪，或一套详细的时间表。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-1-18", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 1:18", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-5-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 5:9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1th-1-10", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 1:10", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "opposition", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-1-18" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将神圣忿怒与人的过犯及压制真理相连。", "limit": "罗马书把忿怒与过犯及真理受压制相连，并未将某个具体人的不幸认定为惩罚。" }, { "id": "deliverance", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-5-9", "a-1th-1-10" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书和帖撒罗尼迦前书将脱离忿怒的拯救与基督相连，帖撒罗尼迦前书也将忿怒描述为尚待到来。", "limit": "这些联系本身不能确定最终审判的性质、持续时间或时序位置。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "judgment", "salvation", "christs-return", "sin" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-wrath" }, { "id": "christs-return", "name": "基督的再来", "summary": "基督的再来指所期待的主之到来，与复活及信徒聚集到他那里有关。帖撒罗尼迦前书回应对已故者的忧虑，强调活着的人不会把他们抛在后面；哥林多前书则将基督的到来与属于他之人的复活相连。重点是已故与在世信徒共同的盼望，没有为这一事件指定日期。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-1th-4-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 4:15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1th-4-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 4:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1th-4-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 4:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1th-4-18", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 4:18", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-15-23", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 15:23", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "deceased-and-living", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1th-4-15", "a-1th-4-16", "a-1th-4-17" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "帖撒罗尼迦前书描述已故信徒先复起，活着的人随后与他们一同聚集，去迎见主。", "limit": "这一记述回应群体对已故成员的关切，并未提供事件的日期。" }, { "id": "resurrection-and-comfort", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-15-23", "a-1th-4-18" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书将基督的到来与其子民的复活相连，帖撒罗尼迦前书则使相关记述指向彼此安慰。", "limit": "这些段落联系基督的到来、复活与安慰，却未列出完整的末世事件日程。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "resurrection", "hope", "day-of-lord" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-christs-return" }, { "id": "day-of-lord", "name": "主的日子", "summary": "主的日子及相关表述，涉及所期待的神圣介入、审判与拯救的时刻。帖撒罗尼迦前书强调其出乎意料的到来，并呼吁警醒；哥林多前书将主耶稣的日子与一个棘手的纪律个案相连；帖撒罗尼迦后书则反对那日已经到来的主张。这些表述处于不同的论证中，不能只凭假定措辞相同来理解它们的关系。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-1th-5-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 5:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1th-5-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 5:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-5-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 5:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2th-2-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Thessalonians 2:2", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "watchfulness", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1th-5-2", "a-1th-5-6" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "帖撒罗尼迦前书将那日的到来比作突如其来的侵入，并要求听众保持警觉。", "limit": "这一比喻没有提供计算那日日期的方法。" }, { "id": "related-expressions", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-5-5", "a-2th-2-2" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书将主耶稣的日子与一名受纪律处置的成员所盼望的救恩相连；帖撒罗尼迦后书则质疑基督的日子已经到来的报告。", "limit": "这些表述分别出现在纪律指示及对令人不安之报告的警告中；将其视为一套详细的单一顺序，属于进一步的诠释。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "christs-return", "judgment", "salvation" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-day-of-lord" }, { "id": "kingdom-of-god", "name": "神的国", "summary": "神的国关乎其统治：它被宣讲，在群体生活中得到反映，并作为产业被期待。使徒行传结尾记述保罗宣讲这国度，同时教导有关耶稣的事；罗马书将其与义、和平及喜乐相连，而非食物争端；哥林多前书则警告与承受这一国度不相容的行为。这些段落将现今的效忠与未来的期待结合，却未将国度定义为某块地上领土或政治纲领。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-28-31", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 28:31", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-14-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 14:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-14-19", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 14:19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-6-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 6:9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-6-10", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 6:10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-6-11", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 6:11", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "proclamation-and-life", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-28-31", "a-rom-14-17", "a-rom-14-19" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传将宣讲神的国与教导有关耶稣的事相连；罗马书则将国度与圣灵塑造的义、和平及喜乐相连。", "limit": "罗马书在关于食物与共同生活的争议中发言，并非否认物质需要的重要。" }, { "id": "inheritance", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-6-9", "a-1co-6-10", "a-1co-6-11" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书警告，恶行与承受神的国不相容，并回顾收信群体已经发生的改变。", "limit": "这一警告关乎段落所描述的行为与转变，并不许可否定人的尊严。