---
title: "Gaano kaaga binasa ang mga liham ni Pablo"
canonical: "https://paulineletters.com/fil/explore/articles/how-early-pauls-letters-were-read"
published: "2026-10-23"
updated: "2026-10-23"
language: "fil"
license: "https://paulineletters.com/fil/explore/license"
source: "Mga Sulat ni Pablo · Pauline Letters"
---

# Gaano kaaga binasa ang mga liham ni Pablo

> Lumilitaw ang maagang pagtanggap sa mga liham ni Pablo habang isa-isang sinusundan ang mga liham at ang mga saksi sa mga ito. Dapat panatilihin ang magkakaibang bigat ng kanilang iba't ibang uri ng pagkilala bilang ebidensiya.

**Gaano kaaga nakilala ang mga liham ni Pablo, at ano talaga ang pinatutunayan ng pinakaunang mga saksi sa mga ito?**

Tahasang inaalala ng Unang Liham ni Clemente ang liham ni Pablo tungkol sa mga pagkakabaha-bahagi sa Corinto kung susundin ang karaniwang pagpepetsa rito sa huling bahagi ng unang siglo. Sinisipi o inaalingawngaw ng iba pang unang manunulat ang mga partikular na liham; nagdaragdag ng ibang ebidensiya ang mga kalipunan sa ikalawang siglo at ang mga papiro mula sa mga AD 200. Magkakasamang nagbibigay ang mga ito ng mga petsa ng paggamit na may patunay sa sanggunian, ngunit nililimitahan ang ilang paghahambing ng hindi tiyak na petsa ng mga saksi at ng posibleng magkaparehong pananalita.

## Liham na muling binalikan sa Corinto

Sa kabanata 47 ng Unang Liham ni Clemente, ibinabalik ng iglesia sa Roma ang pansin ng mga taga-Corinto sa mas naunang liham ni Pablo tungkol sa kanilang pagkakabaha-bahagi. Dahil sa pagbanggit kina Pablo, Cefas, at Apolos, makikilalang ang paksa ay 1 Corinto 1:10–12. Dito pinapangalanan ng isang manunulat si Pablo at inaalala ang argumento ng isang partikular na liham. Mas tiyak ang ebidensiya kaysa sa pangkalahatang parangal sa isang apostol: kilala ng Roma ang liham at inaasahan nitong makikilala rin ito ng Corinto.

Karaniwang pinapetsahan ang Unang Liham ni Clemente sa mga AD 95–97, bagaman umaabot ang mga mungkahi mula sa mga 70 hanggang 140. Kaya dala ng maagang saksing ito ang kawalang-katiyakan ng sarili nitong petsa. Malaki pa rin ang bigat nito: binabalikan ang isang makikilalang liham ni Pablo upang tugunan ang isa pang alitan sa iglesia. Hindi maaaring ipagpalagay mula rito na taglay ng manunulat ang lahat ng labintatlong liham na tradisyonal na iniuugnay kay Pablo, o na ang bawat talatang kahawig ng mas huling liham ay kailangang nagmula rito.

## Sipi, alusyon, at alingawngaw

Ibinubukod ng mga tala ng pagtanggap ang malinaw na sipi sa malamang na alusyon at sa posibleng alingawngaw. Halos inuulit ng liham ni Ignacio sa mga taga-Efeso, kabanata 18, ang pananalita ng 1 Corinto 1:20 sa kontekstong kahawig din ng pagtalakay nito sa krus. Maaaring makilala ang mga salita kahit hindi pinangalanan ang sanggunian. Karaniwang pinapetsahan ang kaniyang mga liham sa mga AD 105–117, bagaman inilalagay ng ilan ang mga ito sa mas huling panahon.

Kailangan ng higit na pagpipigil sa isang alingawngaw. Pinag-uugnay ng liham ni Ignacio sa mga taga-Smirna ang pagiging inapo ni Cristo mula kay David at ang pagiging Anak ng Diyos sa pananalitang kahawig ng Roma 1:3–4. Dahil maaaring gumagamit mismo si Pablo ng mas naunang pahayag ng pananampalataya roon, maaaring magkapareho sila ni Ignacio ng pahayag nang hindi nanghihiram sa Roma. Malamang na tumutukoy sa Roma ang listahan ng mga bisyo ng Unang Liham ni Clemente, ngunit karaniwan din ang gayong mga listahan. Noong mga AD 180, tahasang pinapangalanan ni Ireneo ang Roma: sinasagot ng pagtukoy na iyon ang ibang tanong kaysa sa mas naunang pagkakahawig ng pananalita.

Sa kaniyang liham para sa Filipos, na karaniwang pinapetsahan sa mga AD 110–140, naglalagay si Policarpo ng Smirna ng mga kasabihan tungkol sa salapi na malamang na humahango sa 1 Timoteo 6:7 at 6:10. Nag-iiwan ng puwang para sa magkaparehong aral ang mga kahawig na kasabihan. Mahalaga sa pagtanggap ang malamang na pagkakilala niya sa pananalitang iyon. Hindi nito malulutas ang pinagtatalunang tanong kung si Pablo ang sumulat ng 1 Timoteo.

