{ "$schema": "https://paulineletters.com/data/agent/commons/v1/places.schema.json", "schemaVersion": "1.0", "version": "1.0.0", "dataset": "places", "locale": "en", "title": "Places in Acts and the Pauline letters", "description": "Geographical names in Acts 7:58–28:31 and the thirteen Pauline letters, with source context, place kinds, qualified geometry and explicit limits on travel claims.", "method": "Literal geographical-name incidence was reviewed against the pinned World English Bible source; separate contextual references are selected source-supported examples, not an exhaustive place-coreference census. A place name can describe origin, a community, an intended destination or an offshore passage without reporting a visit. Presence claims retain those distinctions. Gazetteer matches and representative points require independent subject and coordinate review; unresolved or disputed identifications remain explicit. Coordinates do not locate a reported event. Scripture is cited by reference only.", "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "attribution": "Pauline Letters — https://paulineletters.com", "rights": { "coordinateChanges": "Selected representative points and named their latitude/longitude fields; numeric coordinate values are unchanged. Precision/basis labels and project prose are separately authored by Pauline Letters.", "projectLicenseScope": "project-owned-editorial-and-compilation-only", "upstream": { "attributionPolicyUrl": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/help/how-to-cite-pleiades", "copyrightNotices": { "contributors": "Copyright © The Contributors. Sharing and remixing permitted under terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (cc-by).", "creators": "Copyright © The Creators. 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Talbert", "Brady Kiesling", "Sean Gillies", "Johan Åhlfeldt", "Jeffrey Becker", "Tom Elliott" ], "copyrightNotice": "contributors", "use": "representative-point-and-source-metadata", "scopes": [ "/items/99/anchors/1/source", "/items/99/geometry/latitude", "/items/99/geometry/longitude", "/items/99/authorities/0/id" ] }, { "id": "pleiades-550924", "subjectId": "thyatira", "sourceAnchorId": "gazetteer-point", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/550924", "title": "Thyateira", "creators": [ "C. Foss", "G. Reger", "S. Mitchell" ], "contributors": [ "Brady Kiesling", "Sean Gillies", "Johan Åhlfeldt", "Jeffrey Becker", "Tom Elliott", "DARMC", "R. Talbert", "Enes Yılandiloğlu" ], "copyrightNotice": "creators", "use": "representative-point-and-source-metadata", "scopes": [ "/items/100/anchors/1/source", "/items/100/geometry/latitude", "/items/100/geometry/longitude", "/items/100/authorities/0/id" ] }, { "id": "pleiades-678437", "subjectId": "tyre", "sourceAnchorId": "gazetteer-point", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/678437", "title": "Tyrus/Col. Septimia Severa", "creators": [ "E.M. Meyers", "J.P. Brown" ], "contributors": [ "Brady Kiesling", "Sean Gillies", "Rosemary Selth", "Jeffrey Becker", "Jamie Novotny", "H. Kopp", "W. Röllig", "B. Siewert-Mayer", "Rune Rattenborg", "R. Talbert", "Johan Åhlfeldt", "Enes Yılandiloğlu", "Carolin Johansson", "Tom Elliott", "DARMC", "R. Scott Smith", "Greta Hawes", "Francis Deblauwe", "Eric Kansa" ], "copyrightNotice": "creators", "use": "representative-point-and-source-metadata", "scopes": [ "/items/102/anchors/2/source", "/items/102/geometry/latitude", "/items/102/geometry/longitude", "/items/102/authorities/0/id" ] } ] }, "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/data/agent/commons/v1/places.json", "scripture": "References only. No Bible translation text is included; cite the reference and read it in a licensed or public-domain edition.", "itemCount": 104, "items": [ { "id": "damascus", "name": "Damascus", "summary": "Damascus is a city in accounts of Paul's early activity. Acts describes his arrival, proclamation and escape. Galatians recalls a return after Arabia, while Second Corinthians describes an escape involving an official under Aretas. These accounts come from different documents; the shared city name does not settle how their sequences fit together. In Acts, the encounter on the road occurs before Saul enters Damascus. A representative point for the city cannot locate that roadside encounter.", "anchors": [ { "id": "acts-arrival", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:8-25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "road-context", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "galatians-return", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 1:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "corinthian-escape", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 11:32-33", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "678106; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/678106/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "acts-arrival-and-escape", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "acts-arrival" ], "qualifies": [ "road-context" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places Saul in Damascus after his approach to the city and narrates activity there followed by an escape.", "limit": "This reports the narrative's city setting. It neither identifies the encounter's exact roadside location nor turns every repeated Damascus notice into a separate visit." }, { "id": "letter-notices", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "galatians-return", "corinthian-escape" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Galatians reports a return to Damascus after Arabia; Second Corinthians describes the speaker's escape from an official associated with Aretas.", "limit": "The two letters give separate accounts; neither passage explains fully how its chronology relates to Acts." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.damascus", "aliases": [ "Damascus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:2", "ACT 9:3", "ACT 9:8", "ACT 9:10", "ACT 9:19", "ACT 9:22", "ACT 9:27", "ACT 22:5", "ACT 22:6", "ACT 22:10", "ACT 22:11", "ACT 22:12", "ACT 26:12", "ACT 26:20", "2CO 11:32", "GAL 1:17" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:11", "ACT 9:23", "ACT 9:24", "ACT 9:25", "2CO 11:33" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "678106", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "independent-pleiades-damascus" }, { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q3766", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "independent-wikidata-damascus" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": "damascus", "geometry": { "latitude": 33.511612, "longitude": 36.309102, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "acts-arrival-and-escape" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "2-corinthians", "galatians" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-damascus" }, { "id": "caesarea", "name": "Caesarea