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "god", "lord-jesus", "holiness", "inheritance" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-kingdom-of-god" }, { "id": "slavery", "name": "奴役制度", "summary": "这些书信向被奴役者及掌握他们的人发言时，涉及的是一种失去自由的地位。哥林多前书讨论获得自由的机会；歌罗西书要求主人公正行事；腓利门书则请求以亲爱的弟兄接纳欧尼西慕。这些段落处理的是不平等关系，并非普通雇佣。其措辞不能确立欧尼西慕处境的所有细节，也不能证明他已经获得自由。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-1co-7-21", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 7:21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-7-22", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 7:22", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phm-1-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phm-1-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-col-4-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phm-1-18", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:18", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "freedom-and-masters", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-7-21", "a-1co-7-22", "a-col-4-1" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书向处于奴役中的人发言，并讨论获得自由的机会；歌罗西书则要求主人公正对待他人，并向神负责。", "limit": "有关自由机会的指示究竟有何语气和指向，仍是翻译问题；这节经文也未列出解放奴隶的程序。" }, { "id": "onesimus", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-phm-1-16", "a-phm-1-17" ], "qualifies": [ "a-phm-1-18" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "腓利门书请求接纳欧尼西慕时，不只把他当作奴隶，也把他当作弟兄，给予如同接纳保罗本人的欢迎。", "limit": "书信没有明确报告释放其奴隶身份，也未证明欧尼西慕偷过东西或确立一段逃亡经历。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "freedom", "love", "fellowship" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-slavery" }, { "id": "roman-citizenship", "name": "罗马公民身份", "summary": "罗马公民身份是保罗在使徒行传中质疑官员如何对待自己时所援引的地位。在腓立比，他反对未经审讯便公开施罚及监禁；在耶路撒冷，即将遭受鞭打的处境使他再次诉诸这一身份。指挥官对照自己付出高昂代价取得身份，与保罗声称生来具有身份的情形。这些场景解释了这一地位在叙事中的重要性，却没有完整陈述罗马的法律。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-16-37", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:37", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-22-25", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 22:25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-22-28", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 22:28", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "appeals", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-16-37", "a-act-22-25" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "使徒行传描写保罗以罗马公民身份反对未经定罪便受罚，并抗议自己在腓立比所受的待遇。", "limit": "这些场景报告保罗向官员提出的异议，并未提供完整法典，也未证明公民保护一贯得到落实。" }, { "id": "acquisition", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-22-28" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "耶路撒冷的指挥官说，自己以相当大的代价取得公民身份，保罗则说自己生来具有罗马公民身份。", "limit": "这段交谈没有解释其家族如何取得公民身份。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "magistrate", "tribune", "freedom" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-roman-citizenship" }, { "id": "collection", "name": "为信徒募捐", "summary": "募捐指这些书信所描述、为耶路撒冷信徒组织的物质援助。哥林多前书指示收信人预留资源，并派出获认可的代表；罗马书提到来自马其顿和亚该亚的捐助；哥林多后书将参与视为慷慨的服事，并寻求公平回应需要。募捐透过实际支持联结群体，而不是承诺捐助者获得更多个人财富。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-1co-16-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 16:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-16-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 16:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-16-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 16:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-15-26", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 15:26", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-8-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 8:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-8-13", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 8:13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-8-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 8:14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-8-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 8:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-8-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 8:12", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "organization", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-16-1", "a-1co-16-2", "a-1co-16-3", "a-rom-15-26" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书描述预留资源，并派获认可者把礼物带往耶路撒冷；罗马书则列明捐助地区及有需要的受助者。", "limit": "这些指示描述送交礼物的安排，罗马书则报告地区捐助；这些经节没有叙述最终交付的过程。" }, { "id": "participation-and-fairness", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2co-8-3", "a-2co-8-4", "a-2co-8-14" ], "qualifies": [ "a-2co-8-12", "a-2co-8-13" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多后书将参与这项服事描述为自愿的慷慨给予，并将捐助与公平满足需要相连。", "limit": "这一呼吁按个人所拥有的衡量礼物，并反对以使捐助者陷入困境的方式减轻他人负担。