{
  "$schema": "https://paulineletters.com/data/agent/commons/v1/letter-reception.schema.json",
  "schemaVersion": "1.0",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "dataset": "letter-reception",
  "locale": "mg",
  "title": "Ny fotoana voalohany nahafantarana ny taratasin’i Paoly tsirairay",
  "description": "Ho an’ny taratasy telo ambin’ny folo tsirairay: ireo mpanoratra voalohany manonona ny anarany, manonona teny ao aminy na mampiseho akony, sy ny sora-tanana tranainy indrindra, voalahatra manomboka amin’ny fanononana mazava ny anarana ka hatramin’ny mety ho akony.",
  "method": "Vavolombelona talohan’ny tokony ho 200 taor. J.K. sy ireo sora-tanana tranainy indrindra, narafitra ary avy eo nohamarinina tsy miankina tamin’ny fandikan-teny tsy voafehin’ny zon’ny mpamorona sy ny INTF Liste. Niniana natao tamim-pitandremana ireo fanasokajiana, satria mety avy amin’ny fiteny Kristiana iombonana ny teny mitovy.",
  "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "attribution": "Pauline Letters — https://paulineletters.com",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/mg/data/agent/commons/v1/letter-reception.json",
  "scripture": "References only. No Bible translation text is included; cite the reference and read it in a licensed or public-domain edition.",
  "letterCount": 13,
  "records": [
    {
      "letterId": "romans",
      "summary": "Manonona ny Romana ho taratasin’i Paoly i Irenaeus tokony ho 180 taor. J.K.; nahitana lahatsoratra nohafohezina ny fanontan’i Marcion tamin’ny tapaky ny taonjato faharoa, izay fantatra avy amin’ny tatitr’i Tertullian, mpanohitra azy. Azo inoana fa maka ny fomba fiteniny ny 1 Clement (matetika atao tokony ho 96) sy i Polycarp; mety maneho fanekem-pinoana iombonana kosa ny fitoviana amin’i Ignatius. Manonona azy nefa tsy milaza ny anarany ny taratasin’ny fiangonana tany Galia tamin’ny 177. P46, izay atao tokony ho 200 taor. J.K. araka ny sorany, no sora-tanana tranainy indrindra.",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "dateFrom": 70,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "probable-allusion",
          "locator": "1 Clement 35.5-6",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot",
            "author": "Clement of Rome (traditional attribution)",
            "work": "1 Clement",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "1 Clem. 35.6",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "For they that do these things are hateful to God; and not only they that do them, but they also that consent unto them.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "1 Clement (ny fiangonana any Roma ho an’i Korinto)",
          "date": "tokony ho 95–97 taor. J.K. (manomboka amin’ny tokony ho 70 ka hatramin’ny 140 ny soso-kevitra)",
          "note": "Misy teny iombonan’ny lisitry ny faharatsiana ao aminy sy ny Romana 1:29–32, anisan’izany ny fanendrikendrehana sy ny fankahalana an’Andriamanitra, ary samy manameloka ny mpankasitraka izany sy ny mpanao azy. Nosoratana tany Roma izy, izay nandefasana ny Romana; mamela toerana ho an’ny fifanandrifiana ireo lisitry ny faharatsiana mahazatra."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 105,
          "dateTo": 150,
          "grade": "possible-echo",
          "locator": "Ignatius, Smyrnaeans 1.1",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot",
            "author": "Ignatius of Antioch",
            "work": "Epistle to the Smyrnaeans",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Smyrn. 1.1",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-smyrnaeans-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "fully persuaded as touching our Lord that He is truly of the race of David according to the flesh, but Son of God by the Divine will and power",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Ignatius avy any Antiokia, To the Smyrnaeans",
          "date": "tokony ho 105–117 taor. J.K. (misy manohana ny taompolo 140)",
          "note": "Miantso an’i Kristy ho taranak’i Davida ara-nofo, nefa Zanak’Andriamanitra noho ny herin’Andriamanitra, ilay fampiarahana hita ao amin’ny Romana 1:3–4. Maro no mihevitra fa manova fanekem-pinoana efa nisy i Paoly ao, ka mety io raikipiteny iombonana io no averin’i Ignatius fa tsy ilay taratasy."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 110,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "probable-allusion",
          "locator": "Polycarp, Philippians 6.2",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot",
            "author": "Polycarp of Smyrna",
            "work": "Letter to the Philippians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Phil. 6.2",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "for we are before the eyes of our Lord and God, and we must all stand at the judgment-seat of Christ, and each man must give an account of himself.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Polycarp avy any Smyrna, To the Philippians",
          "date": "tokony ho 110–140 taor. J.K.",
          "note": "Ampifandraisiny ny fijoroana eo anatrehan’ny fitsaran’i Kristy sy ny ampamoahan’ny olona tsirairay momba ny tenany, toy ny ataon’ny Romana 14:10–12. Hita ao amin’ny 2 Korintiana 5:10 koa ilay teny momba ny fitsarana, ary tsy manonona loharano i Polycarp, ka mbola azo heverina ny fahatsiarovana mifangaro na teny iombonana."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 138,
          "dateTo": 161,
          "grade": "canon-list",
          "locator": "Tertullian, Against Marcion 5.13-14",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf",
            "author": "Tertullian",
            "work": "Against Marcion",
            "translator": "Peter Holmes",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.13",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "But what serious gaps Marcion has made in this epistle especially, by withdrawing whole passages at his will, will be clear from the unmutilated text of our own copy.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Apostolikon an’i Marcion, araka ny tatitr’i Tertullian",
          "date": "niasa i Marcion tokony ho 138–161 taor. J.K.; nanoratra i Tertullian nanomboka tokony ho 207",
          "note": "Fahefatra no dinihin’i Tertullian ny Romana ao amin’ny fanontan’i Marcion misy taratasy folo, aorian’ny Galatiana sy ny 1 Korintiana ary 2 Korintiana. Milaza izy fa nanapaka andalana manontolo i Marcion, ary mifarana amin’ny Romana 14:10 ny fandinihany. Amin’ny tatitry ny mpanohitra ihany no ahafantarana ilay fanontana, ka tsy azo antoka ny tena votoatiny."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 177,
          "dateTo": 178,
          "grade": "clear-quotation",
          "locator": "Eusebius, Church History 5.1.6",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "eusebius-history-mcgiffert",
            "author": "Eusebius (quoting the churches of Vienne and Lyons)",
            "work": "Church History",
            "translator": "Arthur Cushman McGiffert",
            "year": "1890",
            "locator": "HE 5.1.6",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250105.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "regarding their great sufferings as little, they hastened to Christ, manifesting truly that 'the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be revealed to us afterward.'",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Taratasin’ny fiangonana tany Vienne sy Lyons",
          "date": "tokony ho 177–178 taor. J.K. (notahirin’i Eusebius, fiandohan’ny taonjato faha-4)",
          "note": "Rehefa milaza ireo maritiora tany Galia izy, dia mamerina saika teny isaky ny teny ny Romana 8:18 nefa tsy manonona an’i Paoly. Milaza i Eusebius fa ny tenin’ireo fiangonana mihitsy no omeny, ary mametraka ilay fanenjehana amin’ny taona fahafito ambin’ny folo nanjakan’i Antoninus Verus, izany hoe Marcus Aurelius (177 taor. J.K.)."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 176,
          "dateTo": 189,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Irenaeus, Against Heresies 3.16.3",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf",
            "author": "Irenaeus of Lyons",
            "work": "Against Heresies",
            "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Haer. 3.16.3",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103316.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Paul, when writing to the Romans, has explained this very point",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Irenaeus avy any Lyons, Against Heresies",
          "date": "tokony ho 180 taor. J.K.",
          "note": "Milaza izy fa i Paoly, raha nanoratra ho an’ny Romana, dia nampiseho fa iray ihany i Jesosy sy i Kristy, avy eo manonona ny Romana 1:1–4 sy Romana 9:5, sady manonona indray ilay taratasy ao amin’ny 3.16.9. Tamin’ny andron’i Eleutherius, evekan’i Roma, ny datin’ny Boky 3."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 170,
          "dateTo": 400,
          "grade": "canon-list",
          "locator": "Muratorian Fragment, section on Paul's letters",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf",
            "author": "Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment)",
            "work": "Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius)",
            "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond",
            "year": "1886",
            "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3, on Paul's letters to seven churches",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "writes to no more than seven churches by name, in this order: the first to the Corinthians, the second to the Ephesians, the third to the Philippians, the fourth to the Colossians, the fifth to the Galatians, the sixth to the Thessalonians, the seventh to the Romans.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Muratorian Fragment",
          "date": "azo inoana fa tokony ho 170–200 taor. J.K.; vitsy anisa no mametraka azy amin’ny taonjato faha-4",
          "note": "Mitanisa ny Romana ho anisan’ny taratasin’i Paoly ho an’ny fiangonana fito izy, ka milaza fa nosoratany momba ny fitsipiky ny Soratra Masin’ny Testamenta Taloha izany, ary i Kristy no votoatiny voalohany. Matetika ny datiny no faritana amin’ny filazany fa vao haingana no nanoratan’i Hermas, tamin’ny andron’i Pius; misy mametraka azy amin’ny taonjato fahefatra."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 175,
          "dateTo": 250,
          "grade": "manuscript",
          "locator": "Gregory-Aland P46 (INTF Liste docID 10046)",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "csntm",
            "work": "CSNTM manuscript record: P46",
            "locator": "GA P46",
            "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46",
            "publicDomain": false,
            "quote": "",
            "role": "catalogue-record"
          },
          "witness": "Papyrus 46 (P46)",
          "date": "tokony ho 200 taor. J.K. araka ny sora-tanana (CSNTM: faran’ny taonjato faha-2 na fiandohan’ny faha-3; INTF: fiandohan’ny taonjato faha-3)",
          "note": "Matetika heverina ho sora-tanana tranainy indrindra amin’ny Romana, izay voalohany amin’ny filaharan’ny taratasiny. Very ireo ravina mialoha ny Romana 5:17, sy ravina roa misy ny ankamaroan’ny Romana 6:14–8:15. Apetrany aorian’ny Romana 15:33 ny teny fiderana (Romana 14:24–26 amin’ny fanisana andininy ampiasain’ny WEB). Ny endri-tsoratra ihany no amaritana ny datiny."
