--- title: "Barua za Paulo zilisomwa mapema kiasi gani" canonical: "https://paulineletters.com/sw/explore/articles/how-early-pauls-letters-were-read" published: "2026-10-23" updated: "2026-10-23" language: "sw" license: "https://paulineletters.com/sw/explore/license" source: "Barua za Paulo · Pauline Letters" --- # Barua za Paulo zilisomwa mapema kiasi gani > Kupokelewa mapema kwa barua za Paulo huonekana barua kwa barua, kupitia mashahidi ambao aina zao tofauti za utambuzi zinapaswa kubaki na uzito tofauti wa kiushahidi. **Barua za Paulo zilijulikana mapema kiasi gani, na mashahidi wake wa mwanzo wanathibitisha nini hasa?** 1 Klementi hukumbuka wazi barua ya Paulo kuhusu migawanyiko ya Korintho, ikiwa tarehe yake ya kawaida ya mwisho wa karne ya kwanza ni sahihi. Waandishi wengine wa mapema hunukuu au kuakisi barua fulani; mikusanyo ya karne ya pili na hati za mafunjo za karibu 200 BK huongeza ushahidi tofauti. Kwa pamoja huonyesha tarehe za matumizi yaliyoshuhudiwa, huku tarehe zisizo na uhakika za mashahidi na lugha inayoweza kushirikiwa vikizuia baadhi ya ulinganishi. ## Barua inarudiwa huko Korintho Katika sura ya 47 ya 1 Klementi, kanisa la Rumi huwaelekeza Wakorintho kurudia barua ya awali ya Paulo kuhusu migawanyiko yao. Paulo, Kefa na Apolo hufanya mada itambulike kuwa 1 Wakorintho 1:10–12. Hapa mwandishi humtaja Paulo na kukumbuka hoja ya barua mahususi. Ushahidi ni mahususi zaidi kuliko heshima ya jumla kwa mtume: Rumi iliijua barua na ilitarajia Korintho kuitambua. 1 Klementi kwa kawaida hupewa tarehe ya karibu 95–97 BK, ingawa mapendekezo huanzia karibu 70 hadi 140. Kwa hiyo shahidi huyo wa mapema hubeba kutokuwa na uhakika wa tarehe yake mwenyewe. Uzito wake bado ni mkubwa: barua inayotambulika ya Paulo ilikuwa ikikumbukwa kushughulikia mgogoro mwingine wa kanisa. Haimaanishi kwamba mwandishi alikuwa na barua zote kumi na tatu zinazohusishwa na Paulo kwa mapokeo, au kwamba kila kifungu kinachofanana na barua ya baadaye lazima kitokane nayo. ## Nukuu, dokezo na mwangwi Rekodi za kupokelewa kwa barua hutofautisha nukuu ya wazi, dokezo ambalo linaelekea kurejelea barua fulani, na mwangwi unaowezekana. Barua ya Ignatius kwa Waefeso, sura ya 18, hurudia kwa karibu maneno ya 1 Wakorintho 1:20 katika muktadha unaofanana pia na mjadala wake wa msalaba. Maneno yanaweza kutambulika hata bila chanzo kutajwa. Kwa kawaida barua zake hupewa tarehe ya karibu 105–117 BK, ingawa wengine huziweka baadaye. Mwangwi unahitaji tahadhari zaidi. Barua ya Ignatius kwa Wasmirna huunganisha ukoo wa Kristo kutoka kwa Daudi na uana wa kimungu kwa lugha inayofanana na Warumi 1:3–4. Kwa kuwa Paulo mwenyewe huenda anatumia ungamo la awali hapo, Ignatius angeweza kushiriki ungamo hilo bila kuazima Warumi. Orodha ya maovu ya 1 Klementi inaelekea kudokeza Warumi, lakini orodha za aina hiyo pia zilikuwa za kawaida. Karibu 180 BK, Irenaeus huitaja Warumi wazi: uhusishaji huo hujibu swali tofauti na mfanano wa mapema wa maneno. Katika barua yake kwa Filipi, ambayo kwa kawaida hupewa tarehe ya karibu 110–140 BK, Polikarpo wa Smirna hujumuisha misemo kuhusu fedha ambayo inaelekea inatokana na 1 Timotheo 6:7 na 6:10. Mifano inayofanana na methali huacha nafasi ya mafundisho ya pamoja. Uwezekano mkubwa kwamba aliyafahamu maneno hayo una umuhimu katika historia ya kupokelewa kwa barua. Hauwezi kuamua swali linalobishaniwa la kama Paulo aliandika 1 Timotheo. ## Tofautisha mwandishi, mpokeaji na majina Majina ya vitabu yanaweza kuficha mkanganyiko rahisi. Barua kwa Wafilipi ya Polikarpo ni shahidi wa maandishi ya Paulo, wala si Wafilipi ya Paulo mwenyewe. Vilevile, Kwa Warumi ya Ignatius ni kazi tofauti na Warumi. Kumtaja mwandishi pamoja na mahali pa wapokeaji hufanya ushahidi ubaki umefungamana na hati sahihi. Majina ya watu yanayofanana yanahitaji uangalifu huo huo. Ignatius humtaja askofu aitwaye Onesimo karibu na maneno ambayo huenda yanaakisi Filemoni. Muunganiko huo umefanya watu wapendekeze kumtambulisha kuwa Onesimo wa barua ya Paulo. Hata hivyo, jina hilo lilikuwa la kawaida, na utambulisho huo haujathibitishwa. Mwangwi unaowezekana wa kifasihi hauwezi kugeuza watu wawili waliotajwa kuwa wasifu mmoja uliothibitishwa. ## Mikusanyo huonyesha wasomaji walipokea nini Toleo la Marcion la katikati ya karne ya pili lilikusanya barua kumi za Paulo, ikiwemo Filemoni, huku likiacha 1 Timotheo, 2 Timotheo na Tito. Toleo limepotea; yaliyomo yanajulikana kupitia wapinzani, hasa Tertullian aliyeandika mwanzoni mwa karne ya tatu. Asili ya taarifa yake kama ya mpinzani inapaswa kuendelea kuonekana katika maelezo yoyote ya Marcion alipokea au kubadili nini. Kipande cha Muratori hukubali barua kumi na tatu kwa jina la Paulo. Kwa kawaida hupewa tarehe ya karibu 170–200 BK, lakini baadhi ya wasomi hukipa tarehe ya karne ya nne. Hizi ni rekodi za mikusanyo iliyokubaliwa katika tarehe zao tofauti, ambazo wakati mwingine zinabishaniwa. Kuacha kwa Marcion pekee hakuwezi kuzipa tarehe Barua za Kichungaji: kuzikataa, kutozijua na kutungwa baadaye hubaki maelezo