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "fellowship", "gentile", "hospitality" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-collection" }, { "id": "fellowship", "name": "团契／伙伴关系", "summary": "团契与伙伴关系关乎共同参与，而不只是社交乐趣。哥林多前书将相交与基督相连；腓立比书为收信人参与福音工作表示感谢；哥林多后书则以团契的语言描述帮助其他信徒。这些场景将关系、共同目标与物质行动相连。由于活动各不相同，与基督相交不应被缩减为资助或共同的社交场合。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-1co-1-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-1-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 1:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-8-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 8:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-8-13", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 8:13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-8-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 8:14", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "christ-and-message", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-1-9", "a-phi-1-5" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书论到与神的儿子相交，腓立比书则描述收信人在福音中的伙伴关系。", "limit": "与基督相交及参与传播信息是相关描述，却指向不同的关系和活动。" }, { "id": "material-service", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2co-8-4", "a-2co-8-13", "a-2co-8-14" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多后书在论述共同服事有需要的信徒时，使用团契的语言。", "limit": "这里共同参与的活动关乎物质需要，以及公平分配援助。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "church", "collection", "union-with-christ" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-fellowship" }, { "id": "hospitality", "name": "接待", "summary": "接待涉及欢迎他人，并供应其需要。罗马书将其与分享资源、帮助有需要的信徒并列；提摩太前书将其列为监督的资格之一；腓利门书则在表达盼望来访时请求住处。这些背景各不相同，分别是对群体的劝勉、领袖资格及个人请求。预备客房的请求描述一项计划中的安排，并未报告访问已经发生。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-12-13", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 12:13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1ti-3-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Timothy 3:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phm-1-22", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:22", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "welcome-and-leadership", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-12-13", "a-1ti-3-2" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书在勉励帮助有需要者时，也勉励接待；提摩太前书则要求监督好客。", "limit": "罗马书面向群体发言，提摩太前书则将这一特质具体用于监督。" }, { "id": "lodging", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-phm-1-22" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "腓利门书包含保罗预备客房的请求，同时表达回到收信人那里的盼望。", "limit": "请求客房是出于将来访问的盼望；这节经文并未报告他已经到达。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "church", "overseer", "collection", "fellowship" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-hospitality" }, { "id": "headship", "name": "头／头的地位", "summary": "头是一个身体意象，用于涉及基督、教会、女人与男人的关系，其在这些段落中的确切作用存在争议。古德恩认为，比喻性的“头”表示权柄；塞尔文（Cervin）则从身体之头的显著性解释比喻，将权柄视为语境中的含义。哥林多前书也讨论彼此依赖，以弗所书则将夫妻的比较与顺服、爱及照顾并置。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-1co-11-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 11:3-12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-11-11", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 11:11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-eph-5-23", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 5:21-25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-eph-5-25", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 5:25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-eph-5-28", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 5:28", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-col-1-18", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 1:18", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-11-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 11:12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "s-green-head", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "green-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1896", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament", "locator": "s.v. Κεφᾰλή", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/40935/pg40935-images.html", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Thomas Sheldon Green (reviser of William Greenfield's lexicon)", "year": "1896" } }, { "id": "s-grudem-head", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "grudem-kephale-evaluation-2001", "work": "The Meaning of Kephalē (Head): An Evaluation of New Evidence, Real and Alleged", "locator": "Article; section VIII, Other Recent Authors on kephalē, and preceding lexicographical discussion", "url": "https://etsjets.