Maritima", "summary": "Caesarea Maritima is the coastal city named in Acts. It serves as a travel connection, the setting for Paul's stay with Philip, and the place of his custody and hearings under Roman officials. Other passages place Philip, Cornelius or Herod there without reporting a visit by Paul. The city is distinct from Caesarea Philippi. Its recurring name does not establish a separate Pauline arrival on every occasion, and a representative map point cannot identify a hearing room, prison or other particular building.", "anchors": [ { "id": "first-transfer", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:30", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "later-arrival", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:22", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "philip-stay", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:8-16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "custody-arrival", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 23:33-35", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "custody-duration", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 24:27", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "festus-setting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 25:1-13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "philip-context", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:40", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "cornelius-context", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 10:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "herod-context", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 12:19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "678401; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/678401/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-travel-and-stay", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "first-transfer", "later-arrival", "philip-stay" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports Paul passing through Caesarea and later staying there with Philip before continuing toward Jerusalem.", "limit": "The name here refers to the coastal city, which is distinct from Caesarea Philippi. A mention of the city need not report a visit by Paul." }, { "id": "custody-setting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "custody-arrival", "custody-duration", "festus-setting" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts makes Caesarea a setting for Paul's custody and proceedings involving Felix and Festus.", "limit": "This is the narrative setting, not an identification of an excavated courtroom, prison cell or exact event coordinate." }, { "id": "other-actors", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "philip-context", "cornelius-context", "herod-context" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Other Caesarea notices in Acts concern Philip, Cornelius and Herod rather than Paul's presence.", "limit": "A reference to another person's location supplies no Pauline arrival or residence claim." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.caesarea", "aliases": [ "Caesarea", "Caesarea Maritima" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:40", "ACT 9:30", "ACT 10:1", "ACT 10:24", "ACT 11:11", "ACT 12:19", "ACT 18:22", "ACT 21:8", "ACT 21:16", "ACT 23:23", "ACT 23:33", "ACT 25:1", "ACT 25:4", "ACT 25:6", "ACT 25:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 23:34", "ACT 23:35", "ACT 24:27" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "678401", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "independent-pleiades-caesarea" }, { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q319242", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "independent-wikidata-caesarea" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": "caesarea", "geometry": { "latitude": 32.5018388, "longitude": 34.8924472, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-travel-and-stay" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-caesarea" }, { "id": "cyprus", "name": "Cyprus", "summary": "Cyprus is the island reached by Paul and Barnabas in Acts' account of their mission. Acts later describes Barnabas and Mark sailing there after their separation from Paul. Other passages associate people with Cyprus or describe Paul's party sailing past it or in its shelter. These different uses of the island's name do not all report a visit by Paul. The island is distinct from any one of its cities, and its representative map point does not identify a landing place or an ancient provincial boundary.", "anchors": [ { "id": "mission-island", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:4-6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "barnabas-mark", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:39", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "later-sea-route", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "rome-sea-route", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "scattered-and-origin", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 11:19-20", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "mnason-origin", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "707498; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/707498/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-island-mission", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "mission-island" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Paul and Barnabas reaching Cyprus and continuing from Salamis across the island toward Paphos.", "limit": "The passage describes travel across an island; it does not identify the whole island with Salamis or Paphos, or locate a single landing point." }, { "id": "different-travel-relations", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "barnabas-mark", "later-sea-route", "rome-sea-route" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts separately reports Barnabas and Mark travelling to Cyprus and later voyages on which Paul's party passes the island or sails in its shelter.", "limit": "The Barnabas-and-Mark voyage is not an additional Pauline visit. The later sea-route descriptions do not themselves report landings." }, { "id": "origin-and-community-notices", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "scattered-and-origin", "mnason-origin" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts also associates Cyprus with dispersed believers, people who came from the island, and Mnason.", "limit": "These are movement or origin associations for the people named in those passages, not evidence that Paul visited Cyprus on those occasions." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.cyprus", "aliases": [ "Cyprus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 11:19", "ACT 11:20", "ACT 13:4", "ACT 15:39", "ACT 21:3", "ACT 21:16", "ACT 27:4" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:5", "ACT 13:6" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "707498", "targetKind": "island", "receiptId": "independent-pleiades-cyprus" }, { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q644636", "targetKind": "island", "receiptId": "independent-wikidata-cyprus" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "island", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 34.99543568254809, "longitude": 33.22246680789437, "precision": "regional-representative", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-island-mission" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-cyprus" }, { "id": "pisidian-antioch", "name": "Pisidian Antioch", "summary": "Pisidian Antioch is the city qualified by Pisidia in Acts, distinct from Antioch on the Orontes. Acts describes Paul and Barnabas teaching there, facing opposition and later returning through the city. Second Timothy names Antioch alongside Iconium and Lystra in a recollection of persecution. The shared name Antioch therefore needs to be read in its passage context. The letter's retrospective account does not by itself establish its authorship, the dates of the events or how all the journeys fit together.", "anchors": [ { "id": "acts-mission", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:14-52", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "acts-return", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 14:21-23", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "letter-retrospect", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 3:10-11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "609307; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/609307/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-mission-and-return", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "acts-mission", "acts-return" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places Paul and Barnabas at the Antioch qualified by Pisidia and later narrates their return through Lystra, Iconium and Antioch.", "limit": "The Antioch reached from Perga in Acts 13 is distinct from the Syrian city. Bare mentions of Antioch need their own passage context." }, { "id": "pastoral-retrospect", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "letter-retrospect" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The writer of Second Timothy recalls persecution at Antioch alongside Iconium and Lystra.", "limit": "This recollection does not supply a date for the events, narrate another visit or establish who wrote the letter." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.pisidian-antioch", "aliases": [ "Antioch", "Antioch of Pisidia", "Pisidian Antioch" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:14", "ACT 14:19", "ACT 14:21", "2TI 3:11" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:15", "ACT 13:44", "ACT 13:50", "ACT 13:51" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "609307", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "independent-pleiades-pisidian-antioch" }, { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q579468", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "independent-wikidata-pisidian-antioch" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": "pisidian-antioch", "geometry": { "latitude": 38.305374018553835, "longitude": 31.189869948559302, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-mission-and-return" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "2-timothy" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-pisidian-antioch" }, { "id": "iconium", "name": "Iconium", "summary": "Iconium is a city in the Acts account of Paul and Barnabas's mission. The narrative describes proclamation, divided reactions, a threatened assault and departure, followed by a return through the city. Its believers also appear in the report about Timothy, while Second Timothy recalls persecution at Iconium. The community reference does not narrate a new Pauline arrival. The map point represents the ancient settlement without defining its full first-century urban area.", "anchors": [ { "id": "acts-mission", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 14:1-6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "acts-return", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 14:21-23", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "timothy-testimony", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:1-2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "letter-retrospect", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 3:10-11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "648647; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/648647/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-mission-and-return", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "acts-mission", "acts-return" ], "qualifies": [ "timothy-testimony" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports Paul and Barnabas teaching at Iconium, leaving after a threat of violence, and later returning through the city.", "limit": "The later testimony of believers from Iconium about Timothy does not itself report another visit by Paul to Iconium." }, { "id": "pastoral-retrospect", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "letter-retrospect" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy recalls persecution at Iconium alongside Antioch and Lystra.", "limit": "The letter's recollection does not date the events, narrate a further visit or establish its authorship." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.iconium", "aliases": [ "Iconium" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:51", "ACT 14:1", "ACT 14:19", "ACT 14:21", "ACT 16:2", "2TI 3:11" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 14:2", "ACT 14:3", "ACT 14:4", "ACT 14:5", "ACT 14:6" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "648647", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "independent-pleiades-iconium" }, { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q132559332", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "independent-wikidata-iconium" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": "iconium", "geometry": { "latitude": 37.87245590410413, "longitude": 32.49229501229744, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-mission-and-return" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "2-timothy" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-iconium" }, { "id": "lystra", "name": "Lystra", "summary": "Lystra is a city in Acts where Paul and Barnabas's activity is followed by a violent assault on Paul. The narrative also reports a return, and later associates Lystra's believers with Timothy's reputation. Second Timothy names Lystra in its retrospective account of persecution. These accounts do not establish Timothy's birthplace or identify a precise