        }
      ],
      "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/mg/explore/evidence#reception-romans"
    },
    {
      "letterId": "1-corinthians",
      "summary": "Voaporofo tany am-boalohany ny fisian’ny 1 Korintiana: ny 1 Clement, izay matetika atao tokony ho 96 taor. J.K., dia milaza amin’i Korinto mba handray ny taratasin’i Paoly momba ny antoko nifanditra tao, angamba ny fanononana voalohany indrindra taratasy iray nosoratan’i Paoly. Manonona azy i Ignatius sy i Polycarp am-polony taona vitsivitsy taorian’izay; tafiditra ao amin’ny fanontan’i Marcion sy ny lisitra Muratoriana izy, manonona azy i Irenaeus, ary P46, tokony ho 200 taor. J.K., no dika tranainy indrindra mbola voatahiry.",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "dateFrom": 70,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "1 Clem. 47.1-3",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot",
            "author": "Clement of Rome",
            "work": "The Epistle of S. Clement to the Corinthians (Lightfoot, Apostolic Fathers Part I, vol. 2)",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1890",
            "locator": "1 Clem. 47.1-3",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/lightfoot/pt1vol2/translation1.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Take up the epistle of the blessed Paul the Apostle. What wrote he first unto you in the beginning of the Gospel? Of a truth he charged you in the Spirit concerning himself and Cephas and Apollos, because that even then ye had made parties.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "1 Clement",
          "date": "tokony ho 95–97 taor. J.K. (iadian-kevitra)",
          "note": "Manoratra avy any Roma ho an’i Korinto izy, ka milaza amin’ny mpamaky mba handray ny taratasin’i Paoly momba ireo antokony nanaraka an’i Paoly, Kefasy ary Apolosy (1 Korintiana 1:10–12). Azo inoana fa mampiasa ny 1 Korintiana 12–13 ny toko 37–38 sy 49, na dia sary mahazatra aza ny vatana. Manomboka amin’ny tokony ho 70 ka hatramin’ny 140 ny daty natolotra."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 105,
          "dateTo": 150,
          "grade": "clear-quotation",
          "locator": "Ign. Eph. 18.1",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot",
            "author": "Ignatius of Antioch",
            "work": "Epistle to the Ephesians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Ign. Eph. 18.1",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-ephesians-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "My spirit is made an offscouring for the Cross, which is a stumbling-block to them that are unbelievers, but to us salvation and life eternal. Where is the wise? Where is the disputer?",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Ignatius avy any Antiokia, To the Ephesians",
          "date": "tokony ho 105–117 taor. J.K. (iadian-kevitra)",
          "note": "Tsy misy marika fanononana nefa saika mitovy teny: roa amin’ireo fanontaniana telo hoe aiza ny… ao amin’ny 1 Korintiana 1:20, eo anilan’ny hazo fijaliana ho fahatafintohinana sy famonjena (1 Korintiana 1:18–23); misy akon’ny 1 Korintiana 6:9–10 koa ao amin’ny Eph. 16.1. Matetika atao tokony ho 105–117; manohana ny taompolo 140 i Barnes (2008); vitsy anisa no misalasala ny maha-tena izy azy."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 105,
          "dateTo": 150,
          "grade": "probable-allusion",
          "locator": "Ign. Rom. 9.2",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot",
            "author": "Ignatius of Antioch",
            "work": "Epistle to the Romans",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Ign. Rom. 9.2",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-romans-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "But for myself I am ashamed to be called one of them; for neither am I worthy, being the very last of them and an untimely birth",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Ignatius avy any Antiokia, To the Romans",
          "date": "tokony ho 105–117 taor. J.K. (iadian-kevitra)",
          "note": "Miantso ny tenany ho tsy mendrika, farany indrindra ary teraka tsy tonga volana i Ignatius, fiteny miara-hita ao amin’ny 1 Korintiana 15:8–9. Azo inoana nefa tsy azo antoka: ampihariny amin’ny toerany eo amin’ny fiangonana any Syria izany. Toy izany koa no akany avy amin’ny 1 Korintiana 4:4 ao amin’ny Rom. 5.1."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 110,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "clear-quotation",
          "locator": "Pol. Phil. 11.2",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot",
            "author": "Polycarp",
            "work": "Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Pol. Phil. 11.2",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Nay, know we not, that the saints shall judge the world, as Paul teacheth?",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Polycarp, To the Philippians",
          "date": "tokony ho 110–140 taor. J.K. (iadian-kevitra)",
          "note": "Lazain’i Polycarp fa avy amin’i Paoly ny momba ny hitsaran’ny olona masina izao tontolo izao (1 Korintiana 6:2), ka manonona ilay apostoly izy fa tsy ilay taratasy. Amin’ny fandikan-teny latina ihany no mbola ahitana ny toko 11; mamerina ampahany amin’ny lisitry ny faharatsiana ao amin’ny 1 Korintiana 6:9–10 ny teny grika ao amin’ny 5.3, nefa tsy milaza loharano."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 138,
          "dateTo": 161,
          "grade": "canon-list",
          "locator": "Tertullian, Adv. Marc. 5.5-10",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf",
            "author": "Tertullian",
            "work": "Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3)",
            "translator": "P. Holmes",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.10",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Our heretic, however, in the excess of his folly, being unwilling that the statement should remain in this shape, altered last Adam into last Lord",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Apostolikon an’i Marcion, amin’ny alalan’i Tertullian",
          "date": "tapaky ny taonjato faha-2 (notaterina tamin’ny fiandohan’ny faha-3)",
          "note": "Faharoa, aorian’ny Galatiana, no dinihin’i Tertullian ny 1 Korintiana amin’ny fandinihany ny fanontan’i Marcion, ary ampangainy ho nanova ny lahatsorany tao amin’ny 1 Korintiana 15:45 i Marcion. Tatitry ny mpanohitra nosoratana am-polony taona tatỳ aoriana izany; iadian-kevitra ny habetsahan’izay novain’i Marcion raha oharina amin’izay efa noraisiny."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 176,
          "dateTo": 189,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Haer. 4.27.3",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf",
            "author": "Irenaeus",
            "work": "Against Heresies (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 1)",
            "translator": "A. Roberts and W. H. Rambaut",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Haer. 4.27.3",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103427.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "But this also, [as the presbyter states,] has Paul declared most plainly in the Epistle to the Corinthians, when he says",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Irenaeus, Against Heresies",
          "date": "tokony ho 180 taor. J.K.",
          "note": "Manonona ilay taratasy i Irenaeus ary manonona ny 1 Korintiana 10:1–12, rehefa mampita ny tenin’ny loholona iray tsy voatonona anarana izay nianatra tamin’ireo nahita ny apostoly (4.27.1). Tsy mazava ny haben’ny tohan-kevitra avy amin’ilay loholona raha oharina amin’ny an’i Irenaeus manokana."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 170,
          "dateTo": 400,
          "grade": "canon-list",
          "locator": "Section 3 (ANF numbering)",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf",
            "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5)",
            "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond",
            "year": "1886",
            "locator": "Muratorian Fragment, section 3 (ANF 5 numbering)",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "He wrote first of all, and at considerable length, to the Corinthians, to check the schism of heresy",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Muratorian Fragment",
          "date": "tokony ho 170–200 taor. J.K. (misy manohana ny taonjato faha-4)",
          "note": "Indroa izy no mametraka ny taratasy ho an’ny Korintiana ho voalohany amin’ny taratasin’i Paoly ho an’ny fiangonana, ary manamarika taratasy roa ho an’i Korinto. Ny ankamaroany dia mametraka azy tokony ho 170–200, satria lazainy ho vao haingana i Hermas; manohana ny taonjato fahefatra i Sundberg (1973) sy i Hahneman (1992). Ao amin’ny dika latina tamin’ny taonjato fahafito na fahavalo no mbola itahirizana azy."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 175,
          "dateTo": 250,
          "grade": "manuscript",
          "locator": "Gregory-Aland P46 (Chester Beatty BP II; Michigan inv. 6238)",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "csntm",
            "work": "CSNTM manuscript record, Gregory-Aland P46",
            "locator": "GA P46 (Dublin, CBL BP II)",
            "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46",
            "publicDomain": false,
            "quote": "",
            "role": "catalogue-record"
          },
          "witness": "Papyrus 46 (P46)",
          "date": "tokony ho 200 taor. J.K. (faran’ny taonjato faha-2 na fiandohan’ny faha-3)",
          "note": "Apetraky ny CSNTM tokony ho 200 ny datiny, amin’ny faran’ny taonjato faharoa na fiandohan’ny fahatelo. Ny endri-tsoratra ihany no iorenan’ilay daty; nanohana ny faran’ny taonjato voalohany i Kim (1988), hevitra lavin’ny ankamaroany. Manaraka ny Romana sy ny Hebreo ny 1 Korintiana; misy andalana vitsivitsy very noho ny ravina simba."
        }
      ],
      "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/mg/explore/evidence#reception-1-corinthians"
    },
    {
      "letterId": "2-corinthians",
      "summary": "Ao amin’ny fitambaran-taratasin’i Marcion no voaporofo mazava voalohany ny 2 Korintiana (tokony ho taompolo 140, fantatra amin’ny alalan’i Tertullian), ary i Irenaeus no manonona voalohany ny anarany (tokony ho 180), avy eo i Clement avy any Aleksandria sy ny lisitra Muratoriana (iadian-kevitra ny datiny). Azo inoana fa misy akony ao amin’i Polycarp; tsy mihoatra ny mety ho akony malemy kosa no hita amin’i Ignatius sy ny 1 Clement. Papyrus 46 (tokony ho 200) no sora-tanana tranainy indrindra.",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "dateFrom": 80,
          "dateTo": 100,
          "grade": "possible-echo",
          "locator": "1 Clem. 36.2; 47.1",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot",
            "author": "Clement of Rome",
            "work": "First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "1 Clem. 36.2",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "through Him we behold as in a mirror His faultless and most excellent visage",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "1 Clement (avy any Roma ho an’i Korinto)",
          "date": "tokony ho 96 (80–100 no natolotra)",
          "note": "Mety ho akon’ny 2 Korintiana 3:18 ilay sary momba ny fitaratra, na dia akaiky tahaka izany koa aza ny 1 Korintiana 13:12. Taratasy iray ihany avy amin’i Paoly ho an’i Korinto no anononan’i Clement anarana (47.1); ny sasany mahita izany ho famantarana fa tsy mbola fantatra tany Roma ny 2 Korintiana, ny hafa kosa mihevitra fa nifidy ny taratasy nifanaraka tamin’ny resaka izy."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 105,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "possible-echo",
          "locator": "Trall. 9.2; Phld. 6.3",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot",
            "author": "Ignatius of Antioch",
            "work": "Epistle to the Trallians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Trall. 9.2",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-trallians-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "who moreover was truly raised from the dead, His Father having raised Him, who in the like fashion will so raise us also who believe on Him",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Ignatius avy any Antiokia, To the Trallians sy To the Philadelphians",
          "date": "tokony ho 110 (misy manohana ny tokony ho 140)",
          "note": "Mitovitovy amin’ny 2 Korintiana 4:14 ny Trall. 9.2 (hanangana ny mpino ny Ray tahaka ny nananganany an’i Jesosy), nefa toy izany koa ny 1 Korintiana 6:14; mampahatsiahy ny 2 Korintiana 11:9 ny Phld. 6.3 (tsy manavesatra olona), nefa toy izany koa ny 1 Tesaloniana 2:9. Tsy azo aseho ho miankina amin’ny 2 Korintiana izany."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 110,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "probable-allusion",
          "locator": "Pol. Phil. 2.2; 4.1; 6.1",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot",
            "author": "Polycarp",
            "work": "Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Pol. Phil. 2.2",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Now He that raised Him from the dead will raise us also; if we do His will and walk in His commandments and love the things which He loved",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Polycarp avy any Smyrna, To the Philippians",
          "date": "tokony ho 110–140 (iadian-kevitra ny daty)",
          "note": "Teny telo no mifanakaiky amin’ny 2 Korintiana 4:14 (Andriamanitra manangana ny mpino tahaka ny nananganany an’i Jesosy), 2 Korintiana 6:7 (fitaovam-piadian’ny fahamarinana) ary 2 Korintiana 8:21 (mendrika eo anatrehan’Andriamanitra sy ny olona). Samy manana fitoviana any an-kafa izy ireo (1 Korintiana 6:14; Romana 6:13; Romana 12:17), ka ilay fitambarany no iorenan’ny tohan-kevitra."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 138,
          "dateTo": 161,
          "grade": "canon-list",
          "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.11-12",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf",
            "author": "Tertullian",
            "work": "Against Marcion",
            "translator": "P. Holmes",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.11",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "We are quite aware that some passages are open to ambiguity, from the way in which they are read, or else from their punctuation, when there is room for these two causes of ambiguity. The latter method has been adopted by Marcion",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Apostolikon an’i Marcion (araka ny tatitr’i Tertullian)",
          "date": "tokony ho 140–150; notaterina tokony ho 208",
          "note": "Mandinika tsikelikely ny lahatsoratry ny 2 Korintiana ao amin’i Marcion i Tertullian, fahatelo amin’ny filaharany aorian’ny Galatiana sy ny 1 Korintiana, ary mitsipaka ny mari-piatoan’i Marcion amin’ny 2 Korintiana 4:4. Io no famantarana mazava voalohany fa niely tao anaty fitambaran’ny taratasin’i Paoly ilay taratasy, na dia amin’ny tatitry ny mpanohitra ihany aza no ahafantarana azy."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 175,
          "dateTo": 190,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Haer. 3.7.1",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf",
            "author": "Irenaeus",
            "work": "Against Heresies",
            "translator": "A. Roberts and W. H. Rambaut",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Haer. 3.7.1",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103307.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "As to their affirming that Paul said plainly in the Second [Epistle] to the Corinthians",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Irenaeus avy any Lyon, Against Heresies",
          "date": "tokony ho 180",
          "note": "Manonona ny taratasy faharoa ho an’ny Korintiana i Irenaeus rehefa mamaly ireo mpanohitra namaky ny 2 Korintiana 4:4 ho porofo momba ny andriamanitra faharoa ambany kokoa, ilay andininy izay lazain’i Tertullian fa novain’i Marcion ny mari-piatoany. Samy nandray ilay taratasy ho an’i Paoly ny andaniny sy ny ankilany."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 170,
          "dateTo": 400,
          "grade": "canon-list",
          "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3 (ANF 5:603)",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf",
            "work": "Muratorian Fragment",
            "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond",
            "year": "1886",
            "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3 (ANF 5:603)",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Moreover, though he writes twice to the Corinthians and Thessalonians for their correction, it is yet shown — i.e., by this sevenfold writing — that there is one Church spread abroad through the whole world.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Muratorian Fragment",
          "date": "faran’ny taonjato faha-2, na taonjato faha-4 (iadian-kevitra)",
          "note": "Milaza ilay lisitra fa indroa i Paoly no nanoratra ho an’ny Korintiana, ka fantany ny taratasy roa ho an’i Korinto. Raha tamin’ny faran’ny taonjato faharoa sy avy any Roma izy, dia lisitry ny kanona tany am-boalohany; raha tamin’ny taonjato fahefatra kosa, araka ny tohan-kevitr’i A. C. Sundberg sy G. M. Hahneman, dia kely ny porofo omeny momba ny vanim-potoana voalohany."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 195,
          "dateTo": 215,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Strom. 4.16; 4.21",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf",
            "author": "Clement of Alexandria",
            "work": "Stromata",
            "translator": "W. Wilson",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Strom. 4.16",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02104.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "So far the apostle respecting knowledge; and in the second Epistle to the Corinthians he calls the common teaching of faith the savour of knowledge.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Clement avy any Aleksandria, Stromata",
          "date": "tokony ho 200",
          "note": "Manonona ny taratasy faharoa ho an’ny Korintiana i Clement ary manonona andalana lava ao aminy ao amin’ny Strom. 4.21. Miaraka amin’i Irenaeus tany Galia sy i Tertullian tany Carthage, dia mampiseho izany fa novakina ho taratasin’i Paoly nanerana ny fiangonana ilay taratasy tokony ho tamin’ny 200."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 175,
          "dateTo": 250,
          "grade": "manuscript",
          "locator": "GA P46",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "csntm",
            "work": "Manuscript P46",
            "locator": "GA P46",
            "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46",
            "publicDomain": false,
            "quote": "",
            "role": "catalogue-record"
          },
          "witness": "Papyrus 46 (P46)",
          "date": "tokony ho 200 (faran’ny taonjato faha-2 na fiandohan’ny faha-3)",
          "note": "Ny sora-tanana tranainy indrindra amin’ny 2 Korintiana, ao anaty kôdeksan’ny taratasin’i Paoly izay mizara any Dublin (CBL BP II, ravina 56) sy Ann Arbor (P.Mich. inv. 6238, ravina 30). Apetraky ny CSNTM tokony ho 200 ny datiny; vitsy no nanohana ilay daty tamin’ny taonjato voalohany natolotr’i Y. K. Kim tamin’ny 1988."