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/files_JETS-PDFs_44_44-1_44-1-PP025-066_JETS.pdf", "publicDomain": false, "role": "edition", "author": "Wayne Grudem", "year": "2001" } }, { "id": "s-cervin-head", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "cervin-significance-kephale-2016", "work": "On the Significance of Kephalē (Head): A Study of the Abuse of One Greek Word", "locator": "Sections 1, 3 and 10; Conclusion", "url": "https://www.cbeinternational.org/resource/significance-kephale-head/", "publicDomain": false, "role": "edition", "author": "Richard S. Cervin", "year": "2016" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "contexts", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-11-3", "a-eph-5-23", "a-col-1-18" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书以头的语言联系基督、男人、女人与神；以弗所书将这一比较用于丈夫、妻子及教会；歌罗西书则称基督为身体、即教会的头。", "limit": "这些关系模式不同，不能把比喻在一处的含义直接套用于其他所有关系。" }, { "id": "care-and-interdependence", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-eph-5-23", "a-eph-5-25", "a-eph-5-28", "a-1co-11-11", "a-1co-11-12" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "以弗所书将夫妻的比较置于关于顺服、舍己之爱及照顾的指示中；哥林多前书也强调女人与男人彼此依赖。", "limit": "顺服、照顾及彼此依赖都属于所引语境；比喻的确切作用及其对性别角色的含义，仍是诠释问题。援引这一比喻并不许可强迫。" }, { "id": "authority-reading", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "debated", "confidence": "medium", "supports": [ "s-grudem-head" ], "qualifies": [ "a-1co-11-3", "a-eph-5-23" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "古德恩认为，头在这些比喻关系中具有权柄的词义。", "limit": "这是他的词义及语境论证，并不确立当今已有共识，也未决定其对当代性别角色的一切含义。" }, { "id": "contextual-metaphor-reading", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "debated", "confidence": "medium", "supports": [ "s-cervin-head" ], "qualifies": [ "a-1co-11-3", "a-eph-5-23" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "塞尔文（Cervin）将显著性视为头这一比喻的一部分，将权柄视为语境产生的含义。", "limit": "他并不把哥林多前书11:3中的词义解释为来源或起源。这与古德恩将权柄视为词汇本身含义的处理不同。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [ { "text": "Κεφᾰλή", "language": "grc", "anchorId": "s-green-head" } ], "relatedTermIds": [ "body-of-christ", "church", "love" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-headship" }, { "id": "faith-of-christ", "name": "对基督的信／基督的信实", "summary": "希腊话词组pistis Christou将信与基督相连，但诠释者对两者的关系有不同理解。赫恩（Hunn）将加拉太书2:16读为人向基督所表达的信；杜克（Duke）则从基督的信实解释罗马书3:22；奥克斯（Oakes）强调加拉太书中持续的信赖与忠诚，同时容许信实有不止一个方向。这一表述属于关于义与称义的论证，一段经文中得到确立的读法不能直接套用于所有出现之处。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-3-22", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 3:22", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-2-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 2:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-3-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 3:9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "s-green-pistis", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "green-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1896", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament", "locator": "s.v. Πίστις", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/40935/pg40935-images.html", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Thomas Sheldon Green (reviser of William Greenfield's lexicon)", "year": "1896" } }, { "id": "s-hunn-faith", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "hunn-pistis-christou-galatians-2006", "work": "Pistis Christou in Galatians 2:16: Clarification from 3:1–6", "locator": "Sections 1, Introduction; 3, The Correspondence between 2:16 and 3:2, 5; 4, Conclusion", "url": "https://www.tyndalebulletin.org/article/29203-in-galatians-2-16-clarification-from-3-1-6.pdf", "publicDomain": false, "role": "edition", "author": "Debbie Hunn", "year": "2006" } }, { "id": "s-duke-faith", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "duke-hope-new-testament-theology-2021", "work": "Hope for the Future of New Testament Theology", "locator": "Section 3.4, Commentary Notes, numbered comment 5 on Romans 3:21–26", "url": "https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/religions/religions-12-00975/article_deploy/religions-12-00975.pdf", "publicDomain": false, "role": "edition", "author": "Rodney K. Duke", "year": "2021" } }, { "id": "s-oakes-faith", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "oakes-pistis-relational-galatians-2018", "work": "Pistis as Relational Way of Life in Galatians", "locator": "Section 5, Probable Relationship(s); Conclusions", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6058407/fullTextXML", "publicDomain": false, "role": "edition", "author": "Peter Oakes", "year": "2018" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "english-wording", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-3-22", "a-gal-2-16", "a-phi-3-9" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "所引罗马书、加拉太书及腓立比书的英语译文，以对基督的信来描述义或称义。", "limit": "WEB的译法不能解决语法问题；这里讨论的解释，各自都需要语境论证。" }, { "id": "argument", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-gal-2-16", "a-phi-3-9" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "加拉太书对照借对基督的信称义，与凭律法行为称义；腓立比书则对照借信领受的义，与被描述为自己所有、从律法而来的义。", "limit": "这一对照不能确立“信”每次出现时，都与基督具有相同的语法关系。" }, { "id": "believers-faith-reading", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "debated", "confidence": "medium", "supports": [ "s-hunn-faith" ], "qualifies": [ "a-gal-2-16" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "赫恩（Hunn）将加拉太书2:16中的表述读为人向基督所表达的信。", "limit": "赫恩（Hunn）从该表述与加拉太书收信人回应之间的联系展开论证。