archaeological location. Pleiades and Wikidata give separated positions for Lystra, leaving its precise modern location unresolved in these records.", "anchors": [ { "id": "acts-mission", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 14:8-20", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "acts-return", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 14:21-23", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "timothy-context", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:1-2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "letter-retrospect", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 3:10-11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "648699; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/648699/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } }, { "id": "wikidata-coordinates", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "wikidata", "work": "Wikidata entity record", "locator": "entities.Q535982.claims.P625", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/w/api.php?action=wbgetentities&ids=Q535982&props=labels%7Cdescriptions%7Cclaims%7Cinfo&languages=en&format=json", "publicDomain": true, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-mission-and-assault", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "acts-mission", "acts-return" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts sets activity by Paul and Barnabas at Lystra, narrates the stoning of Paul there, and later reports a return through the city.", "limit": "Being taken for dead in the account is not a statement that Paul died. A city setting does not locate the assault within an excavated site." }, { "id": "later-document-notices", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "timothy-context", "letter-retrospect" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts links the believers in Lystra with Timothy's reputation, and Second Timothy recalls persecution there.", "limit": "The first notice does not establish Timothy's birthplace, and the second does not independently establish authorship, dates or a new journey." }, { "id": "coordinate-evidence", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "gazetteer-point", "wikidata-coordinates" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The Pleiades gazetteer and Wikidata locate Lystra at different modern positions.", "limit": "These records do not establish which modern location represents the ancient city." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.lystra", "aliases": [ "Lystra" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 14:6", "ACT 14:8", "ACT 14:21", "ACT 16:1", "ACT 16:2", "2TI 3:11" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 14:9", "ACT 14:19", "ACT 14:20" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": "lystra", "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-mission-and-assault" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "2-timothy" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-lystra" }, { "id": "derbe", "name": "Derbe", "summary": "Derbe is a city reached by Paul and Barnabas in Acts after the assault on Paul at Lystra. The narrative describes their work there and later names Derbe and Lystra in another journey. A subsequent travel list associates Gaius with Derbe without describing another arrival by Paul. Wikidata gives two separated locations for the city, while the Pleiades point lies near only one of them. These records leave the precise modern location unresolved.", "anchors": [ { "id": "acts-arrival", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 14:20-21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "later-route", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gaius-origin", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "648620; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/648620/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } }, { "id": "wikidata-coordinates", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "wikidata", "work": "Wikidata entity record", "locator": "entities.Q20717624.claims.P625", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/w/api.php?action=wbgetentities&ids=Q20717624&props=labels%7Cdescriptions%7Cclaims%7Cinfo&languages=en&format=json", "publicDomain": true, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-arrivals", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "acts-arrival", "later-route" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports Paul and Barnabas reaching Derbe, describes their activity there, and later places Derbe and Lystra in Paul's onward journey.", "limit": "These are narrated arrivals and activity, not an archaeological identification or an independently dated itinerary." }, { "id": "gaius-association", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "gaius-origin" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts associates a Gaius in the travelling party with Derbe.", "limit": "An origin association does not report a new Pauline arrival and does not identify this Gaius with every other person of that name." }, { "id": "coordinate-evidence", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "gazetteer-point", "wikidata-coordinates" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Wikidata lists two separated locations for Derbe; the Pleiades point is close to one of them.", "limit": "These records do not establish which modern location represents the ancient city." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.derbe", "aliases": [ "Derbe" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 14:6", "ACT 14:20", "ACT 16:1", "ACT 20:4" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 14:21" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": "derbe", "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-arrivals" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-derbe" }, { "id": "troas", "name": "Troas", "summary": "Troas is the city from which Acts describes Paul's party sailing toward Macedonia. Acts later places Paul there at a gathering involving Eutychus. Second Corinthians recalls ministry at Troas and concern about Titus, while Second Timothy refers to belongings left with Carpus. The city is distinct from the wider Troad. These accounts come from different documents and do not by themselves establish one complete sequence of visits. A representative city point cannot locate the gathering's room or a particular harbour.", "anchors": [ { "id": "macedonian-crossing", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:8-11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "later-gathering", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:5-12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "corinthian-notice", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 