        }
      ],
      "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/mg/explore/evidence#reception-2-corinthians"
    },
    {
      "letterId": "galatians",
      "summary": "Hita mazava voalohany ny fampiasana ny Galatiana rehefa manonona ny Galatiana 6:7 i Polycarp (tokony ho 110–140). Toa napetrak’i Marcion (tokony ho taompolo 140) voalohany tao amin’ny fitambaran’ny taratasin’i Paoly izany. Manonona azy i Irenaeus (tokony ho 180) ary mampitovy ny fitsidihana an’i Jerosalema ao aminy amin’ny Asan’ny Apostoly 15. P46 (tokony ho 200) no sora-tanana tranainy indrindra. Mety ho akony ny fitoviana ao amin’ny 1 Clement sy i Ignatius, fa tsy porofo.",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "dateFrom": 80,
          "dateTo": 100,
          "grade": "possible-echo",
          "locator": "1 Clement 5.2",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot",
            "author": "Clement of Rome",
            "work": "First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "1 Clement 5.2",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "By reason of jealousy and envy the greatest and most righteous pillars of the Church were persecuted, and contended even unto death.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "1 Clement (Roma)",
          "date": "tokony ho 96 (iadian-kevitra)",
          "note": "Antsoiny hoe andrin’ny fiangonana ireo apostoly nenjehina, ka anisan’izany i Petera sy i Paoly, teny ampiasain’ny Galatiana 2:9 ho an’i Jakoba, Kefasy ary Jaona. Nanamarika i Lightfoot fa sary mahazatra teo amin’ny soratra jiosy izany, ka mampisalasala ny fifampiankinana. Ny hany taratasin’i Paoly resahin’i Clement mivantana dia ny 1 Korintiana (47.1)."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 105,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "possible-echo",
          "locator": "Philadelphians 1.1",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot",
            "author": "Ignatius of Antioch",
            "work": "Epistle to the Philadelphians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Philadelphians 1.1",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-philadelphians-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "This your bishop I have found to hold the ministry which pertaineth to the common weal, not of himself or through men, nor yet for vain glory, but in the love of God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Ignatius avy any Antiokia, To the Philadelphians",
          "date": "tokony ho 110 (misy manohana ny taompolo 130 sy 140)",
          "note": "Milaza izy fa tsy avy amin’ny tenany na tamin’ny alalan’ny olona ny fanompoan’ilay eveka. Akaiky ny fandavan’ny Galatiana 1:1 ny fiaviana amin’olombelona ny fomba fiteny, nefa eveka no lazainy eto. Fitoviana ara-lohahevitra ny fampitandreman’i Ignatius momba ny fivavahana jiosy (Magnesians 8.1, 10.3), fa tsy porofo fa namaky ny Galatiana izy."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 110,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "clear-quotation",
          "locator": "Philippians 5.1",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot",
            "author": "Polycarp",
            "work": "Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Philippians 5.1",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Knowing then that God is not mocked, we ought to walk worthily of His commandment and His glory.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Polycarp avy any Smyrna, To the Philippians",
          "date": "tokony ho 110–140",
          "note": "Ampidiriny amin’ny hoe fantatra fa ilay fomba fiteny miavaka ao amin’ny Galatiana 6:7, raikipiteny ampiasainy koa ho an’ny 1 Timoty 6:7 (4.1). Azo heverina ny teny iombonana efa nisy taloha nefa tsy misy porofo manamarina azy. Azo inoana fa akon’ny Galatiana 4:26 ny fiantsoany ny finoana ho renin’ny mpino rehetra (3.3). I Paoly no anononany anarana, fa tsy ny Galatiana."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 140,
          "dateTo": 150,
          "grade": "canon-list",
          "locator": "Tertullian, Against Marcion 4.3; 5.2-4",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf",
            "author": "Tertullian",
            "work": "Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3)",
            "translator": "P. Holmes",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Against Marcion 4.3",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03124.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Marcion, finding the Epistle of Paul to the Galatians (wherein he rebukes even apostles) for not walking uprightly according to the truth of the gospel, as well as accuses certain false apostles of perverting the gospel of Christ), labours very hard to destroy the character of those Gospels",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Apostolikon an’i Marcion, araka ny tatitr’i Tertullian",
          "date": "tokony ho 140–150 (notaterina tokony ho 208)",
          "note": "Amin’ny alalan’ny mpanohitra ihany no ahafantarana ny fitambaran’i Marcion misy taratasy folo. Toa nanomboka tamin’ny Galatiana izy, izay dinihin’ny Boky 5 nosoratan’i Tertullian voalohany. Milaza i Tertullian fa nesorin’i Marcion ny filazana an’i Abrahama (5.3–4); misy mihevitra fa samy hafa fotsiny ny lahatsoratr’i Marcion. Ny fahefan’ilay taratasy no porofoiny kokoa noho ny lahatsorany manontolo."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 174,
          "dateTo": 189,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Against Heresies 3.13.3",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf",
            "author": "Irenaeus",
            "work": "Against Heresies (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 1)",
            "translator": "A. Roberts and W. H. Rambaut",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Against Heresies 3.13.3",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103313.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "went up to them, with Barnabas, to Jerusalem, not without reason, but that the liberty of the Gentiles might be confirmed by them, he does himself say, in the Epistle to the Galatians",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Irenaeus avy any Lyons, Against Heresies",
          "date": "tokony ho 180",
          "note": "Manonona ny taratasy ho an’ny Galatiana, manonona ny fitantarany ny niakarana niaraka tamin’i Barnabasy sy i Titosy, ary milaza fa mifanaraka amin’ny Asan’ny Apostoly 15 ireo taona. Mbola iadian-kevitra io fampitoviana io: maro no misafidy ilay fitsidihana tamin’ny mosary ao amin’ny Asan’ny Apostoly 11:30, ary misy mahita fihenjanana tena misy eo amin’ireo fitantarana."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 170,
          "dateTo": 375,
          "grade": "canon-list",
          "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf",
            "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5, Fragments of Caius)",
            "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond",
            "year": "1886",
            "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "He wrote first of all, and at considerable length, to the Corinthians, to check the schism of heresy; and then to the Galatians, to forbid circumcision",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Muratorian Fragment",
          "date": "tokony ho 170–200, na taonjato faha-4 (iadian-kevitra)",
          "note": "Milaza izy fa nosoratana handrarana ny famorana ny Galatiana, ary mitanisa azy indray eo amin’ireo fiangonana fito. Manondro an’i Roma tokony ho 170–200 ny filazany momba an’i Hermas, nefa manohana ny taonjato fahefatra i Sundberg sy Hahneman. Ao amin’ny dika latina tamin’ny taonjato fahafito na fahavalo no mbola itahirizana azy."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 193,
          "dateTo": 215,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Stromata 3.15",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf",
            "author": "Clement of Alexandria",
            "work": "The Stromata, or Miscellanies (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 2)",
            "translator": "W. Wilson",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Stromata 3.15",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02103.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Quare Paulus quoque scribens ad Galatas, dicit",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Clement avy any Aleksandria, Stromata",
          "date": "tokony ho 200",
          "note": "Ampidiriny ho tenin’i Paoly manoratra ho an’ny Galatiana ny Galatiana 4:19 (amin’ny teny latina no anontan’ny ANF an’ity boky ity). Manonona matetika ny Galatiana ny Stromata. Manonona ny anarany koa i Tertullian tany Carthage (Prescription against Heretics 6), ka tokony ho tamin’ny 200 dia mpanoratra tany amin’ny faritra maro no nitanisa azy tamin’ny anarany."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 175,
          "dateTo": 250,
          "grade": "manuscript",
          "locator": "Gregory-Aland/INTF Liste P46 (Dublin, CBL BP II; Ann Arbor, P.Mich. inv. 6238)",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "csntm",
            "author": "Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts",
            "work": "CSNTM manuscript record: P46",
            "locator": "GA P46",
            "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46",
            "publicDomain": false,
            "quote": "",
            "role": "catalogue-record"
          },
          "witness": "Papyrus 46 (P46)",
          "date": "tokony ho 200 (araka ny endri-tsoratra)",
          "note": "Sora-tanana tranainy indrindra amin’ny Galatiana: kôdeksan’ny taratasin’i Paoly, azo inoana fa avy any Ejipta, izay manaraka ny Efesiana ny Galatiana. Ny endri-tsoratra ihany no amaritana ny datiny. Tokony ho 200 no omen’ny CSNTM, ary ny fiandohan’ny taonjato fahatelo no omen’ny INTF Liste; manomboka amin’ny faran’ny taonjato voalohany ka hatramin’ny fahatelo ireo soso-kevitra navoaka."
        }
      ],
      "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/mg/explore/evidence#reception-galatians"
    },
    {
      "letterId": "ephesians",
      "summary": "Efa fantatra ny Efesiana tokony ho 110–140 taor. J.K.: manonona ny Efesiana 4:26 i Polycarp (amin’ny teny latina ihany no voatahiry), azo inoana fa manondro azy an-kolaka i Ignatius, ary misy mety ho akony ao amin’ny 1 Clement. Nomen’i Marcion ny lohateny hoe Laodiceans izy; manonona ny anarany i Irenaeus sy i Clement avy any Aleksandria; tsy manonona tanàna amin’ny fiarahabany ny P46 (tokony ho 200). Mampiseho ny fielezany tamin’ny anaran’i Paoly izany, fa tsy ny mpanoratra azy, izay iadian-kevitry ny manam-pahaizana maro.",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "dateFrom": 70,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "possible-echo",
          "locator": "1 Clem. 46.6; 59.3",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot",
            "author": "Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome)",
            "work": "First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "1 Clem. 46.6",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Have we not one God and one Christ and one Spirit of grace that was shed upon us? And is there not one calling in Christ?",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "1 Clement (ny fiangonana any Roma ho an’i Korinto)",
          "date": "tokony ho 95–97 taor. J.K. (tokony ho 70–140 ny soso-kevitra)",
          "note": "Mitovitovy amin’ny Efesiana 4:4–6 ny fanamafisan’i Clement fa iray Andriamanitra, iray i Kristy, iray ny Fanahy ary iray ny fiantsoana (46.6); mitovitovy amin’ny Efesiana 1:18 ny vavaka ataony hampahiratra ny mason’ny fo (59.3). Mety hanazava azy roa ny fiteny litorjika iombonana; hitan’ny komity iray tany Oxford (1905) fa tsy azo hamarinina ny fifampiankinana."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 105,
          "dateTo": 150,
          "grade": "probable-allusion",
          "locator": "Ign. Eph. inscription, 12.2; Ign. Pol. 5.1",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot",
            "author": "Ignatius of Antioch",
            "work": "Epistle to the Ephesians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Ign. Eph. inscription",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-ephesians-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "unto her which hath been blessed in greatness through the plentitude of God the Father; which hath been foreordained before the ages to be for ever unto abiding and unchangeable glory, united and elect in a true passion, by the will of the Father and of Jesus Christ our God",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Ignatius avy any Antiokia",
          "date": "tokony ho 105–117 taor. J.K. araka ny daty mahazatra; misy manohana daty tatỳ aoriana",
          "note": "Mamerina voambolana momba ny fitahiana avy amin’ny Efesiana 1:3–12 ny fiarahabany an’i Efesosy; misy akon’ny Efesiana 5:25 ny To Polycarp 5.1. Tsy manonona taratasy ny filazany fa miresaka azy ireo amin’ny taratasy rehetra i Paoly (12.2). Noheverin’ny komity iray tany Oxford (1905) ho saika azo antoka fa tsy kisendrasendra ireo akony; nisalasala ny fifampiankinana i von der Goltz."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 110,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "clear-quotation",
          "locator": "Pol. Phil. 1.3; 12.1",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot",
            "author": "Polycarp of Smyrna",
            "work": "Epistle to the Philippians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Pol. Phil. 12.1",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "For I am persuaded that ye are well trained in the sacred writings, and nothing is hidden from you. But to myself this is not granted. Only, as it is said in these scriptures, Be ye angry and sin not, and Let not the sun set on your wrath.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Polycarp avy any Smyrna, To the Philippians",
          "date": "tokony ho 110–140 taor. J.K.",
          "note": "Ampiarahin’i Polycarp ny fehezanteny roa izay ao amin’ny Efesiana 4:26 ihany no miara-hita, ary antsoiny hoe soratra masina; manakaiky be ny Efesiana 2:8–9 ny akony ao amin’ny toko fanokafana. Amin’ny teny latina ihany no voatahiry ny toko 12, ary hita ao amin’ny Salamo amin’ny teny grika koa ilay fehezanteny voalohany, ka mety ilay Salamo no tian’ilay fiantsoana holazaina."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 138,
          "dateTo": 161,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Tertullian, Adv. Marc. 5.11; 5.17-18",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf",
            "author": "Tertullian",
            "work": "Against Marcion",
            "translator": "Peter Holmes",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.17.1",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "We have it on the true tradition of the Church, that this epistle was sent to the Ephesians, not to the Laodiceans. Marcion, however, was very desirous of giving it the new title (of Laodicean), as if he were extremely accurate in investigating such a point.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Apostolikon an’i Marcion (araka ny tatitr’i Tertullian)",
          "date": "tapaky ny taonjato faha-2, tokony ho 138–161 taor. J.K.; notaterina tokony ho 207–208",
          "note": "Nitondra ity taratasy ity tamin’ny lohateny hoe To the Laodiceans ny fitambaran’ny taratasin’i Paoly nohitsin’i Marcion, angamba notsoahina avy amin’ny Kolosiana 4:16 na avy tamin’ny dika tsy nanonona tanàna. Milaza i Tertullian, mpitatitra manohitra azy, fa Efesiana no iantsoan’ny lovantsofin’ny fiangonana azy, ary miampanga an’i Marcion ho namafa teny izy (5.17–18)."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 175,
          "dateTo": 189,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Haer. 5.2.3; 5.8.1; 5.14.3; 1.8.4-5",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf",
            "author": "Irenaeus of Lyons",
            "work": "Against Heresies",
            "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Haer. 5.2.3",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103502.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "even as the blessed Paul declares in his Epistle to the Ephesians, that we are members of His body, of His flesh, and of His bones.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Irenaeus avy any Lyons, Against Heresies",
          "date": "tokony ho 180 taor. J.K. (nosoratana fony evekan’i Roma i Eleutherus ny Boky 3)",
          "note": "Miverimberina manonona ilay taratasy i Irenaeus (ao amin’ny 5.8.1 sy 5.14.3 koa), ary mitatitra fa mitanisa ny teniny ho an’i Paoly ny mpampianatra valentiniana (1.8.4–5). Tokony ho tamin’ny 180, dia samy nandray azy ho an’i Paoly izy sy ny mpanohitra azy; mampiseho ny fanekena azy izany, fa tsy hoe iza no nanoratra azy."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 170,
          "dateTo": 400,
          "grade": "canon-list",
          "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf",
            "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus)",
            "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond",
            "year": "1886",
            "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3 (ANF 5 numbering)",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "as the blessed Apostle Paul, following the rule of his predecessor John, writes to no more than seven churches by name, in this order: the first to the Corinthians, the second to the Ephesians, the third to the Philippians",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Muratorian Fragment",
          "date": "tokony ho 170–200 taor. J.K. araka ny daty nentim-paharazana; misy manohana ny taonjato faha-4",
          "note": "Mametraka ny Efesiana ho faharoa amin’ny taratasin’i Paoly ho an’ny fiangonana fito voatonona anarana izy. Maro no mametraka ilay lisitra tokony ho 170–200 tany Andrefana; manohana lisitra tatsinanana tamin’ny taonjato fahefatra i Sundberg (1973) sy Hahneman (1992). Sora-tanana latina tamin’ny taonjato fahavalo no dika fototra ananany."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 198,
          "dateTo": 210,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Strom. 4.8",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf",
            "author": "Clement of Alexandria",
            "work": "Stromata",
            "translator": "William Wilson",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Strom. 4.8",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02104.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Wherefore also in the Epistle to the Ephesians it is written, Subjecting yourselves one to another in the fear of God.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Clement avy any Aleksandria, Stromata",
          "date": "tokony ho 198–210 taor. J.K.",
          "note": "Manonona ilay taratasy i Clement ary manonona avy amin’ny Efesiana 5:21–29 miaraka amin’ny raikipiteny hoe voasoratra, avy eo mitodika amin’ny Kolosiana. Mpampianatra tany Aleksandria izy, ka mampiseho fa novakina ho manana fahefana tany Ejipta izany, toy ny asehon’i Irenaeus ho an’i Galia."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 175,
          "dateTo": 250,
          "grade": "manuscript",
          "locator": "Gregory-Aland P46 (Dublin, Chester Beatty Library, BP II)",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "csntm",
            "work": "CSNTM manuscript record: GA P46",
            "locator": "GA P46",
            "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46",
            "publicDomain": false,
            "quote": "",
            "role": "catalogue-record"
          },
          "witness": "Papyrus 46 (P46)",
          "date": "tokony ho 200 taor. J.K. (araka ny endri-tsoratra)",
          "note": "Ny sora-tanana tranainy indrindra: kôdeksa papyrus misy ny taratasin’i Paoly, atao tokony ho 200 taor. J.K. araka ny endri-tsoratra, miaraka amin’ny elanelam-pahadisoana am-polony taona. Tsy manonona tanàna izy ao amin’ny Efesiana 1:1, toy ny Sinaiticus sy Vaticanus talohan’ny nanampian’ny mpanitsy tatỳ aoriana an’i Efesosy."