她对加拉太书的结论，不能裁定罗马书或腓立比书中的每一项表述。" }, { "id": "christs-faithfulness-reading", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "debated", "confidence": "medium", "supports": [ "s-duke-faith" ], "qualifies": [ "a-rom-3-22" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "杜克（Duke）将罗马书3:22中涉及基督的表述，读为基督的信实。", "limit": "这是杜克（Duke）对罗马书3:22的解释。他关于希腊话用法的更广泛主张，并未在这里被采纳为普遍语法规则。" }, { "id": "relational-emphasis", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "debated", "confidence": "medium", "supports": [ "s-oakes-faith" ], "qualifies": [ "a-gal-2-16" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "奥克斯（Oakes）强调加拉太书中持续的信赖与忠诚，同时容许信实有不止一个方向。", "limit": "他认为信徒的信赖在加拉太书中最有依据，并称自己的分析是暂定的。双向的信实不意味着所有语法读法都同样可能。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [ { "text": "πίστις Χριστοῦ", "language": "grc", "anchorId": "s-hunn-faith" } ], "relatedTermIds": [ "faith", "christ", "justification", "righteousness" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-faith-of-christ" }, { "id": "christs-self-emptying", "name": "基督的虚己", "summary": "基督的虚己描述耶稣在腓立比书2章中进入服事与人类卑微处境的行动。格林的旧版词典将这一动词与自我降卑或放弃特权相连；乔尔斯（Jowers）透过基督成为人并进入仆人处境解释虚己；威廉斯（Williams）则强调自愿限制行动，而非改变本质上的神性。这些要点可以兼容，并不能据此认定基督放弃了某项神圣属性。该段落也将基督的谦卑与群体行为，以及随后被神升高相连。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-phi-2-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 2:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-2-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 2:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-2-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 2:7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-2-8", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 2:8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-2-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 2:9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "s-green-kenoo", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "green-greek-english-lexicon-nt-1896", "work": "A Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament", "locator": "s.v. Κενόω; explicit Philippians 2:7 mapping", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/40935/pg40935-images.html", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Thomas Sheldon Green (reviser of William Greenfield's lexicon)", "year": "1896" } }, { "id": "s-jowers-self-emptying", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "jowers-morphe-philippians-2006", "work": "The Meaning of Morphe in Philippians 2:6–7", "locator": "Section III, MORPHE = Erscheinungsform; subsection 2, Responses; subheading b, An exchange of essences?", "url": "https://etsjets.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/files_JETS-PDFs_49_49-4_JETS_49-4_739-766_Jowers.pdf", "publicDomain": false, "role": "edition", "author": "Dennis W. Jowers", "year": "2006" } }, { "id": "s-williams-kenosis", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "williams-kenosis-trinity-2004", "work": "Kenosis and the Nature of the Persons in the Trinity", "locator": "Sections 2, Kenosis; 3, Self-limitation; 8, Conclusion", "url": "https://journals.koers.aosis.co.za/index.php/koers/article/download/320/286", "publicDomain": false, "role": "edition", "author": "David T. Williams", "year": "2004" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "movement", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-phi-2-6", "a-phi-2-7", "a-phi-2-8" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "腓立比书将基督的虚己与采取仆人形态及成为人并列，继而描述直到死亡的顺服。", "limit": "这段经文的先后次序，本身并未指明某项神圣属性被放弃。" }, { "id": "community-and-exaltation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-phi-2-5", "a-phi-2-8", "a-phi-2-9" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "相关记述起初被引为与群体的心态有关，随后从基督的谦卑转向神使他升高。", "limit": "这段经文将基督的谦卑与群体行为相连，却没有解释其神圣与人性属性如何关联。" }, { "id": "historical-lexical-gloss", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "s-green-kenoo" ], "qualifies": [ "a-phi-2-7" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "格林1896年的词典，将腓立比书2:7中的动词与自我降卑或放弃特权联系起来。", "limit": "这里报告的是一项历史释义，并未确定哪些神圣属性有所丧失。" }, { "id": "assumption-reading", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "source-supported", "confidence": "medium", "supports": [ "s-jowers-self-emptying" ], "qualifies": [ "a-phi-2-6", "a-phi-2-7" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "乔尔斯（Jowers）透过随后关于基督人性及仆人处境的描述来理解虚己，而非将其理解为放弃神圣本质。", "limit": "乔尔斯（Jowers）根据这一动词与随后描述之间的关系展开论证。