## Ihiwalay ang manunulat, tatanggap, at mga pangalan

Maaaring ikubli ng mga pamagat ang isang madaling pagkalito. Saksi sa mga sulatin ni Pablo ang Liham sa mga taga-Filipos ni Policarpo, hindi ito ang Filipos ni Pablo mismo. Gayundin, ibang akda ang Para sa mga taga-Roma ni Ignacio kaysa sa Roma. Kapag binanggit ang may-akda kasama ang patutunguhan, nananatiling nakakabit ang ebidensiya sa tamang dokumento.

Kailangan ng gayon ding pag-iingat sa magkaparehong pangalan ng tao. Binabanggit ni Ignacio ang isang obispong nagngangalang Onesimo malapit sa pananalitang maaaring umaalingawngaw sa Filemon. Dahil sa pagsasamang iyon, iminungkahi ng ilan na siya ang Onesimo sa liham ni Pablo. Gayunman, karaniwan ang pangalan at hindi pa rin napatutunayan ang pagkakakilanlan. Hindi maaaring gawing iisang tiyak na talambuhay ng isang posibleng alingawngaw na pampanitikan ang dalawang taong may pangalan.

## Ipinapakita ng mga kalipunan ang natanggap ng mga mambabasa

Tinipon ng edisyon ni Marcion sa kalagitnaan ng ikalawang siglo ang sampung liham ni Pablo, kasama ang Filemon, ngunit hindi ang 1 Timoteo, 2 Timoteo, at Tito. Nawala ang edisyon; nalalaman ang nilalaman nito mula sa mga kalaban, lalo na kay Tertuliano na sumulat sa unang bahagi ng ikatlong siglo. Sa anumang salaysay ng natanggap o binago ni Marcion, dapat manatiling malinaw na mula sa isang kalaban ang ulat ni Tertuliano.

Tinatanggap ng Fragmentong Muratoriano ang labintatlong liham sa pangalan ni Pablo. Karaniwang pinapetsahan ito sa mga AD 170–200, ngunit inilalagay ito ng ilang iskolar sa ikaapat na siglo. Mga tala ang mga ito ng mga tinanggap na kalipunan sa kani-kaniyang petsa, na kung minsan ay pinagtatalunan. Hindi mapepetsahan ang mga Liham Pastoral batay lamang sa mga hindi isinama ni Marcion: nananatiling mga iminungkahing paliwanag ang pagtanggi, kawalan ng kaalaman, at mas huling pagkakasulat. Gayundin, nagtatala ng pasya tungkol sa pag-akda ang pagtukoy ng isang listahan kay Pablo bilang may-akda ng mga liham, sa halip na lutasin ang tanong na ito.

## Isa pang saksi ang natitirang kopya

Ang Papiro 46, na karaniwang pinapetsahan sa mga AD 200 batay sa sulat-kamay, ay nagpapanatili ng malawak na kalipunan ng mga liham ni Pablo. Inilalagay nito ang Mga Hebreo pagkatapos ng Roma. Ipinapakita ng ayos na iyon kung paano pinagsama-sama ng mga gumagamit ng codex ang mga sulatin; hindi nito mapatutunayan kung sino ang sumulat ng Mga Hebreo. Hinahadlangan din ng nawawalang huling mga dahon ang katiyakan kung minsang naglaman ang aklat ng Filemon o ng mga Liham Pastoral.

Ipinapakita ng Filemon ang pagkakaiba ng pagtanggap sa mga akda at ng pisikal na pananatili. Ang pinakaunang matibay na ebidensiya ng pagtanggap dito ay ang kalipunan ni Marcion, ayon sa mas huling ulat ni Tertuliano. Pinapetsahan sa ikatlong siglo batay sa sulat-kamay ang pinakamatandang kilalang manuskrito nito, ang Papiro 87. Pinatutunayan ng piraso na nakopya na ito noong panahong iyon, sa halip na itakda ang petsa ng pagkakasulat ng liham. Kapag pinanatiling magkahiwalay ang dalawang daloy ng panahon, makapagbibigay ang bawat saksi ng aktuwal nitong napapanatili.

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- Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to Polycarp (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Pol. 3.1 <https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-polycarp-lightfoot.html>
- Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians (J. B. Lightfoot, 1891) — Phil. 4.1 <https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/polycarp-lightfoot.html>
- Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Canon Muratorianus, in Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 5 (printed among the Fragments of Caius) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Canon Muratorianus 3, on Philemon, Titus and Timothy (ANF 5:603) <https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm>
- Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies (Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, 1885) — AH 1, preface 1 <https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103100.htm>
- Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Münster, Kurzgefasste Liste (NTVMR), P133 — Gregory-Aland P133 (INTF docID 10133) <https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/community/vmr/api/metadata/liste/search/?docID=10133&detail=page>
- Tertullian, Against Marcion (Ante-Nicene Fathers vol. 3) (Peter Holmes, 1885) — 5.21 <https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm>
- Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Ephesians (J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, 1891) — Ign. Eph. 2.1-2 <https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-ephesians-lightfoot.html>
- Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 (Marcion's Apostolicon) <https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm>
- Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Muratorian Fragment, sec. 3 (ANF 5 numbering) <https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm>
- Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts, CSNTM manuscript catalogue: GA P87 — GA P87 (3rd century; Köln, Institut für Altertumskunde, Inv. Nr. 12) <https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P87>
- Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 (Philemon's brevity) <https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm>


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Kanonikal: https://paulineletters.com/fil/explore/articles/how-early-pauls-letters-were-read
