{"schemaVersion":"1.0.0","resourceType":"pauline-resource","id":"evidence-2-timothy","locale":"en","category":"history","title":"2 Timothy","description":"Second Timothy presents itself as a final charge from an imprisoned Paul, urging endurance, faithful teaching, and personal attention to a network under strain.","canonicalUrl":"https://paulineletters.com/explore/resources/evidence-2-timothy","version":"2026-09-21","capabilities":{"static":true,"interactive":false,"offline":false,"embed":true,"print":true},"usage":"Choose SVG for a scalable graphic, PNG for slides or messages, PDF for printing, or HTML for an interactive experience.","assets":[{"id":"2-timothy:en:slide","url":"https://paulineletters.com/evidence/media/en/2-timothy/slide-1ada82bba2a85caa.png","format":"png","contentType":"image/png","width":1600,"height":900,"bytes":194929,"sha256":"4e243acf529b99619833f37172736a00afd64762532f1be0beace96fc6e0b94d"},{"id":"2-timothy:en:chronology","url":"https://paulineletters.com/evidence/media/en/2-timothy/chronology-1ada82bba2a85caa.svg","format":"svg","contentType":"image/svg+xml","width":1200,"height":840,"bytes":8560,"sha256":"fdbb8b616e9feabb01fe1e407ddb7c0e2725c66ebabd4ee8a1e666cbdc734a76"},{"id":"2-timothy:en:map","url":"https://paulineletters.com/evidence/media/en/2-timothy/map-1ada82bba2a85caa.svg","format":"svg","contentType":"image/svg+xml","width":1200,"height":900,"bytes":12259,"sha256":"14d43625095cd2cc1d95a6ba6593aba29b1cd04c58f398ef209f3c942affe9a9"},{"id":"2-timothy:en:teaching","url":"https://paulineletters.com/downloads/evidence/2-timothy-teaching-1ada82bba2a85caa.pdf","format":"pdf","contentType":"application/pdf","bytes":659220,"sha256":"0dd019083fd9fea477ee452502ea41a982fc7142303d415d523fff5e03d1a139"}],"accessibility":{"alt":"2 Timothy: chronology diagram showing the sequence of events, dates, and distinctions between established, inferred, and uncertain details.","explanation":"Whether the letter comes directly from Paul, preserves authentic memories, or was composed later remains disputed."},"question":"What situation does 2 Timothy address, and what is debated about its setting or authorship?","answer":"Whether the letter comes directly from Paul, preserves authentic memories, or was composed later remains disputed.","references":["Phil 1:12-26; 2:5-30; 4:10-20","1 Tim 1:3; Titus 1:5; 3:12","1 Timothy 1-6","Titus 1-3","2 Tim 1:8,15-17; 2:9; 4:6-18","2 Tim 4:6-21","Later church tradition"],"sources":[{"id":"new-testament-introduction","title":"An Introduction to the New Testament","citation":"Raymond E. Brown, An Introduction to the New Testament (Doubleday, 1997). Chapter 31, “Pastoral Letter: The Second to Timothy,” “General Analysis of the Message”; Chapter 31, “Pastoral Letter: The Second to Timothy,” “II Timothy and Possibilities about the Pastorals”"},{"id":"letters","title":"The Pauline letters","citation":"Romans through Philemon, World English Bible (public domain). ","url":"https://ebible.org/web/"},{"id":"acts","title":"The Acts of the Apostles","citation":"Acts 7–28, World English Bible (public domain). ","url":"https://ebible.org/web/ACT.htm"},{"id":"chronology","title":"Pauline Letters chronology","citation":"The project’s 67-row chronology, cross-referencing Acts and the letters and labeling debated dates. "},{"id":"paul-critical-life","title":"Paul: A Critical Life","citation":"Jerome Murphy-O’Connor, Paul: A Critical Life (Oxford University Press, 1996). Chapter 1, “The Chronological Framework,” “The Evidence from the Pauline Letters” and “The Evidence from the Acts of the Apostles”"}],"sessions":[],"qualifications":[{"heading":"What remains uncertain","paragraphs":["The letter’s narrative setting presents Paul in custody in Rome. Dating it to a final imprisonment around AD 64–67 depends on direct Pauline authorship and a post-Acts sequence.","Acts does not narrate a second Roman imprisonment, and the exact custody location and date are not independently established.","2 Timothy belongs to the traditional Pauline corpus and presents itself as a final prison letter. Its authorship remains disputed with the other Pastoral Letters, although some scholars treat its personal material as preserving authentic Pauline memories or fragments.","A later work preserving Pauline memory: Many scholars regard Second Timothy as a later pastoral work, while some still see its personal material as preserving authentic Pauline memories or fragments. The final Roman setting becomes a literary or remembered frame rather than a securely dated final stage in Paul’s life."],"references":[],"sourceIds":["new-testament-introduction","letters","acts","chronology","paul-critical-life"]}],"license":{"content":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","exclusions":"Original resource content and artwork: CC BY 4.0. Bible text and third-party materials are excluded.","attribution":"PaulineLetters.com"},"citation":{"text":"Pauline Letters. “2 Timothy.” Updated 2026-09-21. https://paulineletters.com/explore/resources/evidence-2-timothy","markdown":"[2 Timothy](https://paulineletters.com/explore/resources/evidence-2-timothy) — Pauline Letters (2026-09-21).","html":"2 Timothy — Pauline Letters (2026-09-21).","bibtex":"@online{paulineletters-evidence-2-timothy,\n author = {{Pauline Letters}},\n title = {2 Timothy},\n date = {2026-09-21},\n url = {https://paulineletters.com/explore/resources/evidence-2-timothy}\n}\n","ris":"TY - ELEC\nTI - 2 Timothy\nAU - Pauline Letters\nDA - 2026/09/21\nUR - https://paulineletters.com/explore/resources/evidence-2-timothy\nER -\n"},"embed":"
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2 Timothy — Pauline Letters · CC BY 4.0
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