单凭英语动词，不能裁定所有基督论问题。" }, { "id": "voluntary-action-limitation", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "source-supported", "confidence": "medium", "supports": [ "s-williams-kenosis" ], "qualifies": [ "a-phi-2-7" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "威廉斯（Williams）将虚己解释为自愿限制自身行动，而不改变本质上的神性。", "limit": "这与乔尔斯（Jowers）在神圣本质并未交换或丧失这一有限要点上一致，却不因此将他们更广泛的神学解释等同。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [ { "text": "Κενόω", "language": "grc", "anchorId": "s-green-kenoo" } ], "relatedTermIds": [ "christ", "cross", "lord-jesus", "love" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-christs-self-emptying" }, { "id": "spiritual-powers", "name": "属灵权势", "summary": "属灵权势是对这些书信所讨论之权柄与力量的集合称呼。维尔容（Viljoen）将歌罗西书的称号列表读为强调基督的至高地位，同时承认各权势的确切身份仍不确定；以弗所书区分其争战与对抗人类，罗马书则在关于神之爱的安慰中提到权势。这些段落没有提供固定层级，也未将当代某些人认定为邪灵。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-eph-6-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 6:12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-col-2-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 2:14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-col-2-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 2:15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-8-38", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 8:38", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-8-39", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 8:39", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "s-viljoen-powers", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "viljoen-colossians-cosmic-powers-2019", "work": "Perspectives from the Christ Hymn in Colossians 1:13–20 on Cosmic Powers and Spiritual Forces within an African Context", "locator": "Powers and forces in Colossians; Colossians 1:16 discussion within Confession and hymn within the Prooemium", "url": "https://indieskriflig.org.za/index.php/skriflig/article/view/2433/5635", "publicDomain": false, "role": "edition", "author": "Francois P. Viljoen", "year": "2019" } }, { "id": "a-col-1-13-20", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 1:13-20", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "conflict-and-victory", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-eph-6-12", "a-col-2-14", "a-col-2-15" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "以弗所书描述对抗属灵敌对者而非人类的争战；歌罗西书则在十字架的论述中呈现权势被击败。", "limit": "这些段落列名权势，却没有完整解释其身份、彼此关系或等级。" }, { "id": "assurance", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-8-38", "a-rom-8-39" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将天使及权势列在不能使信徒与神在基督里的爱分开的事物中。", "limit": "这一安慰属于关于神之爱的论证，并不是辨认当代具体权势的方法。" }, { "id": "supremacy-and-uncertain-identities", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "source-supported", "confidence": "medium", "supports": [ "s-viljoen-powers" ], "qualifies": [ "a-col-1-13-20" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "维尔容（Viljoen）认为歌罗西书的权势列表强调基督的至高地位，同时对其确切身份保留不确定性。", "limit": "他将可见或不可见、具人格或非人格的权柄，都包括在对基督至高地位的确信之中。这并未逐一辨明权势、确立固定层级，或裁定歌罗西书的作者归属。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [ { "text": "ἀρχαὶ", "language": "grc", "anchorId": "s-viljoen-powers" }, { "text": "ἐξουσίαι", "language": "grc", "anchorId": "s-viljoen-powers" } ], "relatedTermIds": [ "christ", "cross", "holy-spirit" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-spiritual-powers" }, { "id": "tradition", "name": "传统／传承", "summary": "传统关乎这些书信所面向的群体中，领受并传递的教导或实践。哥林多前书既回顾收信人持守的传统，也回顾保罗所领受、关于基督死亡和复活的信息；帖撒罗尼迦后书则包括口传及书信传达的指示。重点在于传递与忠实，而不是假定每一种后世习俗都有相同的来源或权威。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-1co-11-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 11:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-15-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 15:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-15-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 15:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2th-2-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Thessalonians 2:15", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "received-message", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-11-2", "a-1co-15-3", "a-1co-15-4" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多前书描述保罗所领受并传递的内容，包括关于基督死亡和复活的宣讲。", "limit": "保罗说自己领受并传递了这一信息，却没有逐一列出传递者，也未为传承的各阶段定年。" }, { "id": "oral-and-written", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2th-2-15" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "帖撒罗尼迦后书要求听众持守透过口传或书信传达的指示。", "limit": "这些指示涉及收信人据称已从书信发送者那里领受的教导，并不认证每一种后世习俗。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "gospel", "scripture", "sound-teaching" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-tradition" }, { "id": "sound-teaching", "name": "健全的教导", "summary": "健全的教导是提摩太前书、提摩太后书和提多书所赞许的教导。提摩太前书将其与书信谴责的行为作对照；提多书将合宜教导与教导者的正直及榜样相连；提摩太后书则警告听众选择迎合自身欲望的信息。这些段落将教导内容、教导者的行为及听众的回应联系起来，并非提供脱离这些背景的标签。