        }
      ],
      "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/mg/explore/evidence#reception-ephesians"
    },
    {
      "letterId": "philippians",
      "summary": "Voaporofo tsara ny fisian’ny Filipiana amin’ny faran’ny taonjato faharoa. Mampahatsiahy ny Filipiana i Polycarp (tokony ho 110–140) fa nanoratra ho azy ireo i Paoly; tafiditra ao amin’ny fitambaran’i Marcion (tokony ho taompolo 140) izy; manonona azy ny taratasy iray avy any Lyons (tokony ho 177); manonona azy amin’ny anarany i Irenaeus sy i Clement avy any Aleksandria; mitahiry azy ny P46 (tokony ho 200). Mety hisy akony ao amin’ny 1 Clement sy i Ignatius, nefa tsy voaporofo.",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "dateFrom": 80,
          "dateTo": 120,
          "grade": "possible-echo",
          "locator": "1 Clement 21.1; cf. 47.2",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot",
            "author": "Clement of Rome",
            "work": "First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "1 Clem. 21.1",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "if we walk not worthily of Him, and do those things which are good and well pleasing in His sight with concord.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "1 Clement (avy any Roma ho an’i Korinto)",
          "date": "tokony ho 95–100 (iadian-kevitra)",
          "note": "Ampiarahin’ny 21.1 ny teny hoe mendrika sy ilay matoanteny grika momba ny fitondrana ny fiainana amin’ny maha-olom-pirenena, toy ny ataon’ny Filipiana 1:27, ary mifanaraka amin’ny Filipiana 4:15 ny hoe tamin’ny fiandohan’ny Filazantsara ao amin’ny 47.2. Mety ho fomba fiteny Kristiana iombonana izy roa; ny taratasin’i Paoly ho an’i Korinto ihany no anononan’i Clement anarana."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 105,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "possible-echo",
          "locator": "Ignatius, Philadelphians 8.2; cf. Smyrnaeans 4.2",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot",
            "author": "Ignatius of Antioch",
            "work": "Epistle to the Philadelphians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Phld. 8.2",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-philadelphians-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "and I entreat you, Do ye nothing in a spirit of factiousness but after the teaching of Christ.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Ignatius avy any Antiokia, taratasy",
          "date": "tokony ho 110 (iadian-kevitra)",
          "note": "Iombonan’ny Philadelphians 8.2 sy ny Filipiana 2:3 ny teny grika hoe tsy misy avy amin’ny fifandrafiana; mitovitovy amin’ny Filipiana 4:13 ny Smyrnaeans 4.2, momba ny fiaretana ny zavatra rehetra noho ny fampaherezan’i Kristy azy. Tsy manonona ny Filipiana mihitsy i Ignatius, ary mety niely tsy miankina ny teny toy izany, ka azo heverina ny fampiasany azy nefa tsy voaporofo."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 110,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Polycarp, Philippians 3.2; cf. 9.2, 12.3",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot",
            "author": "Polycarp",
            "work": "Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Pol. Phil. 3.2",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "the blessed and glorious Paul, who when he came among you taught face to face with the men of that day the word which concerneth truth carefully and surely; who also, when he was absent, wrote a letter unto you",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Polycarp avy any Smyrna, To the Philippians",
          "date": "tokony ho 110–140",
          "note": "Milaza amin’ny Filipiana izy fa, rehefa tsy teo i Paoly, dia nanoratra taratasy ho azy ireo izy (endrika milaza maro amin’ny teny grika; adikan’i Lightfoot ho taratasy iray): samy misy mpanohana ny hoe taratasy iray, taratasy maro, na Filipiana natambatra. Iombonan’ny 9.2 sy ny Filipiana 2:16 ny fomba fiteny (ampitahao amin’ny Galatiana 2:2); mety misy akon’ny Filipiana 3:18 ny 12.3, izay amin’ny teny latina ihany no mbola misy."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 140,
          "dateTo": 150,
          "grade": "canon-list",
          "locator": "Tertullian, Against Marcion 5.20",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf",
            "author": "Tertullian",
            "work": "Against Marcion",
            "translator": "P. Holmes",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Marc. 5.20",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Of course the Marcionites suppose that they have the apostle on their side in the following passage in the matter of Christ's substance — that in Him there was nothing but a phantom of flesh.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Apostolikon an’i Marcion, araka ny tatitr’i Tertullian",
          "date": "tokony ho taompolo 140 (notaterina tamin’ny fiandohan’ny taonjato faha-3)",
          "note": "Avy amin’ireo taratasin’i Paoly neken’i Marcion ihany no anorenan’ny Boky 5 ny tohan-keviny; mandinika ny Filipiana ny toko 20, ka mamaly ilay filazan’ny mpanaraka an’i Marcion, avy amin’ny Filipiana 2:6–8, fa toa nanana nofo fotsiny i Kristy. Amin’ny alalan’ny mpitatitra manohitra azy ihany no itahirizana ny fitambaran’i Marcion, ka tsy azo antoka ny teny marina tao aminy."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 175,
          "dateTo": 180,
          "grade": "clear-quotation",
          "locator": "Eusebius, Church History 5.2.2",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "eusebius-history-mcgiffert",
            "author": "Eusebius of Caesarea",
            "work": "Church History",
            "translator": "A. C. McGiffert",
            "year": "1890",
            "locator": "Hist. eccl. 5.2.2",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250105.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "It is proper to add other selections from the same letter, in which the moderation and compassion of these witnesses is recorded in the following words: They were also so zealous in their imitation of Christ",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Taratasin’ny fiangonana tany Vienne sy Lyons, ao amin’i Eusebius",
          "date": "tokony ho 177 (notahirin’i Eusebius, fiandohan’ny taonjato faha-4)",
          "note": "Milaza ny fanahafan’ny maritiora an’i Kristy amin’ny tenin’ny Filipiana 2:6 izy, manonona azy nefa tsy milaza ny anaran’ilay taratasy. Amin’ireo sombin-teny nalain’i Eusebius ihany no mbola itahirizana ny taratasin’ireo fiangonana tany Galia, ka amin’ny alalany no ahatongavan’ny teniny amintsika."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 180,
          "dateTo": 189,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Irenaeus, Against Heresies 4.18.4",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf",
            "author": "Irenaeus",
            "work": "Against Heresies",
            "translator": "A. Roberts and W. H. Rambaut",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Haer. 4.18.4",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103418.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Inasmuch, then, as the Church offers with single-mindedness, her gift is justly reckoned a pure sacrifice with God. As Paul also says to the Philippians,",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Irenaeus avy any Lyons, Against Heresies",
          "date": "tokony ho 180–189",
          "note": "Ampidiriny amin’ny hoe araka ny lazain’i Paoly koa amin’ny Filipiana ny Filipiana 4:18, ilay fanomezana nentin’i Epafrodito, ho maodelin’ny fanatitry ny fiangonana. Anisan’ny fanononana tranainy indrindra mbola voatahiry izay milaza ny olona nandefasana ilay taratasy."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 170,
          "dateTo": 400,
          "grade": "canon-list",
          "locator": "Muratorian fragment, Pauline letter list",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf",
            "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5)",
            "year": "1886",
            "locator": "Pauline letter list",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/muratorian.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "the blessed Apostle Paul, following the rule of his predecessor John, writes to no more than seven churches by name, in this order: the first to the Corinthians, the second to the Ephesians, the third to the Philippians, the fourth to the Colossians",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Muratorian fragment",
          "date": "faran’ny taonjato faha-2 (iadian-kevitra)",
          "note": "Mametraka ny Filipiana ho fahatelo amin’ny taratasin’i Paoly ho an’ny fiangonana fito izy, fandaharana ara-tandindona. Maro no mametraka ilay lisitra ho tany Roma tamin’ny faran’ny taonjato faharoa; nanohana fiaviana tamin’ny taonjato fahefatra i Sundberg sy Hahneman. Ao amin’ny sora-tanana latina tamin’ny taonjato fahafito na fahavalo no mbola itahirizana azy."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 195,
          "dateTo": 215,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Clement, Stromata 4.13",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf",
            "author": "Clement of Alexandria",
            "work": "Stromata",
            "translator": "W. Wilson",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Strom. 4.13",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02104.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "joying and rejoicing with the Philippians, to whom the apostle speaks, calling them fellow-partakers of joy",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Clement avy any Aleksandria, Stromata",
          "date": "tokony ho 200 (iadian-kevitra)",
          "note": "Manonona ny Filipiana 1:28–2:2 sy 2:20–21 izy, mamintina ny 2:17 amin’ny teny hafa, ary milaza ny Filipiana ho olona nandefasan’ilay apostoly ny taratasiny, ka mampiseho fa nampiasaina tany Aleksandria ilay taratasy tokony ho tamin’ny 200."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 175,
          "dateTo": 250,
          "grade": "manuscript",
          "locator": "Gregory-Aland P46",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "csntm",
            "work": "P46 manuscript record",
            "locator": "Gregory-Aland P46",
            "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46",
            "publicDomain": false,
            "quote": "",
            "role": "catalogue-record"
          },
          "witness": "Papyrus 46 (Chester Beatty BP II sy Michigan)",
          "date": "tokony ho 200 (iadian-kevitra)",
          "note": "Ny sora-tanana tranainy indrindra mbola voatahiry amin’ny Filipiana, ao anaty kôdeksan’ny taratasin’i Paoly izay mizara any Dublin (Chester Beatty BP II) sy Ann Arbor (P. Mich. inv. 6238). Ny ankamaroany dia mametraka ny datiny manakaiky ny 200; vitsy no nanohana ny daty tamin’ny faran’ny taonjato voalohany natolotr’i Young Kyu Kim."
