{"schemaVersion":"1.0.0","resourceType":"pauline-resource","id":"evidence-romans","locale":"en","category":"history","title":"Romans","description":"Romans introduces Paul’s gospel to believers in Rome whom he has not yet visited, while preparing for a journey through Jerusalem and then westward.","canonicalUrl":"https://paulineletters.com/explore/resources/evidence-romans","version":"2026-09-21","capabilities":{"static":true,"interactive":false,"offline":false,"embed":true,"print":true},"usage":"Choose SVG for a scalable graphic, PNG for slides or messages, PDF for printing, or HTML for an interactive experience.","assets":[{"id":"romans:en:slide","url":"https://paulineletters.com/evidence/media/en/romans/slide-8c8784a75d159ccc.png","format":"png","contentType":"image/png","width":1600,"height":900,"bytes":196662,"sha256":"ff568167d21a89e1500df36ffb9de37c3aa554c7111f9737f2eb35cf9ed3156a"},{"id":"romans:en:chronology","url":"https://paulineletters.com/evidence/media/en/romans/chronology-8c8784a75d159ccc.svg","format":"svg","contentType":"image/svg+xml","width":1200,"height":840,"bytes":6604,"sha256":"0dba7873df31bbe23e4ea8eb4f67dbd30c117b66e8bd533886abb7ae48059cee"},{"id":"romans:en:map","url":"https://paulineletters.com/evidence/media/en/romans/map-8c8784a75d159ccc.svg","format":"svg","contentType":"image/svg+xml","width":1200,"height":900,"bytes":9110,"sha256":"7b1d734bded9aee76ad70f87315a760ff30e298b842f22c73c903ed3ed057911"},{"id":"romans:en:teaching","url":"https://paulineletters.com/downloads/evidence/romans-teaching-8c8784a75d159ccc.pdf","format":"pdf","contentType":"application/pdf","bytes":730308,"sha256":"314d5f739ca1173c00942f99a82c7204dba16996e35b7e118f18b892fb5d5ae1"}],"accessibility":{"alt":"Romans: chronology diagram showing the sequence of events, dates, and distinctions between established, inferred, and uncertain details.","explanation":"The letter names its plans, but it does not print a calendar date or identify a courier with certainty."},"question":"Why did Paul write Romans, and what is debated about its setting or authorship?","answer":"The letter names its plans, but it does not print a calendar date or identify a courier with certainty.","references":["Acts 19:21-41; 20:1","Acts 20:1-2; 2 Cor 2:12-13; 7:5-7; 11:5, 13; 12:7-11","Acts 20:1-2; Rom 15:19; 2 Cor 8-9","Acts 20:2-3; Rom 15:22-29; 16:1-2","Acts 20:5-12","Acts 20:13-16"],"sources":[{"id":"new-testament-introduction","title":"An Introduction to the New Testament","citation":"Raymond E. Brown, An Introduction to the New Testament (Doubleday, 1997). Chapter 24, “Letter to the Romans,” “General Analysis of the Message”; Chapter 24, “Letter to the Romans,” “Summary of Basic Information”: “DATE” and “AUTHENTICITY”"},{"id":"letters","title":"The Pauline letters","citation":"Romans through Philemon, World English Bible (public domain). ","url":"https://ebible.org/web/"},{"id":"acts","title":"The Acts of the Apostles","citation":"Acts 7–28, World English Bible (public domain). ","url":"https://ebible.org/web/ACT.htm"},{"id":"chronology","title":"Pauline Letters chronology","citation":"The project’s 67-row chronology, cross-referencing Acts and the letters and labeling debated dates. "},{"id":"paul-critical-life","title":"Paul: A Critical Life","citation":"Jerome Murphy-O’Connor, Paul: A Critical Life (Oxford University Press, 1996). Chapter 1, “The Chronological Framework,” “The Evidence from the Pauline Letters” and “The Evidence from the Acts of the Apostles”"}],"sessions":[],"qualifications":[{"heading":"What remains uncertain","paragraphs":["In the Pauline Letters chronology, Corinth around AD 56–57 is the leading reconstruction, near the close of Paul’s Aegean work.","The letter does not state its writing city. Brown’s comparison of chronology systems places the same Corinthian setting slightly earlier or later; nearby Cenchreae enters the evidence through Phoebe and is not independently identified as the place of composition.","Romans is widely regarded as an undisputed letter of Paul. Its travel plans and greeting network make Corinth around AD 56–57 the leading reconstruction. Nearby Cenchreae enters the evidence through Phoebe; the letter does not independently identify it as the place of composition. Tertius names himself as the amanuensis who wrote down the letter and added his own greeting.","A nearby point in the same journey: Some reconstructions place Romans slightly earlier or later within Paul’s Corinthian stay while retaining the pre-Jerusalem setting. The precise year shifts, but the letter still belongs before the Jerusalem journey rather than after Roman imprisonment."],"references":[],"sourceIds":["new-testament-introduction","letters","acts","chronology","paul-critical-life"]}],"license":{"content":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","exclusions":"Original resource content and artwork: CC BY 4.0. Bible text and third-party materials are excluded.","attribution":"PaulineLetters.com"},"citation":{"text":"Pauline Letters. “Romans.” Updated 2026-09-21. https://paulineletters.com/explore/resources/evidence-romans","markdown":"[Romans](https://paulineletters.com/explore/resources/evidence-romans) — Pauline Letters (2026-09-21).","html":"Romans — Pauline Letters (2026-09-21).","bibtex":"@online{paulineletters-evidence-romans,\n author = {{Pauline Letters}},\n title = {Romans},\n date = {2026-09-21},\n url = {https://paulineletters.com/explore/resources/evidence-romans}\n}\n","ris":"TY - ELEC\nTI - Romans\nAU - Pauline Letters\nDA - 2026/09/21\nUR - https://paulineletters.com/explore/resources/evidence-romans\nER -\n"},"embed":"
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Romans — Pauline Letters · CC BY 4.0
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