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-1ti-1-10", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Timothy 1:10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1ti-1-11", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Timothy 1:11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2ti-4-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-tit-2-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 2:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-tit-2-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 2:7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-tit-2-8", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 2:8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2ti-4-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:4", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "conduct", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1ti-1-10", "a-tit-2-1", "a-tit-2-7", "a-tit-2-8" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "提摩太前书将其谴责的行为与健全的教导作对照；提多书则将合宜的教导与正直的榜样相连。", "limit": "提多书既论及给予他人的教导，也关注教导者本身的榜样与言语。" }, { "id": "audiences", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2ti-4-3", "a-2ti-4-4" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "提摩太后书警告一些听众按自身欲望选择教师，而不接受书信所赞许的教导。", "limit": "书信批评的是这些听众选择教师的方式；单纯不同意一名教师，并不等于这里所描述的行为。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "teacher", "tradition", "holiness", "scripture" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-sound-teaching" }, { "id": "scripture", "name": "经书", "summary": "在这些书信中，经书指被视为神旨意之权威见证的文献。罗马书将其与较早的预言应许相连；哥林多前书将其与关于基督死亡和复活的宣讲相连；提摩太后书描述收信人自幼熟知的神圣文献，并重视经书在教导及塑造善行上的价值。这些段落确立了关于经书的用法与主张，却没有列明后世完成之圣经正典的内容。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-1-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 1:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-15-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 15:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-15-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 15:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2ti-3-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 3:15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2ti-3-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 3:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2ti-3-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 3:17", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "witness", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-1-2", "a-1co-15-3", "a-1co-15-4" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将经书呈现为包含先前的预言应许，哥林多前书则将其与基督的死亡和复活相连。", "limit": "罗马书指向较早的预言应许，哥林多前书却没有列出它所指的具体经文段落。" }, { "id": "formation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2ti-3-15", "a-2ti-3-16", "a-2ti-3-17" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "提摩太后书将经书描述为由神圣来源赐下，并有助于教导、纠正和预备善行。", "limit": "这段经文指出经书对教导与行为的价值，却没有列出其卷目，也未罗列收信人熟知的文献。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "gospel", "tradition", "sound-teaching" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-scripture" }, { "id": "flesh", "name": "肉体", "summary": "肉体在不同语境中有不同用法，不应直接等同于身体。罗马书和加拉太书对照受肉体支配的生活与受圣灵引导的生活；腓立比书则将倚靠肉体与世袭身份及个人成就相连。这些例子关乎取向、效忠及自信的根据，并未将每次提及人的身体存在或犹太人血统，都视为道德邪恶的陈述。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-8-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 8:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-8-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 8:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-gal-5-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 5:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-3-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 3:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-3-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 3:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-3-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 3:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-3-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 3:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-3-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 3:7", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "orientation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-8-5", "a-rom-8-6", "a-gal-5-17" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书和加拉太书将肉体的取向或欲望，与那些关联于圣灵的取向或欲望作对照。", "limit": "这种对照不能确立物质或每一种身体欲望本身就是邪恶。" }, { "id": "confidence", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-phi-3-3", "a-phi-3-4", "a-phi-3-5", "a-phi-3-6", "a-phi-3-7" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "腓立比书透过保罗对继承身份、遵行及成就的叙述，解释对肉体的倚靠。", "limit": "这一论证相对于基督重新评价保罗自信的根据，却没有否定犹太人血统的尊严。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "holy-spirit", "sin", "law", "new-creation" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-flesh" }, { "id": "boasting", "name": "夸口", "summary": "夸口关乎人凭什么主张自信或尊荣。