yanayopendekezwa. Vilevile, orodha kuhusisha barua na Paulo hurekodi uamuzi kuhusu uandishi badala ya kuutolea uamuzi wa mwisho. ## Nakala iliyosalia ni shahidi mwingine Hati ya mafunjo 46, ambayo kwa kawaida hupewa tarehe ya karibu 200 BK kwa kuzingatia mwandiko wake, huhifadhi mkusanyo mkubwa wa barua za Paulo. Huiweka Waebrania baada ya Warumi. Mpangilio huo huonyesha jinsi maandishi hayo yalivyowekwa pamoja na watumiaji wa kitabu hicho; hauwezi kuthibitisha nani aliandika Waebrania. Kurasa za mwisho zilizopotea pia huzuia uhakika kuhusu kama kitabu hicho kiliwahi kuwa na Filemoni au Barua za Kichungaji. Filemoni huonyesha tofauti kati ya kupokelewa katika maandishi na kusalia kwa nakala halisi. Ushahidi wake wa mapema ulio imara zaidi wa kupokelewa ni mkusanyo wa Marcion, kama ulivyoripotiwa baadaye na Tertullian. Hati yake ya kale zaidi inayojulikana, hati ya mafunjo 87, hupewa tarehe ya karne ya tatu kwa kuzingatia mwandiko wake. Kipande hicho hushuhudia kunakiliwa kwake kufikia wakati huo, badala ya kuweka tarehe ya kutungwa kwa barua. Kutofautisha mifuatano hiyo miwili ya wakati hufanya kila shahidi achangie anachohifadhi hasa. ## Vitabu na vyanzo vilivyotumika - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 3.2 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 9.1 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 9.2 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 11.2 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 11.3 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 12.1 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Phil. 13.2 - Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — AH 3.3.4 (Polycarp's letter) - Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — AH 3.3.4 (Polycarp and Marcion) - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 5.6 - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 5.7 - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 5.1 - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot) — 1 Clem. 5.2 - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 47.1-3 - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 6.1 - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 1.1 - Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome), First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. inscription (salutation) - J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 2 — Note on 1 Clem. 5 ('the extreme west'), p. 30 - J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 2 — Note on 1 Clem. 5 ('the extreme west'), p. 31 - J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 2 — Note on 1 Clem. 5 ('seven times'), p. 29 - J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 1 — Part I, vol. 1, p. 27 - J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 1 — Part I, vol. 1, p. 118 (Alexandrian MS) - J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, Part I: S. Clement of Rome, vol. 1 — Part I, vol. 1, p. 122 (Constantinople MS) - Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — AH 3.3.3 - Anonymous, Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — §2 in ANF numbering (on Acts) - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Kurzgefasste Liste: GA 02 (Codex Alexandrinus) — docID 20002 (GA 02; London, British Library, Royal 1 D.VIII; 5th century) - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Ephesians (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Eph. 12.2 - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Romans (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Rom. 4.3 - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Romans (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Rom. 9.2 (echo of 1 Cor 15:8-9) - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Ephesians (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Eph. 18.1 (echo of 1 Cor 1:18-20; 4:13) - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Smyrnaeans (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Smyrn. 3.3 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Epistle to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot) — Pol. Phil. 13.2 - Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — Haer. 5.28.4 (quoting Ign. Rom. 4.1) - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 3, on Philemon, Titus and Timothy (ANF 5:603) - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 3, on Laodiceans and Alexandrians (ANF 5:603) - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 2, on Acts and Theophilus (ANF 5:603) - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 2, on Peter's passion and Paul's journey to Spain (ANF 5:603) - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 4 (ANF 5:604) - ANF vol. 5 editors (editorial headnote), Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5, note to 'Canon Muratorianus' — ANF 5:603, headnote (CCEL note 4977) - Tertullian, Against Marcion, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3 (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21 - Tertullian, Against Marcion, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3 (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.17 - Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments (INTF NTVMR, page-level record) — Gregory-Aland P46 (INTF docID 10046) - Chester Beatty online exhibition page: New Testament (label for the Pauline Epistles leaf) — CBL BP II f.61 - CSNTM manuscript record: P46 — GA P46 - INTF NTVMR transcription of P46 — P46 folio 20r - INTF NTVMR transcription of P46 — P46 folio 21v - INTF NTVMR transcription of P46 — P46 folio 75r - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.17.1 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.11.12 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.13.4 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 1.19.2 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 1.15 - Irenaeus, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — Haer. 1.27.2 - Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Muratorian Fragment, sec. 3 (ANF 5 numbering) - Polycarp, Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Phil. 4.1 - INTF NTVMR transcription of P46 — P46 folio 75r - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Kurzgefasste Liste (INTF NTVMR): manuscript record P87 — P87 (docID 10087) - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, INTF transcription of P87, folio 1r — P87 f. 1r (Phlm 13-15) - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, INTF transcription of P87, folio 1v — P87 f. 1v (Phlm 24-25) - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Kurzgefasste Liste (INTF NTVMR): manuscript record P139 — P139 (docID 10139) - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Kurzgefasste Liste (INTF NTVMR): manuscript record 01 (Codex Sinaiticus) — 01 (docID 20001) - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Kurzgefasste Liste (INTF NTVMR): manuscript record P46 — P46 (docID 10046) - CSNTM manuscript catalogue: GA P87 — GA P87 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3) (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21 - Clement of Rome (traditional attribution), 1 Clement (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — 1 Clem. 35.6 - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Smyrnaeans (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Smyrn. 1.1 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Phil. 6.2 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.13 - Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — Haer. 3.16.3 - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 3, on Paul's letters to seven churches - CSNTM manuscript record: P46 — GA P46 - Clement of Rome, The Epistle of S. Clement to the Corinthians (Lightfoot, Apostolic Fathers Part I, vol. 2) (J. B. Lightfoot, 1890) — 1 Clem. 47.1-3 - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Ephesians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Ign. Eph. 18.1 - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Romans (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Ign. Rom. 9.2 - Polycarp, Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Pol. Phil. 11.2 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3) (P. Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.10 - Irenaeus, Against Heresies (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 1) (A. Roberts and W. H. Rambaut, 1885) — Haer. 4.27.3 - Muratorian Fragment (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Muratorian Fragment, section 3 (ANF 5 numbering) - CSNTM manuscript record, Gregory-Aland P46 — GA P46 (Dublin, CBL BP II) - Clement of Rome (traditional attribution), 1 Clement (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — 1 Clem. 61.2 - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to Polycarp (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Pol. 3.1 - Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Phil. 4.1 - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 3, on Philemon, Titus and Timothy (ANF 5:603) - Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — AH 1, preface 1 - Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Münster, Kurzgefasste Liste (NTVMR), P133 — Gregory-Aland P133 (INTF docID 10133) - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3) (Peter Holmes, 1885) — 5.21 - Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Ephesians (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Eph. 2.1-2 - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 (Marcion's Apostolicon) - Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Muratorian Fragment, sec. 3 (ANF 5 numbering) - Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts, CSNTM manuscript catalogue: GA P87 — GA P87 (3rd century; Köln, Institut für Altertumskunde, Inv. Nr. 12) - Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 (Philemon's brevity) --- Rasmi: https://paulineletters.com/sw/explore/articles/how-early-pauls-letters-were-read