        }
      ],
      "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/mg/explore/evidence#reception-philippians"
    },
    {
      "letterId": "colossians",
      "summary": "I Irenaeus, tokony ho tamin’ny 180, no mpanoratra voalohany azo antoka ny datiny izay manonona ny Kolosiana. Talohan’izany, efa tao amin’ny fitambaran’ny taratasin’i Paoly nataon’i Marcion izy tokony ho tamin’ny 150, araka ny tatitr’i Tertullian, ary nitanisa azy ho an’i Paoly ny mpampianatra valentiniana. Mety misy akony ao amin’i Ignatius sy i Polycarp, nefa tsy azo antoka izy roa. Papyrus 46, tokony ho 200, no dika tranainy indrindra mbola voatahiry. Tsy mamaha ny fanontaniana momba ny mpanoratra ny fampiasana azy tany am-boalohany.",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "dateFrom": 105,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "possible-echo",
          "locator": "To the Trallians 5.2",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot",
            "author": "Ignatius of Antioch",
            "work": "Epistle to the Trallians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "To the Trallians 5.2",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-trallians-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "comprehend heavenly things and the arrays of the angels and the musterings of the principalities, things visible and things invisible",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Ignatius avy any Antiokia, To the Trallians",
          "date": "tokony ho 110 taor. J.K. (iadian-kevitra ny daty)",
          "note": "Apetrak’i Ignatius miaraka amin’ny laharan’anjely ny zavatra hita sy tsy hita, toy ny ataon’ny Kolosiana 1:16, ary mitovitovy amin’izany ny Smyrnaeans 6.1. Mety niombonan’ny Kristiana io fomba filazana ny lanitra io nefa tsy nalaina tamin’ilay taratasy, ka mety ho akony fotsiny izany."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 110,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "possible-echo",
          "locator": "To the Philippians 10.1",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot",
            "author": "Polycarp",
            "work": "Epistle to the Philippians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "To the Philippians 10.1",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Stand fast therefore in these things and follow the example of the Lord, being firm in the faith and immovable",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Polycarp avy any Smyrna, To the Philippians",
          "date": "tokony ho 110–140 taor. J.K.",
          "note": "Mitovitovy amin’ny Kolosiana 1:23 ny fiantsoana hiorina amin’ny finoana sy tsy hangozohozo, nefa farafahakeliny akaiky tahaka izany koa ny 1 Korintiana 15:58. Amin’ny dika latina ihany no mbola ahitana ity toko ity, ka tsy azo ampitahaina ny teny grika tao aminy."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 140,
          "dateTo": 160,
          "grade": "canon-list",
          "locator": "Against Marcion 5.19",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf",
            "author": "Tertullian",
            "work": "Against Marcion, Book 5 (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3)",
            "translator": "Peter Holmes",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Against Marcion 5.19",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Now, if it is our gospel which has spread everywhere, rather than any heretical gospel, much less Marcion's, which only dates from the reign of Antoninus, then ours will be the gospel of the apostles.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Apostolikon an’i Marcion, araka ny tatitr’i Tertullian",
          "date": "tokony ho 140–150 taor. J.K. (notaterina tokony ho 207–208)",
          "note": "Mamaly an’i Marcion avy amin’ireo taratasy ao amin’ny fanontan’i Marcion i Tertullian, ary eto dia avy amin’ny Kolosiana ao amin’i Marcion no anorenany hevitra, ka efa tao amin’ny fitambaran’ny taratasin’i Paoly nataon’i Marcion ilay taratasy tamin’ny tapaky ny taonjato faharoa. Iadian-kevitra ny halehiben’ny fitovian’ny lahatsoratr’i Marcion amin’ny antsika."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 150,
          "dateTo": 180,
          "grade": "clear-quotation",
          "locator": "Against Heresies 1.3.4",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf",
            "author": "Irenaeus",
            "work": "Against Heresies, Book 1 (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 1)",
            "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Against Heresies 1.3.4",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103103.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "And they state that it was clearly on this account that Paul said",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Mpampianatra valentiniana, araka ny tatitr’i Irenaeus",
          "date": "talohan’ny tokony ho 180 taor. J.K.",
          "note": "Mitatitra i Irenaeus fa mitanisa an’i Paoly amin’ny teny akaikin’ny Kolosiana 3:11 sy Kolosiana 2:9 ny mpampianatra valentiniana, mba hampisehoana fa avy amin’ny Aeons rehetra ny Mpamonjy. Efa nandray ny tenin’ilay taratasy ho an’i Paoly àry ny mpamaky ivelan’ireo fiangonana lehibe talohan’ny tokony ho 180."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 180,
          "dateTo": 189,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Against Heresies 3.14.1",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf",
            "author": "Irenaeus",
            "work": "Against Heresies, Book 3 (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 1)",
            "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Against Heresies 3.14.1",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103314.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "From this he shows that he was always attached to and inseparable from him. And again he says, in the Epistle to the Colossians",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Irenaeus avy any Lyon, Against Heresies",
          "date": "tokony ho 180–189 taor. J.K.",
          "note": "Manonona ny taratasy ho an’ny Kolosiana i Irenaeus ary mitanisa ny fiarahaban’i Lioka ao amin’ny Kolosiana 4:14, mba hampisehoana fa nijanona akaikin’i Paoly i Lioka. Manonona indray ilay taratasy any an-kafa izy, ohatra ao amin’ny Against Heresies 5.14.2."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 170,
          "dateTo": 375,
          "grade": "canon-list",
          "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3 (ANF numbering)",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf",
            "author": "Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment)",
            "work": "Canon Muratorianus (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5)",
            "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond",
            "year": "1886",
            "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3 (ANF numbering)",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "writes to no more than seven churches by name, in this order: the first to the Corinthians, the second to the Ephesians, the third to the Philippians, the fourth to the Colossians",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Muratorian Fragment",
          "date": "faran’ny taonjato faha-2, na taonjato faha-4 (iadian-kevitra)",
          "note": "Mametraka ny Kolosiana ho fahefatra amin’ny taratasin’i Paoly ho an’ny fiangonana fito ilay lisitra. Ny ankamaroan’ny manam-pahaizana dia mametraka azy tokony ho 170–200, ary vitsy anisa no mametraka azy amin’ny taonjato fahefatra. Amin’ny sora-tanana latina tamin’ny taonjato fahafito na fahavalo ihany no mbola itahirizana ny lahatsorany manontolo."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 198,
          "dateTo": 215,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Stromata 5.10",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf",
            "author": "Clement of Alexandria",
            "work": "Stromata, Book 5 (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 2)",
            "translator": "William Wilson",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Stromata 5.10",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02105.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "For there is an instruction of the perfect, of which, writing to the Colossians, he says",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Clement avy any Aleksandria, Stromata",
          "date": "tokony ho 200 taor. J.K.",
          "note": "Manonona ny taratasy nosoratana ho an’ny Kolosiana i Clement ary manonona andalana maro ao aminy, anisan’izany ny Kolosiana 1:9–11 sy Kolosiana 1:25–27, momba ny zava-miafina nambara tamin’ny mpino matotra. Namaky azy ho taratasin’i Paoly ny Kristiana tany Aleksandria tokony ho tamin’ny 200."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 175,
          "dateTo": 250,
          "grade": "manuscript",
          "locator": "Gregory-Aland P46 (Dublin, Chester Beatty Library, CBL BP II)",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "csntm",
            "author": "Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts",
            "work": "CSNTM manuscript record: GA P46",
            "locator": "GA P46 (CSNTM images 134471, Philippians 4 to Colossians 1; 134835, Colossians 4 to 1 Thessalonians 1)",
            "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46",
            "publicDomain": false,
            "quote": "",
            "role": "catalogue-record"
          },
          "witness": "Papyrus 46 (Gregory-Aland P46)",
          "date": "tokony ho 200 taor. J.K. (iadian-kevitra)",
          "note": "Ao amin’ity kôdeksan’ny taratasin’i Paoly ity, dia manohy avy hatrany amin’ny Kolosiana ny Filipiana, ary manohy amin’ny 1 Tesaloniana ny Kolosiana. Apetraky ny CSNTM tokony ho 200 ny datiny. Eo anelanelan’ny tokony ho 175 sy 250 ny ankamaroan’ny daty faritana araka ny endri-tsoratra; vitsy no nanohana ny soso-kevitra momba ny taonjato voalohany."
        }
      ],
      "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/mg/explore/evidence#reception-colossians"
    },
    {
      "letterId": "1-thessalonians",
      "summary": "I Irenaeus, nanoratra tokony ho 180–189, no mpanoratra avy amin’ny fiangonana voalohany azo antoka ny datiny izay manonona ny 1 Tesaloniana, ka manonona ny vavaka ao aminy momba ny fanahy, aina ary vatana. Asehon’ny fandavan’i Tertullian tatỳ aoriana fa efa tao amin’ny fitambaran’ny taratasin’i Paoly nataon’i Marcion tamin’ny taompolo 140 izy. Mety ho akony fotsiny no hita amin’i Ignatius sy i Polycarp. Manonona azy mazava i Clement avy any Aleksandria. Mitahiry ampahany amin’ny toko 1–2 ny Papyrus 46, tokony ho 200.",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "dateFrom": 105,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "possible-echo",
          "locator": "To the Ephesians 10.1; cf. To the Romans 2.1",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot",
            "author": "Ignatius of Antioch",
            "work": "Epistle to the Ephesians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Ign. Eph. 10.1",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-ephesians-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "And pray ye also without ceasing for the rest of mankind (for there is in them a hope of repentance), that they may find God.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Ignatius avy any Antiokia",
          "date": "tokony ho 110 (misy manohana ny tokony ho 140)",
          "note": "Milaza amin’ny Efesiana izy mba hivavaka tsy tapaka ho an’ny any ivelany, ilay baiko ao amin’ny 1 Tesaloniana 5:17; ao amin’ny To the Romans 2.1 dia ampifanohariny ny fampifaliana olona sy ny fampifaliana an’Andriamanitra, toy ny ataon’ny 1 Tesaloniana 2:4. Noho ny fiteny mitovitovy ao amin’ny Romana 1:9 sy Galatiana 1:10, dia azo heverina ny fifampiankinana nefa tsy voaporofo."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 110,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "possible-echo",
          "locator": "To the Philippians 11.1",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot",
            "author": "Polycarp of Smyrna",
            "work": "Epistle to the Philippians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Pol. Phil. 11.1",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "I warn you therefore that ye refrain from covetousness, and that ye be pure and truthful. Refrain from all evil.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Polycarp avy any Smyrna",
          "date": "tokony ho 110–140",
          "note": "Adikan’i Lightfoot ho fadio ny ratsy rehetra ilay teny; mampiasa ny fiteny ao amin’ny 1 Tesaloniana 5:22 kosa ny dikan’ny ANF. Amin’ny teny latina ihany no mbola ahitana ilay toko, ary fampianarana ara-pitondran-tena mahazatra ilay ohabolana, ka akony farafahabetsany no azo lazaina; mitanisa ny 1 Korintiana ho an’i Paoly ny 11.2."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 140,
          "dateTo": 150,
          "grade": "canon-list",
          "locator": "Tertullian, Against Marcion 5.15 (on 1 Thessalonians 2:15)",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf",
            "author": "Tertullian",
            "work": "Against Marcion, Book V (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3)",
            "translator": "Peter Holmes",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.15 (on 1 Thessalonians 2:15)",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "although (the pronoun) their own be an addition of the heretics.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Apostolikon an’i Marcion (araka ny tatitr’i Tertullian)",
          "date": "tokony ho 140–150 (notaterina tokony ho 207–212)",
          "note": "Mamaly ny fanontan’i Marcion ny taratasin’i Paoly tsirairay i Tertullian, ary miampanga ireo mpivadi-pinoana ho nanampy ny hoe ny azy manokana ao amin’ny 1 Tesaloniana 2:15, ka tao amin’ny Apostolikon an’i Marcion ity taratasy ity. Tsy mivantana ny porofo: amin’ny tatitry ny mpanohitra ihany no mbola itahirizana ny lahatsoratr’i Marcion, nosoratana tokony ho 207–212 eto."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 180,
          "dateTo": 189,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Against Heresies 5.6.1",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf",
            "author": "Irenaeus of Lyons",
            "work": "Against Heresies, Book V (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 1)",
            "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Adv. Haer. 5.6.1",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103506.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "And for this cause does the apostle, explaining himself, make it clear that the saved man is a complete man as well as a spiritual man; saying thus in the first Epistle to the Thessalonians",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Irenaeus avy any Lyons",
          "date": "tokony ho 180–189",
          "note": "Manonona ny taratasy voalohany ho an’ny Tesaloniana izy ary manonona ny 1 Tesaloniana 5:23 ho tenin’ilay apostoly, ka manamafy fa tafiditra ao amin’ny famonjena ny vatana. Manonona ilay faharoa izy ao amin’ny Against Heresies 3.7.2. Io no fanononana mazava ny anarana voalohany azo antoka ny datiny avy amin’ny mpanoratra avy amin’ny fiangonana."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 170,
          "dateTo": 400,
          "grade": "canon-list",
          "locator": "Muratorian Fragment §3 (ANF numbering)",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf",
            "author": "Anonymous",
            "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus)",
            "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond",
            "year": "1886",
            "locator": "§3 in ANF numbering (Paul's letters)",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "the fifth to the Galatians, the sixth to the Thessalonians, the seventh to the Romans. Moreover, though he writes twice to the Corinthians and Thessalonians for their correction",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Muratorian Fragment",
          "date": "tokony ho 170–200, na taonjato faha-4 (iadian-kevitra)",
          "note": "Mametraka ny taratasy ho an’ny Tesaloniana ho fahenina amin’ny taratasin’i Paoly ho an’ny fiangonana fito izy, ary milaza fa indroa no nanoratany ho an’ny Korintiana sy ny Tesaloniana. Matetika atao tokony ho 170–200 ary apetraka tany Roma; misy, indrindra i Hahneman (1992), manohana ny taonjato fahefatra."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 175,
          "dateTo": 250,
          "grade": "manuscript",
          "locator": "GA P46, folio 94 (Dublin, Chester Beatty Library, CBL BP II)",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "csntm",
            "author": "Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts",
            "work": "Manuscript record: GA P46 (Chester Beatty Biblical Papyrus II)",
            "locator": "GA P46, images P46_094a and P46_094b (Dublin, Chester Beatty Library, CBL BP II; 2nd-3rd century)",
            "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P46",
            "publicDomain": false,
            "quote": "",
            "role": "catalogue-record"
          },
          "witness": "Papyrus 46 (GA P46)",
          "date": "tokony ho 200 (taonjato faha-2–faha-3)",
          "note": "Mampiseho ny Kolosiana 4:16–18 arahin’ny 1 Tesaloniana 1:1 sy 1:9–2:3 ny sarin’ny folio 94 ao amin’ny CSNTM. Apetraky ny CSNTM tokony ho 200 ny datin’ilay kôdeksa, ary amin’ny taonjato fahatelo kosa ny Chester Beatty Library; vitsy no nanohana ny daty tamin’ny taonjato voalohany natolotra."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 195,
          "dateTo": 210,
          "grade": "clear-quotation",
          "locator": "Stromata 4.12",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf",
            "author": "Clement of Alexandria",
            "work": "Stromata, Book IV (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 2)",
            "translator": "William Wilson",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Strom. 4.12 (against Basilides)",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02104.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Providence being a disciplinary art; in the case of others for each individual's sins, and in the case of the Lord and His apostles for ours. To this point says the divine apostle",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Clement avy any Aleksandria",
          "date": "tokony ho 200",
          "note": "Manonona lava ny 1 Tesaloniana 4:3–8 ho tenin’ilay apostoly araka an’Andriamanitra izy rehefa mamaly an’i Basilides; any an-kafa ao amin’ny Stromata (1.11, 6.13), dia mitanisa ny 1 Tesaloniana 5:21 sy 4:17 ho an’ilay apostoly. Fampiasana mazava sy manam-pahefana izany, na dia tsy manonona ny anaran’ilay taratasy aza ireo andalana ireo."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 207,
          "dateTo": 212,
          "grade": "clear-quotation",
          "locator": "Against Marcion 5.15 (on 1 Thessalonians 5:23)",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf",
            "author": "Tertullian",
            "work": "Against Marcion, Book V (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3)",
            "translator": "Peter Holmes",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.15 (on 1 Thessalonians 5:23)",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "how is it that the apostle has given certain distinct names to all (our faculties), and has comprised them all in one prayer for their safety",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Tertullian",
          "date": "tokony ho 207–212",
          "note": "Mandinika tsikelikely ilay taratasy ho fanoherana an’i Marcion izy, ka manonona na mamintina amin’ny teny hafa ny 1 Tesaloniana 2:15, 4:3–5, 4:15–17, 5:19–20 ary 5:23; toa an’i Irenaeus, ampiasainy ny vavaka momba ny fanahy, aina ary vatana mba hiarovana ny famonjena ny vatana. Tsy manonona ny anaran’ilay taratasy ilay andalana."