罗马书在关于信的论证中排除夸口；哥林多前书将其导向主，而非人的地位；哥林多后书则刻意论到因基督的能力而以软弱为荣。这些用法可以挑战自我抬高，也可以重新引导自信，因此其语言并未被一概视为正面或负面。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-3-27", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 3:27", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-1-26", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:26", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-1-29", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:29", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-1-31", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:31", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-12-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 12:9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-3-28", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 3:28", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "excluded-and-redirected", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-3-27", "a-rom-3-28", "a-1co-1-29", "a-1co-1-31" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书在论述因信称义时排除夸口；哥林多前书则对照以人的条件为傲，与朝向主的夸口。", "limit": "这些对照关乎自信的根据：自我抬高受到否定，朝向主的信赖则受到肯定。" }, { "id": "weakness", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2co-12-9" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多后书描述保罗因基督的能力而以软弱为荣的积极回应。", "limit": "这里的英语译词是glory；它与夸口主题的联系，并不能证明背后的表述相同。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "faith", "grace", "weakness", "cross" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-boasting" }, { "id": "calling", "name": "呼召", "summary": "呼召将神的旨意与信徒的处境及行为联系起来。罗马书将蒙召者置于对神旨意的论述中；哥林多前书考察人蒙召时的处境；以弗所书则要求与之相称的生活方式。这些语境关乎归属与回应，而不只是选择职业。各处重点不同，不能被压缩成关于每个人如何领受召命的单一解释。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-8-28", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 8:28", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-7-20", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 7:20", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-eph-4-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 4:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-eph-4-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 4:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-7-18", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 7:18", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-7-21", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 7:21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-7-22", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 7:22", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "purpose-and-conduct", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-8-28", "a-eph-4-1", "a-eph-4-2" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "罗马书将蒙召与神的旨意相连；以弗所书则将呼召与谦卑、耐心及群体生活相连。", "limit": "将呼召与旨意及行为相连，仍未决定呼召与人的回应有何关系。" }, { "id": "circumstances", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-7-18", "a-1co-7-20", "a-1co-7-21", "a-1co-7-22" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "在所引英语译文中，哥林多前书讨论人蒙召时的处境，包括割礼及奴役，并提到获得自由的机会。", "limit": "这段经文并非普遍禁止换工作，或寻求脱离压迫处境。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "election", "grace", "holiness", "slavery" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-calling" }, { "id": "weakness", "name": "软弱", "summary": "这些书信以软弱描述多种形式的限制。哥林多后书将保罗的软弱与依靠基督的能力相连；哥林多前书对照被认为软弱者与被视为强者；罗马书则描述圣灵帮助难以祷告的信徒。这些例子涉及患难、社会评价及能力限制，反对以令人瞩目的强大作为衡量神工作的标准，却不把所有限制都视为同一种经历。", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-2co-12-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 12:9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-1-27", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:27", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-8-26", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 8:26", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-12-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 12:7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-12-8", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 12:8", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "different-settings", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2co-12-9", "a-1co-1-27", "a-rom-8-26" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多后书描述患难，哥林多前书质询对社会力量的判断，罗马书则描述祷告中的困难。", "limit": "这些是不同种类的限制，相关段落并未将它们认定为单一的身体或心理状态。" }, { "id": "dependence", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2co-12-7", "a-2co-12-9", "a-rom-8-26" ], "qualifies": [ "a-2co-12-8" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "哥林多后书将软弱与基督扶持的能力相连；罗马书则描写圣灵在软弱中给予帮助。", "limit": "哥林多后书没有为患难指定任何医学病症。保罗也曾反复请求脱离，因此这段经文并未把每次寻求缓解都视为信心失败。" } ], "alternatives": [], "kind": "term", "forms": [], "relatedTermIds": [ "suffering", "prayer", "grace", "boasting" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/zh-hans/explore/glossary#term-weakness" } ], "contentDigest": "4b534cecd3abe85ef46992745631ef552799f798a48f8be84c507c94da821aa1" }