        }
      ],
      "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/mg/explore/evidence#reception-1-thessalonians"
    },
    {
      "letterId": "2-thessalonians",
      "summary": "Azo inoana fa nampiasa ny 2 Tesaloniana i Polycarp (tokony ho 110–140), ka nampahatsiahy ny fireharehan’i Paoly momba ny Tesaloniana rehefa nanoratra ho an’i Filipy, ary tao amin’ny fanontan’i Marcion tamin’ny tapaky ny taonjato faharoa koa izy. I Irenaeus (tokony ho 180) no mpanoratra voalohany mbola voatahiry manonona ny anarany; isain’ny lisitra Muratoriana izy. Mety ho akony fotsiny no hita amin’i Ignatius. Anisan’ny dikany tranainy indrindra ny P30, papyrus tamin’ny taonjato fahatelo. Tsy mamaha ny fanontaniana momba ny mpanoratra ny fampiasana azy tany am-boalohany.",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "dateFrom": 105,
          "dateTo": 150,
          "grade": "possible-echo",
          "locator": "Ign. Rom. 10.3",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot",
            "author": "Ignatius of Antioch",
            "work": "Epistle to the Romans",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Ign. Rom. 10.3",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-romans-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Fare ye well unto the end in the patient waiting for Jesus Christ.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Ignatius avy any Antiokia, To the Romans",
          "date": "tokony ho 105–117 (misy manohana ny taompolo 140)",
          "note": "Raha adika ara-bakiteny, dia miresaka ny fiaretan’i Jesosy Kristy ny teny grikan’i Ignatius, akaikin’ny fomba fiteny ao amin’ny 2 Tesaloniana 3:5. Mampiasa fiteny mitovitovy ny Apokalipsy 1:9, ka mety ho fomba fiteny iombonana izany. Nosokajian’ny komitin’i Oxford tamin’ny 1905 ho kilasy d izy, tsy azo antoka loatra ka tsy azo ianteherana."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 110,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "probable-allusion",
          "locator": "Pol. Phil. 11.3",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot",
            "author": "Polycarp of Smyrna",
            "work": "Epistle to the Philippians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Pol. Phil. 11.3",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "among whom the blessed Paul labored, who were his letters in the beginning. For he boasteth of you in all those churches which alone at that time knew God",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Polycarp avy any Smyrna, To the Philippians",
          "date": "tokony ho 110–140",
          "note": "Rehefa manoratra ho an’i Filipy i Polycarp, dia milaza fa mirehareha ny amin’ny mpamakiny any amin’ny fiangonana rehetra i Paoly. Ny fomba fiteny akaiky indrindra dia ao amin’ny 2 Tesaloniana 1:4, izay ho an’ny fiangonana iray hafa any Makedonia; mety ho diso fitadidiana izy, na nampihatra tamin’ny ankapobeny ny fideran’i Paoly an’i Filipy. Amin’ny teny latina ihany. Noheverin’ny komitin’i Oxford tamin’ny 1905 ho tena azo inoana ny fampiasany azy."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 110,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "possible-echo",
          "locator": "Pol. Phil. 11.4",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot",
            "author": "Polycarp of Smyrna",
            "work": "Epistle to the Philippians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Pol. Phil. 11.4",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Be ye therefore yourselves also sober herein, and hold not such as enemies but restore them as frail and erring members, that ye may save the whole body of you.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Polycarp avy any Smyrna, To the Philippians",
          "date": "tokony ho 110–140",
          "note": "Mampirisika ny Filipiana i Polycarp mba tsy handray an’i Valens, presbitera taloha, sy ny vadiny ho fahavalo, akaikin’ny 2 Tesaloniana 3:15, fa hamerina azy ireo kosa, akaiky kokoa ny Galatiana 6:1. Mety hanazava izany ny fomba fanao iombonan’ny fiangonana. Nomen’ny komitin’i Oxford tamin’ny 1905 naoty ambany kokoa izy (kilasy c). Amin’ny teny latina ihany."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 138,
          "dateTo": 161,
          "grade": "canon-list",
          "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.16",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf",
            "author": "Tertullian",
            "work": "Against Marcion",
            "translator": "Peter Holmes",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.16",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "The heretic, however, has erased the flaming fire, no doubt that he might extinguish all traces herein of our own God.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Apostolikon an’i Marcion, araka ny tatitr’i Tertullian",
          "date": "tokony ho 138–161 (i Marcion, araka an’i Tertullian); notaterina tokony ho 207 na taorian’izay",
          "note": "Miampanga an’i Marcion ho namafa ny afon’ny fitsarana ao amin’ny 2 Tesaloniana 1:7–8 i Tertullian, ka tao amin’ny Apostolikon an’i Marcion misy taratasy folo ilay taratasy; aorian’ny 1 Tesaloniana avy hatrany no dinihin’i Tertullian izy. Tatitry ny mpanohitra izy io, avy amin’ny tokony ho 207 na tatỳ aoriana."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 170,
          "dateTo": 400,
          "grade": "canon-list",
          "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3 (ANF 5 numbering)",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf",
            "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus)",
            "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond",
            "year": "1886",
            "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3 (ANF 5 numbering)",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Moreover, though he writes twice to the Corinthians and Thessalonians for their correction, it is yet shown — i.e., by this sevenfold writing — that there is one Church spread abroad through the whole world.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Muratorian Fragment",
          "date": "tokony ho 170–200 (hevitra vitsy anisa: taonjato faha-4)",
          "note": "Rehefa avy manonona ireo fiangonana fito nanoratan’i Paoly izy, dia manampy fa indroa no nanoratany ho an’ny Korintiana sy ny Tesaloniana, ka manisa taratasy roa ho an’i Tesalonika. Manohana ny tokony ho 170–200 ny filazany fa vao haingana dia haingana no nanoratan’i Hermas; manohana ny taonjato fahefatra i Sundberg (1973) sy Hahneman (1992)."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 176,
          "dateTo": 189,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Haer. 3.7.2",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf",
            "author": "Irenaeus of Lyons",
            "work": "Against Heresies",
            "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Haer. 3.7.2",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103307.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "And again, in the Second to the Thessalonians, speaking of Antichrist, he says,",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Irenaeus avy any Lyons, Against Heresies",
          "date": "tokony ho 180",
          "note": "Manonona ny faharoa ho an’ny Tesaloniana i Irenaeus ary manonona ny 2 Tesaloniana 2:8–9 ho an’i Paoly rehefa mandinika ny filaharan-teniny; manonona azy indray momba ny Antikristy ny Haer. 5.25.1 sy 5.25.3. Io no fanononana anarana tranainy indrindra mbola voatahiry avy amin’ny mpanoratra fantatra."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 190,
          "dateTo": 215,
          "grade": "clear-quotation",
          "locator": "Strom. 5.3",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf",
            "author": "Clement of Alexandria",
            "work": "Stromata, Book V (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 2)",
            "translator": "William Wilson",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Strom. 5.3",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02105.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "The mob, then, said I, cannot become philosopher. Many rod-bearers there are, but few Bacchi, according to Plato.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Clement avy any Aleksandria, Stromata",
          "date": "tokony ho 200",
          "note": "Manonona akaiky ny 2 Tesaloniana 3:1–2 i Clement, aorian’ny fitanisany avy hatrany ny 1 Korintiana 8:7 ho an’ilay apostoly, ao anatin’ny fitohizan-dahatsoratra momba ny fahavitsian’ny olona manam-pinoana. Tsy manonona ny anaran’ilay taratasy izy eto."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 200,
          "dateTo": 399,
          "grade": "manuscript",
          "locator": "GA P30; P. Oxy. XIII 1598; Ghent University Library Inv. 61",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "csntm",
            "author": "Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts",
            "work": "CSNTM manuscript record: P30",
            "locator": "GA P30",
            "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P30",
            "publicDomain": false,
            "quote": "",
            "role": "catalogue-record"
          },
          "witness": "Papyrus 30 (P. Oxy. 1598)",
          "date": "taonjato faha-3 (mpanonta voalohany: faran’ny faha-3 na faha-4)",
          "note": "Kôdeksa papyrus avy any Oxyrhynchus, any Ghent ankehitriny. Namaky ny 1 Tesaloniana 4:12 hatramin’ny 2 Tesaloniana 1:2, misy banga, ny mpanonta voalohany, ka nanaraka ny 1 Tesaloniana ny 2 Tesaloniana; manoso-kevitra fitambaran’ny taratasin’i Paoly ny laharan-pejy 207–208. Napetrak’izy ireo tamin’ny faran’ny taonjato fahatelo na ny fahefatra ny datiny, azo inoana fa faran’ny fahatelo."
        }
      ],
      "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/mg/explore/evidence#reception-2-thessalonians"
    },
    {
      "letterId": "1-timothy",
      "summary": "Manomboka tokony ho 180 taor. J.K. no hita ny fampiasana mazava ny 1 Timoty miaraka amin’ny filazana ny mpanoratra azy ao amin’i Irenaeus, avy eo i Clement avy any Aleksandria, i Tertullian ary ny lisitra Muratoriana (raha tamin’ny taonjato faharoa). Azo inoana fa mampiasa azy i Polycarp (tokony ho 110–140); mety ho akony fotsiny no hita amin’ny 1 Clement sy i Ignatius. Milaza i Tertullian fa tsy tao amin’ny fanontan’i Marcion tamin’ny tapaky ny taonjato faharoa izy. Ny dika tranainy indrindra fantatra dia P133, sombin-papyrus tamin’ny taonjato fahatelo.",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "dateFrom": 70,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "possible-echo",
          "locator": "1 Clement 61.2",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot",
            "author": "Clement of Rome (traditional attribution)",
            "work": "1 Clement",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "1 Clem. 61.2",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "For Thou, O heavenly Master, King of the ages, givest to the sons of men glory and honor and power over all things that are upon the earth.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "1 Clement (taratasin’ny fiangonana any Roma ho an’i Korinto)",
          "date": "matetika tokony ho 95–97 taor. J.K. (manomboka amin’ny tokony ho 70 ka hatramin’ny tokony ho 140 ny soso-kevitra)",
          "note": "Miantso an’Andriamanitra ho Mpanjakan’ny mandrakizay ny vavaka ho an’ny mpitondra, ilay anaram-boninahitra grika ao amin’ny 1 Timoty 1:17, akaikin’ny lohahevitry ny 1 Timoty 2:1–3. Efa nentim-paharazana tamin’ny vavaka jiosy ny fiteny toy izany, ary maro no mametraka ny 1 Timoty ho aorian’ny 1 Clement, ka tsy azo aseho ny fifampiankinana."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 105,
          "dateTo": 150,
          "grade": "possible-echo",
          "locator": "Ignatius, To Polycarp 3.1",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot",
            "author": "Ignatius of Antioch",
            "work": "Epistle to Polycarp",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Pol. 3.1",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-polycarp-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Let not those that seem to be plausible and yet teach strange doctrine dismay thee.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Ignatius avy any Antiokia, Letter to Polycarp",
          "date": "tokony ho 105–117 taor. J.K. araka ny daty mahazatra; misy manohana ny taompolo 140",
          "note": "Mampitandrina ny amin’ireo mampianatra fampianarana hafa izy, matoanteny grika iray tsy fahita firy izay ao amin’ny 1 Timoty 1:3 sy 6:3 ihany no hita ao amin’ny Testamenta Vaovao; manampy angano lany andro ny Magnesians 8.1. Mety hanazava izany ny voambolana iombonana manohitra ny fampianaran-diso, ka tsy voatery hisy fifampiankinana ara-literatiora."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 110,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "probable-allusion",
          "locator": "Polycarp, Philippians 4.1",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot",
            "author": "Polycarp of Smyrna",
            "work": "Letter to the Philippians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Phil. 4.1",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "But the love of money is the beginning of all troubles. Knowing therefore that we brought nothing into the world neither can we carry anything out",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Polycarp avy any Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians",
          "date": "tokony ho 110–140 taor. J.K.",
          "note": "Manaraka ny 1 Timoty 6:10 sy 6:7 amin’ny filaharana mivadika ny teny roa momba ny vola, ary ampidirina ho fampianarana fantatra ilay faharoa (noho ny fahafantarana àry). Maro ny manam-pahaizana manatsoaka hevitra fa misy fifampiankinana, na dia samy nanana fitoviana tamin’ny ohabolana aza ireo teny roa; nanoso-kevitra mihitsy i von Campenhausen (1951) fa i Polycarp no nanoratra ny Taratasy pastoraly."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 170,
          "dateTo": 400,
          "grade": "canon-list",
          "locator": "Muratorian Fragment, on Philemon, Titus and Timothy",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf",
            "author": "Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment)",
            "work": "Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius)",
            "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond",
            "year": "1886",
            "locator": "Canon Muratorianus 3, on Philemon, Titus and Timothy (ANF 5:603)",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "He wrote, besides these, one to Philemon, and one to Titus, and two to Timothy, in simple personal affection and love indeed; but yet these are hallowed in the esteem of the Catholic Church, and in the regulation of ecclesiastical discipline.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Muratorian Fragment (lisitra latina misy ny bokin’ny Testamenta Vaovao)",
          "date": "matetika tokony ho 170–200 taor. J.K.; vitsy anisa no manohana ny taonjato faha-4",
          "note": "Manisa taratasy roa ho an’i Timoty ao amin’ny an’i Paoly izy: taratasy manokana izay heverin’ny Fiangonana maneran-tany ho masina sy ampiasainy amin’ny fandaminam-piangonana na izany aza. Ny fandraisana azy no asehony, fa tsy ny mpanoratra azy, ary amin’ny sora-tanana latina tokony ho tamin’ny taonjato fahavalo no tena itahirizana azy."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 176,
          "dateTo": 189,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Against Heresies 1, preface 1 (also 2, preface 1; 3.3.3)",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf",
            "author": "Irenaeus of Lyons",
            "work": "Against Heresies",
            "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "AH 1, preface 1",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103100.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Inasmuch as certain men have set the truth aside, and bring in lying words and vain genealogies, which, as the apostle says",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Irenaeus avy any Lyons, Against Heresies",
          "date": "tokony ho 180 taor. J.K.",
          "note": "Manokatra amin’ny fanononana ny 1 Timoty 1:4 ho tenin’ilay apostoly izy; miantso ny zavatra toheriny hoe fahalalana antsoina amin’ny anarana tsy marina (1 Timoty 6:20; sasin-tenin’ny Boky 2); milaza fa miresaka an’i Linus ao amin’ireo taratasy ho an’i Timoty i Paoly (3.3.3). Mampiseho fa nomena an’i Paoly ny maha-mpanoratra azy tokony ho 180 izany, fa tsy manaporofo hoe izy no nanoratra azy."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 195,
          "dateTo": 210,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Stromata 2.11",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf",
            "author": "Clement of Alexandria",
            "work": "Stromata, Book II (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 2)",
            "translator": "William Wilson",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Strom. 2.11",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02102.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Convicted by this utterance, the heretics reject the Epistles to Timothy.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Clement avy any Aleksandria, Stromata (Miscellanies)",
          "date": "tokony ho 195–210 taor. J.K.",
          "note": "Mitanisa ny 1 Timoty 6:20–21 ho tenin’ilay apostoly ho an’i Timoty izy, avy eo mitatitra fa ireo mpivadi-pinoana, izay voahelok’io teny io, dia mandà ireo taratasy ho an’i Timoty. Tokony ho tamin’ny 200, dia noraisina tany Aleksandria ireo taratasy nefa notoherin’ny vondrona mpivadi-pinoana sasany."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 200,
          "dateTo": 299,
          "grade": "manuscript",
          "locator": "Gregory-Aland P133",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "ntvmr-liste",
            "author": "Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Münster",
            "work": "Kurzgefasste Liste (NTVMR), P133",
            "locator": "Gregory-Aland P133 (INTF docID 10133)",
            "url": "https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/community/vmr/api/metadata/liste/search/?docID=10133&detail=page",
            "publicDomain": false,
            "quote": "",
            "role": "catalogue-record"
          },
          "witness": "Papyrus 133 (P.Oxy. LXXXI 5259)",
          "date": "taonjato faha-3 (araka ny endri-tsoratra no amaritana ny daty)",
          "note": "Sombiny avy amin’ny ravina papyrus iray avy any Oxyrhynchus, misy ampahany amin’ny 1 Timoty 3:13–4:8, navoaka tamin’ny 2016: ny dika tranainy indrindra fantatra. Mifarana alohan’ny Taratasy pastoraly ireo ravina mbola voatahiry ao amin’ny P46 (tokony ho 200); ao amin’ny Codex Sinaiticus (taonjato faha-4) ny lahatsoratra feno tranainy indrindra."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 207,
          "dateTo": 212,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Against Marcion 5.21",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf",
            "author": "Tertullian",
            "work": "Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3)",
            "translator": "Peter Holmes",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "5.21",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "I wonder, however, when he received (into his Apostolicon) this letter which was written but to one man, that he rejected the two epistles to Timothy and the one to Titus, which all treat of ecclesiastical discipline.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Tertullian momba ny fanontan’i Marcion ny taratasin’i Paoly",
          "date": "tokony ho 207–212 taor. J.K. (mitatitra momba an’i Marcion, izay niasa tokony ho 138–161)",
          "note": "Milaza izy fa nitazona ny Filemona ny fanontan’i Marcion ny taratasin’i Paoly tamin’ny tapaky ny taonjato faharoa, nefa nandà ireo taratasy roa ho an’i Timoty sy ny Titosy. Misy mahita antony amin’ny fankatoavan’ny 1 Timoty ny fanambadiana, ny sakafo ary ny Lalàna (1 Timoty 1:8; 4:3–4); ny hafa mihevitra fa tsy nanana azy ireo mihitsy i Marcion, na fa nosoratana taorian’ny androny izy ireo."
        }
      ],
      "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/mg/explore/evidence#reception-1-timothy"
    },
    {
      "letterId": "2-timothy",
      "summary": "I Irenaeus (tokony ho 180) no mpanoratra voalohany azo antoka ny datiny izay manonona ny 2 Timoty ho an’i Paoly, ka manonona ireo taratasy ho an’i Timoty; manaraka azy i Clement avy any Aleksandria, i Tertullian ary ny lisitra Muratoriana. Azo inoana fa manondro azy an-kolaka talohan’izany i Polycarp; mety ho akony fotsiny no hita amin’i Ignatius sy ny 1 Clement. Tsy tao amin’ny fanontan’i Marcion izy. Codex Sinaiticus (taonjato fahefatra) no sora-tanana tranainy indrindra; tsy misy papyrus talohan’izany mbola voatahiry.",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "dateFrom": 90,
          "dateTo": 100,
          "grade": "possible-echo",
          "locator": "1 Clement 45:7",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot",
            "author": "Church of Rome (traditionally Clement of Rome)",
            "work": "First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "1 Clement 45:7",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "not knowing that the Most High is the champion and protector of them that in a pure conscience serve His excellent Name",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "1 Clement",
          "date": "matetika atao tokony ho 95–97 taor. J.K.",
          "note": "Milaza i Clement fa miaro ireo manompo azy amin’ny fieritreretana madio Andriamanitra, akaikin’ny 2 Timoty 1:3. Fohy ilay teny ary miverina ao amin’ny 1 Timoty 3:9; maro ny manam-pahaizana mametraka ny 2 Timoty ho aorian’ny 1 Clement, ka tsy voaporofo ny fifampiankinana, na iza no naka tamin’iza."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 105,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "possible-echo",
          "locator": "Ignatius, To the Smyrnaeans 10:2",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot",
            "author": "Ignatius of Antioch",
            "work": "Epistle to the Smyrnaeans",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Ignatius, To the Smyrnaeans 10:2",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-smyrnaeans-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "My spirit is devoted for you, as also are my bonds, which ye despised not, neither were ashamed of them. Nor shall He, who is perfect faithfulness, be ashamed of you, even Jesus Christ.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Ignatius avy any Antiokia, To the Smyrnaeans",
          "date": "tokony ho 110 taor. J.K. (misy manohana daty tatỳ aoriana, hatramin’ny tokony ho 140)",
          "note": "Misaotra ny mponina any Smyrna i Ignatius noho izy ireo tsy menatra ny gadrany, ary miantso an’i Kristy hoe fahatokiana tanteraka, mitovitovy amin’ny 2 Timoty 1:16 sy 2:13; mitovitovy amin’ny 2 Timoty 2:4 ny To Polycarp 6:2. Mety hanazava ny fitoviana ny sary iombonana momba ny gadra sy ny miaramila, ary ny Lioka 9:26."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 110,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "probable-allusion",
          "locator": "Polycarp, To the Philippians 9:2",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot",
            "author": "Polycarp of Smyrna",
            "work": "Letter to the Philippians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Polycarp, To the Philippians 9:2",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "For they loved not the present world, but Him that died for our sakes and was raised by God for us.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Polycarp, To the Philippians",
          "date": "tokony ho 110–140 taor. J.K.",
          "note": "Milaza i Polycarp fa tsy tia izao tontolo izao ankehitriny i Ignatius, i Paoly ary ny hafa, ka mamadika ny 2 Timoty 4:10 momba an’i Demasy; mitovitovy amin’ny 2 Timoty 2:12 ny 5:2 (miara-manjaka aminy). Miavaka nefa fohy ilay fomba fiteny. Nanamafy i Von Campenhausen (1951) fa i Polycarp mihitsy no nanoratra ny Taratasy pastoraly; vitsy no manaiky izany."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 180,
          "dateTo": 189,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Against Heresies 3.3.3",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf",
            "author": "Irenaeus of Lyons",
            "work": "Against Heresies",
            "translator": "Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Against Heresies 3.3.3",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103303.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "The blessed apostles, then, having founded and built up the Church, committed into the hands of Linus the office of the episcopate. Of this Linus, Paul makes mention in the Epistles to Timothy.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Irenaeus, Against Heresies",
          "date": "tokony ho 180–189 taor. J.K.",
          "note": "Ao amin’ny 2 Timoty 4:21 ihany no isehoan’i Linus ao amin’ny Testamenta Vaovao. Ao amin’ny 3.14.1, dia manonona ny 2 Timoty 4:10–11 ho tenin’i Paoly manokana i Irenaeus, mba hampisehoana fa nijanona niaraka taminy i Lioka. Mitanisa azy tsy mila fiarovan-kevitra izy, ho taratasy efa nekena."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 170,
          "dateTo": 375,
          "grade": "canon-list",
          "locator": "Muratorian Fragment, sec. 3 (ANF 5 numbering)",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf",
            "author": "Anonymous",
            "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus)",
            "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond",
            "year": "1886",
            "locator": "Muratorian Fragment, sec. 3 (ANF 5 numbering)",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "He wrote, besides these, one to Philemon, and one to Titus, and two to Timothy, in simple personal affection and love indeed; but yet these are hallowed in the esteem of the Catholic Church, and in the regulation of ecclesiastical discipline.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Muratorian Fragment",
          "date": "matetika tokony ho 170–200 taor. J.K.; misy manohana ny taonjato fahefatra",
          "note": "Mitanisa taratasy iray ho an’i Titosy sy roa ho an’i Timoty ao amin’ny an’i Paoly izy, manokana ny fiaviany nefa omem-boninahitra noho ny fandaminam-piangonana. Matetika apetraka tany Roma tokony ho 170–200; nanohana daty tamin’ny taonjato fahefatra i Sundberg sy Hahneman, ka hahatonga azy ho vavolombelona tatỳ aoriana izany."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 195,
          "dateTo": 210,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Stromata 2.11",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf",
            "author": "Clement of Alexandria",
            "work": "Stromata, Book II (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 2)",
            "translator": "William Wilson",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Stromata 2.11",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02102.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Convicted by this utterance, the heretics reject the Epistles to Timothy.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Clement avy any Aleksandria, Stromata",
          "date": "tokony ho 200 taor. J.K.",
          "note": "Rehefa avy manonona ny 1 Timoty 6:20 i Clement, dia milaza fa mandà ireo taratasy ho an’i Timoty ny mpivadi-pinoana. Manonona ny 2 Timoty 2:1–2 ho an’i Paoly izy (Stromata 1.1), ary ny 2 Timoty 1:7–8 ho nosoratana ho an’i Timoty (4.7). Tsy manonona ireo mpivadi-pinoana izy."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 207,
          "dateTo": 212,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Against Marcion 5.21",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf",
            "author": "Tertullian",
            "work": "Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3)",
            "translator": "Peter Holmes",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Against Marcion 5.21",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "I wonder, however, when he received (into his Apostolicon) this letter which was written but to one man, that he rejected the two epistles to Timothy and the one to Titus, which all treat of ecclesiastical discipline.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Tertullian, Against Marcion (momba ny Apostolikon an’i Marcion)",
          "date": "tokony ho 207–212 taor. J.K., mitatitra ny fanontan’i Marcion tamin’ny taompolo 140",
          "note": "Tsy nahitana ireo taratasy roa ho an’i Timoty sy ny Titosy ny Apostolikon an’i Marcion misy taratasy folo (tokony ho taompolo 140). Milaza i Tertullian fa nolavin’i Marcion izy ireo; ny hafa mihevitra fa tsy nahalala azy ireo izy, na fa tsy mbola nosoratana izy ireo. I Tertullian mihitsy dia mitanisa ny 2 Timoty 1:14 ho an’i Paoly (Prescription 25)."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 300,
          "dateTo": 399,
          "grade": "manuscript",
          "locator": "Gregory-Aland 01, British Library folio 295b",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "museum-record",
            "author": "Codex Sinaiticus Project",
            "work": "Codex Sinaiticus: See the Manuscript (2 Timothy 1:1)",
            "locator": "Folio 295b (quire 86, folio 3v): 1 Timothy 6:9-21 and 2 Timothy 1:1-15, scribe A",
            "url": "https://codexsinaiticus.org/en/manuscript.aspx?book=48&chapter=1&lid=en&side=r&verse=1&zoomSlider=0",
            "publicDomain": false,
            "quote": "",
            "role": "catalogue-record"
          },
          "witness": "Codex Sinaiticus (Gregory-Aland 01)",
          "date": "taonjato fahefatra",
          "note": "Ny sora-tanana tranainy indrindra fantatra amin’ny 2 Timoty, izay manomboka amin’ny folio 295b ao amin’ny British Library. Tsy misy papyrus talohan’izany mbola voatahiry. Tsy hita ao amin’ireo ravina mbola voatahiry ao amin’ny P46 (fiandohan’ny taonjato fahatelo) ny Taratasy pastoraly; iadian-kevitra raha nisy azy ireo tao amin’ny raviny very. Mijanona eo amin’ny Hebreo 9:14 ny Vaticanus."
        }
      ],
      "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/mg/explore/evidence#reception-2-timothy"
    },
    {
      "letterId": "titus",
      "summary": "Voaporofo mazava ny fisian’ny Titosy manomboka tokony ho 180 taor. J.K.: manonona azy ho an’i Paoly i Irenaeus, manonona ny anarany i Clement avy any Aleksandria, ary mampiditra azy ny lisitra Muratoriana, raha tamin’ny taonjato faharoa ilay lisitra. Mety ho akony fotsiny ireo fifandraisana talohan’izany ao amin’ny 1 Clement, i Ignatius ary i Polycarp. Mitatitra i Tertullian fa tsy tao amin’ny fitambaran’i Marcion (taompolo 140) izy; ny sora-tanany tranainy indrindra, P32, dia atao tokony ho 200–300 taor. J.K. araka ny endri-tsoratra.",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "dateFrom": 90,
          "dateTo": 100,
          "grade": "possible-echo",
          "locator": "1 Clement 1.3; 2.7",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "first-clement-lightfoot",
            "author": "Clement of Rome",
            "work": "First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "1 Clement 2.7",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Ye repented not of any well-doing, but were ready unto every good work.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "1 Clement (Clement avy any Roma)",
          "date": "tokony ho 96 taor. J.K. (90–100 no apetraky ny ankamaroany)",
          "note": "Mifanaraka amin’ny Titosy 3:1 ny hoe vonona ho amin’ny asa tsara rehetra ao aminy (2.7); miresaka amin’ireo vondrona ao amin’ny Titosy 2 ny 1.3: lehilahy antitra, tanora, vehivavy tia ny vadiny sy mitantana ny tokantranony. Nefa mitovitovy amin’izany koa ny 2 Timoty 2:21, ary fampianarana mahazatra ny momba ny tokantrano, ka mety hanazava azy roa ny lovantsofina iombonana."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 105,
          "dateTo": 117,
          "grade": "possible-echo",
          "locator": "Magnesians 8.1",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot",
            "author": "Ignatius of Antioch",
            "work": "Epistle to the Magnesians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Magnesians 8.1",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-magnesians-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Be not seduced by strange doctrines nor by antiquated fables, which are profitless. For if even unto this day we live after the manner of Judaism, we avow that we have not received grace",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Ignatius avy any Antiokia, To the Magnesians",
          "date": "tokony ho 105–117 taor. J.K. (misy mametraka daty tatỳ aoriana)",
          "note": "Mampitandrina ny amin’ny angano lany andro tsy mahasoa mifamatotra amin’ny fiainana araka ny fivavahana jiosy izy, mampahatsiahy ny Titosy 1:14 sy 3:9. Nefa misy angano koa ao amin’ny 1 Timoty, fampianarana hafahafa ao amin’ny Hebreo 13:9, ary niely patrana ny adihevitra manohitra ny fanarahana fomba jiosy; tsy misy miavaka ampy hanaporofoana ny fampiasany azy."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 110,
          "dateTo": 140,
          "grade": "possible-echo",
          "locator": "Philippians 4.1-2",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "polycarp-philippians-lightfoot",
            "author": "Polycarp",
            "work": "Epistle to the Philippians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Philippians 4.2",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "and then our wives also, to walk in the faith that hath been given unto them and in love and purity, cherishing their own husbands in all truth and loving all men equally in all chastity, and to train their children in the training of the fear of God.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Polycarp avy any Smyrna, To the Philippians",
          "date": "tokony ho 110–140 taor. J.K.",
          "note": "Azo inoana fa mampiasa ny 1 Timoty izy (4.1). Mitovitovy amin’ny Titosy 2:4–5 ny fananarany ny vehivavy (4.2), nefa akon’ny hoe tia ny vadiny ao amin’ny 1 Clement 1.3, ka azo inoana kokoa ny fiankinana amin’i Clement na fampianarana iombonana. Nanoso-kevitra mihitsy i Campenhausen (1951) fa i Polycarp no nanoratra ny Taratasy pastoraly; vitsy no manaraka azy."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 175,
          "dateTo": 189,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Against Heresies 3.3.4; 1.16.3",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "irenaeus-against-heresies-anf",
            "author": "Irenaeus",
            "work": "Against Heresies",
            "translator": "A. Roberts and W. H. Rambaut",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Against Heresies 3.3.4",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103303.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Such was the horror which the apostles and their disciples had against holding even verbal communication with any corrupters of the truth; as Paul also says, A man that is an heretic, after the first and second admonition, reject;",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Irenaeus avy any Lyon, Against Heresies",
          "date": "tokony ho 180 taor. J.K. (nosoratana tamin’ny andron’ny eveka Eleutherius ny Boky 3)",
          "note": "Manonona ny Titosy 3:10–11 ho tenin’i Paoly izy aorian’ny tantaran’i Polycarp nandà an’i Marcion; mitanisa indray ny baikon’i Paoly hialana amin’ny mpivadi-pinoana rehefa nampitandremana indroa ny 1.16.3. Anisan’ny fanomezana voalohany ny maha-mpanoratra ho an’i Paoly izay azo faritana daty izy, ka mampiseho ny fandraisana ilay taratasy fa tsy hoe iza no nanoratra azy."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 170,
          "dateTo": 375,
          "grade": "canon-list",
          "locator": "Muratorian fragment, on Paul's letters",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf",
            "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5)",
            "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond",
            "year": "1886",
            "locator": "Muratorian fragment §3 (ANF numbering)",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "He wrote, besides these, one to Philemon, and one to Titus, and two to Timothy, in simple personal affection and love indeed; but yet these are hallowed in the esteem of the Catholic Church, and in the regulation of ecclesiastical discipline.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Muratorian fragment",
          "date": "faran’ny taonjato faha-2, na taonjato faha-4 (iadian-kevitra)",
          "note": "Mitanisa ny Titosy miaraka amin’ny Filemona, 1 Timoty ary 2 Timoty ho taratasy manokana omem-boninahitra noho ny fitsipi-pifehezan’ny fiangonana izy. Tamin’ny taonjato faha-7–faha-8 ilay dika latina; maro no mametraka ny fototra tamin’ny faran’ny taonjato faharoa, nefa manohana ny fahefatra i Sundberg (1973) sy Hahneman (1992)."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 193,
          "dateTo": 210,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Stromata 1.14; 1.8",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "clement-alexandria-stromata-anf",
            "author": "Clement of Alexandria",
            "work": "Stromata",
            "translator": "W. Wilson",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Stromata 1.14",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02101.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "Epimenides the Cretan, whom Paul knew as a Greek prophet, whom he mentions in the Epistle to Titus, where he speaks thus: One of themselves, a prophet of their own, said, The Cretans are always liars, evil beasts, slow bellies.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Clement avy any Aleksandria, Stromata",
          "date": "tokony ho 198–203 taor. J.K. (taorian’ny 192 taor. J.K.)",
          "note": "Manonona ny taratasy ho an’i Titosy izy ary manonona ny Titosy 1:12–13 ho tenin’i Paoly mitanisa an’i Epimenides, mpaminany kretana; mitanisa ny Titosy 1:10 koa ny Stromata 1.8. Nosoratana taorian’ny nahafatesan’i Commodus tamin’ny 192 izany, izay ifaranan’ny fizotry ny fotoana ao amin’ny Boky 1."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 207,
          "dateTo": 212,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Against Marcion 5.21",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf",
            "author": "Tertullian",
            "work": "Against Marcion",
            "translator": "P. Holmes",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Against Marcion 5.21",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "I wonder, however, when he received (into his Apostolicon) this letter which was written but to one man, that he rejected the two epistles to Timothy and the one to Titus, which all treat of ecclesiastical discipline.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Tertullian momba ny Apostolikon an’i Marcion",
          "date": "tokony ho 207–212 taor. J.K., mitatitra ny fitambaran’i Marcion tamin’ny taompolo 140",
          "note": "Mitatitra izy fa tsy nampiditra ny 1 Timoty, 2 Timoty ary Titosy ny Apostolikon an’i Marcion (tokony ho taompolo 140), ary milaza fa nolaviny izy ireo. Ny hafa manamafy fa tsy nahalala ny Taratasy pastoraly mihitsy i Marcion, na fa nosoratana tatỳ aoriana izy ireo, ary misy mihevitra fa natao hanohitra azy ny ampahany; i Tertullian mihitsy dia mandray ny Titosy ho an’i Paoly."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 200,
          "dateTo": 299,
          "grade": "manuscript",
          "locator": "Gregory-Aland P32; P.Ryl. 5 (Manchester, John Rylands Library, Gr. P. 5)",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "csntm",
            "author": "Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts",
            "work": "Manuscript P32 (CSNTM digital manuscript collection)",
            "locator": "GA P32 (Manchester, John Rylands University Library, Gr. P. 5)",
            "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/Manuscript/Group/GA_P32",
            "publicDomain": false,
            "quote": "",
            "role": "catalogue-record"
          },
          "witness": "Papyrus 32 (P32)",
          "date": "tokony ho 200 taor. J.K. na tatỳ aoriana ao amin’ny taonjato faha-3 (araka ny endri-tsoratra)",
          "note": "Mitahiry ny Titosy 1:11–15 sy 2:3–8 avy amin’ny ravina kôdeksa iray izy, ny endri-tsoratra ihany no amaritana ny datiny: taonjato fahatelo (Hunt 1911), tokony ho 200 (CSNTM). Manamafy i Gathergood (2013) fa farafahakeliny lahatsoratra iray no nialoha ny Titosy tao amin’ilay kôdeksa. Tsy misy ny Taratasy pastoraly ao amin’ireo ravina mbola voatahiry ao amin’ny P46."
        }
      ],
      "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/mg/explore/evidence#reception-titus"
    },
    {
      "letterId": "philemon",
      "summary": "Voaporofo mafy voalohany ny fisian’ny Filemona ao amin’ny fitambaran’ny taratasin’i Paoly nataon’i Marcion (tokony ho 140–160), araka ny tatitr’i Tertullian. Manonona azy ho an’i Paoly ny lisitra Muratoriana; raisin’i Tertullian ho toy izany izy. Mety misy akony malemy ao amin’i Ignatius. Tsy fantatra ny fanononana mazava azy avy amin’ny 1 Clement, i Polycarp, i Justin, i Irenaeus na i Clement avy any Aleksandria, angamba noho izy fohy dia fohy. Ny sora-tanana tranainy indrindra, P87, dia tamin’ny taonjato fahatelo.",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "dateFrom": 105,
          "dateTo": 150,
          "grade": "possible-echo",
          "locator": "Ign. Eph. 1.3; 2.1-2; 6.2",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "ignatius-lightfoot",
            "author": "Ignatius of Antioch",
            "work": "Epistle to the Ephesians",
            "translator": "J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer",
            "year": "1891",
            "locator": "Ign. Eph. 2.1-2",
            "url": "https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-ephesians-lightfoot.html",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "even so may the Father of Jesus Christ refresh him -- together with Onesimus and Burrhus and Euplus and Fronto; in whom I saw you all with the eyes of love. May I have joy of you always, if so be I am worthy of it.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Ignatius avy any Antiokia, To the Ephesians",
          "date": "tokony ho 110; misy mametraka azy tatỳ aoriana",
          "note": "Vao avy manonona ilay eveka atao hoe Onesimosy i Ignatius dia manoratra faniriana hahazo fifaliana avy amin’ny mpamaky, ilay matoanteny ao amin’ny Filemona 1:20 izay tsy hita any an-kafa ao amin’ny Testamenta Vaovao. Nefa averiny any an-kafa ilay faniriana, anaran’andevo mahazatra ny hoe Onesimosy amin’izany fotoana izany, ary tsy voaporofo ny fampitovian’i John Knox ireo lehilahy roa."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 138,
          "dateTo": 161,
          "grade": "canon-list",
          "locator": "Tertullian, Adv. Marc. 5.21.1",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf",
            "author": "Tertullian",
            "work": "Against Marcion",
            "translator": "Peter Holmes",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 (Marcion's Apostolicon)",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "I wonder, however, when he received (into his Apostolicon) this letter which was written but to one man, that he rejected the two epistles to Timothy and the one to Titus, which all treat of ecclesiastical discipline.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Apostolikon an’i Marcion, araka ny tatitr’i Tertullian",
          "date": "tokony ho 140–160; notaterina tokony ho 208",
          "note": "Porofo mafy voalohany: tafiditra tao amin’ny fitambaran’i Marcion misy taratasy folo avy amin’i Paoly ny Filemona. Avy amin’ny vavolombelona mpanohitra tokony ho enimpolo taona tatỳ aoriana ilay tatitra; mitanisa azy koa i Epiphanius (taonjato fahefatra). Milaza i Tertullian fa ny hafohiny no nahatonga azy tsy ho voaova tamin’ny fanitsian’i Marcion."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 170,
          "dateTo": 400,
          "grade": "canon-list",
          "locator": "Muratorian Fragment, sec. 3 (ANF 5 numbering)",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "muratorian-fragment-anf",
            "author": "Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment)",
            "work": "Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus)",
            "translator": "S. D. F. Salmond",
            "year": "1886",
            "locator": "Muratorian Fragment, sec. 3 (ANF 5 numbering)",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "He wrote, besides these, one to Philemon, and one to Titus, and two to Timothy, in simple personal affection and love indeed; but yet these are hallowed in the esteem of the Catholic Church, and in the regulation of ecclesiastical discipline.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Muratorian Fragment",
          "date": "tokony ho 170–200, na taonjato fahefatra",
          "note": "Mitanisa ny Filemona miaraka amin’ny Titosy, 1 Timoty ary 2 Timoty ho taratasy ho an’olon-tokana nosoratana tamim-pitiavana manokana, nefa omem-boninahitra eo amin’ny fiangonana izy. Ny ankamaroany dia mametraka azy tokony ho 170–200, azo inoana fa tany Roma; manohana daty tamin’ny taonjato fahefatra i A. C. Sundberg (1973) sy G. M. Hahneman (1992)."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 200,
          "dateTo": 299,
          "grade": "manuscript",
          "locator": "Gregory-Aland P87; Köln, Institut für Altertumskunde, Inv. Nr. 12",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "csntm",
            "author": "Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts",
            "work": "CSNTM manuscript catalogue: GA P87",
            "locator": "GA P87 (3rd century; Köln, Institut für Altertumskunde, Inv. Nr. 12)",
            "url": "https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P87",
            "publicDomain": false,
            "quote": "",
            "role": "catalogue-record"
          },
          "witness": "Papyrus 87 (Gregory-Aland P87)",
          "date": "taonjato fahatelo",
          "note": "Ny dika tranainy indrindra mbola voatahiry: sombin’ny ravina kôdeksa iray, misy ampahany amin’ny Filemona 1:13–15 amin’ny ilany iray sy Filemona 1:24–25 amin’ny ilany hafa, atao tamin’ny taonjato fahatelo araka ny endri-tsoratra. Tsy misy ny Filemona ao amin’ireo ravina mbola voatahiry ao amin’ny P46; manomboka amin’ny kôdeksa tamin’ny taonjato fahefatra toa ny Sinaiticus ny dika feno."
        },
        {
          "dateFrom": 207,
          "dateTo": 212,
          "grade": "named-explicitly",
          "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.21.1",
          "source": {
            "sourceKey": "tertullian-against-marcion-anf",
            "author": "Tertullian",
            "work": "Against Marcion",
            "translator": "Peter Holmes",
            "year": "1885",
            "locator": "Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 (Philemon's brevity)",
            "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm",
            "publicDomain": true,
            "quote": "To this epistle alone did its brevity avail to protect it against the falsifying hands of Marcion.",
            "role": "primary-text"
          },
          "witness": "Tertullian, Against Marcion",
          "date": "tokony ho 207–212",
          "note": "Ao amin’ny toko manana lohateny hoe On the Epistle to Philemon amin’ireo fanontana maoderina, dia mandray azy ho taratasin’i Paoly ho an’ny lehilahy iray i Tertullian, nefa tsy manonona andininy. Tsy manonona azy mihitsy i Irenaeus sy i Clement avy any Aleksandria, ka izy no vavolombelona voalohany azo antoka ny datiny avy amin’ny fiangonana mahazatra."
        }
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