2:12-13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "timothy-notice", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "550434; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/550434/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "acts-journey-settings", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "macedonian-crossing", "later-gathering" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places Paul at Troas before the crossing toward Macedonia and later narrates a gathering there involving Eutychus.", "limit": "The city-level setting does not identify a precise harbour, building or room, and the city must remain distinct from the wider Troad." }, { "id": "separate-letter-notices", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "corinthian-notice", "timothy-notice" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Corinthians describes ministry and concern about Titus at Troas; Second Timothy refers to belongings left there with Carpus.", "limit": "The passages do not give a complete sequence or count of visits, and the reference in Second Timothy does not establish that letter's authorship." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.troas", "aliases": [ "Troas", "Alexandria Troas" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:8", "ACT 16:11", "ACT 20:5", "ACT 20:6", "2CO 2:12", "2TI 4:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:9", "ACT 16:10", "ACT 20:7", "ACT 20:9", "ACT 20:12" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "550434", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "independent-pleiades-troas" }, { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q1393407", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "independent-wikidata-troas" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": "troas", "geometry": { "latitude": 39.751699149014044, "longitude": 26.1575573012968, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "acts-journey-settings" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "2-corinthians", "2-timothy" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-troas" }, { "id": "berea", "name": "Berea", "summary": "Berea, also spelled Beroea, is the Macedonian city where Acts places Paul and Silas after their departure from Thessalonica. The account describes a close examination of their message, opposition from people who arrive from Thessalonica, and Paul's departure toward Athens. Acts later associates Sopater with Beroea in a list of travelling companions. His connection with the city does not report a further visit by Paul or establish his birthplace. The city's representative map point cannot identify a particular synagogue or meeting place.", "anchors": [ { "id": "acts-visit", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:10-15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "sopater-origin", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "491546; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/491546/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-visit-and-departure", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "acts-visit" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports Paul and Silas arriving at Beroea, describes the reception of their message and opposition, and narrates Paul's departure toward Athens.", "limit": "This is a report of the city's narrative role. It does not identify a particular surviving synagogue or other meeting place." }, { "id": "sopater-association", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "sopater-origin" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts associates Sopater in the travelling party with Beroea.", "limit": "The origin notice does not establish a birthplace, create another Pauline visit or resolve identities of similarly named people elsewhere." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.berea", "aliases": [ "Beroea", "Berea" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 17:10", "ACT 17:13", "ACT 20:4" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 17:11", "ACT 17:12", "ACT 17:14", "ACT 17:15" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "491546", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "independent-pleiades-berea" }, { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q15712213", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "independent-wikidata-berea" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": "berea", "geometry": { "latitude": 40.52212666666667, "longitude": 22.201492666666667, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-visit-and-departure" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-berea" }, { "id": "athens", "name": "Athens", "summary": "Athens is the city where Acts places Paul as he waits for his companions, discusses his message and addresses an audience associated with the Areopagus. First Thessalonians also recalls remaining at Athens while Timothy was sent to the recipients. The letter and Acts give separate accounts; the shared setting does not settle every detail of their relationship. The Areopagus reference leaves questions about the setting of Paul's address, and a representative point for Athens cannot identify its exact venue or the boundaries of the ancient city.", "anchors": [ { "id": "acts-city-setting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:15-34", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "departure", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "letter-setting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 3:1-2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "579885; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/579885/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "acts-city-setting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "acts-city-setting", "departure" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places Paul at Athens for discussion and an address associated with the Areopagus before his departure for Corinth.", "limit": "The city setting does not decide the Areopagus's site-versus-council question or identify an exact speaking location." }, { "id": "letter-setting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "letter-setting" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Thessalonians recalls remaining at Athens and sending Timothy to the recipients.", "limit": "The letter does not describe all the movements found in Acts or explain how the two accounts fit together." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.athens", "aliases": [ "Athens" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 17:15", "ACT 17:16", "ACT 17:22", "ACT 18:1", "1TH 3:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 17:17", "ACT 17:18", "ACT 17:19", "ACT 17:21", "ACT 17:23", "ACT 17:34" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "579885", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "independent-pleiades-athens" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": "athens", "geometry": { "latitude": 37.97164747289856, "longitude": 23.723954796773654, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "acts-city-setting" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "1-thessalonians" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-athens" }, { "id": "achaia", "name": "Achaia", "summary": "Achaia appears as a regional designation in Acts and several Pauline letters. Acts places Gallio's administration there and later includes Achaia in Paul's travel plans. The letters associate the region with believing communities, early converts and support for Jerusalem. These notices describe different kinds of connection: an official's jurisdiction, a proposed journey and relationships among churches. A regional reference does not identify a particular town or establish a visit at every mention.", "anchors": [ { "id": "administration", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "journey-plan", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "collection", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 15:26", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "regional-audience", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "administrative-context", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "administration" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts identifies Gallio with the administration of Achaia in its account of the proceedings against Paul.", "limit": "The regional designation does not by itself specify the province's boundaries or turn every Achaia reference into a location for Paul." }, { "id": "planned-journey", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "journey-plan" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts includes Achaia in Paul's stated plan to travel through Macedonia before going to Jerusalem.", "limit": "A plan is distinct from a report of arrival or completion." }, { "id": "church-connections", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "collection", "regional-audience" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans associates Achaia with a contribution for Jerusalem, and Second Corinthians addresses believers beyond Corinth across Achaia.", "limit": "These community connections do not provide a complete itinerary or make every regional reference a reference to Corinth." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.achaia", "aliases": [ "Achaia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:12", "ACT 18:27", "ACT 19:21", "ROM 15:26", "ROM 16:5", "1CO 16:15", "2CO 1:1", "2CO 9:2", "2CO 11:10", "1TH 1:7", "1TH 1:8" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "intended", "claimId": "planned-journey" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "romans", "1-corinthians", "2-corinthians", "1-thessalonians" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-achaia" }, { "id": "adramyttium", "name": "Adramyttium", "summary": "Adramyttium enters the voyage to Italy through the description of a ship. Acts says that the travelling party boards a vessel associated with Adramyttium and expects to sail along the coast of Asia. The name therefore identifies the vessel's geographical connection, rather than a recorded stop by Paul at the city. The passage does not describe the ship's earlier movements or establish that the passengers travelled to Adramyttium.", "anchors": [ { "id": "ship-description", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "550403; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/550403/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "ship-provenance", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "ship-description" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes the first vessel in this part of the voyage as a ship of Adramyttium.", "limit": "A ship's geographical association does not establish a visit by Paul to its associated city or prove where the vessel was built." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.adramyttium", "aliases": [ "Adramyttium" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "550403", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b02-pleiades-550403" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 39.49864002906597, "longitude": 26.936097559391023, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-adramyttium" }, { "id": "adriatic-sea", "name": "Adriatic Sea", "summary": "The Adriatic Sea is the named maritime setting in the storm account of Acts 27. Its occurrence belongs to the period when the ship has been driven at sea and the sailors begin to suspect nearby land. Ancient use of the sea name need not match the boundaries of the modern Adriatic. The name supplies a broad setting for the voyage, while the ship's exact track and position remain uncertain.", "anchors": [ { "id": "storm-location", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:27-29", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "storm-setting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "storm-location" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places the storm-driven vessel in the Adriatic Sea when the sailors suspect that land is nearby.", "limit": "The ancient sea designation is not a precise position and does not by itself determine the modern route of the vessel." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Adriatic Sea", "Adriatic" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:27" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:28", "ACT 27:29" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "water", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-adriatic-sea" }, { "id": "alexandria", "name": "Alexandria", "summary": "Alexandria is connected with people and ships in Acts. Apollos receives an Alexandrian origin label, while two vessels in the journey towards Italy are associated explicitly with Alexandria. These are different kinds of evidence: a person's origin and the geographical designation of ships. None of these notices reports Paul travelling to Alexandria. The city association also remains distinct from Troas, which belongs to another part of the narrative.", "anchors": [ { "id": "apollos-origin", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:24", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "myra-ship", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:5-6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "later-ship", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 28:11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "727070; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/727070/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "ship-connections", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "myra-ship", "later-ship" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts associates a vessel found by the centurion and a later vessel used after the winter with Alexandria.", "limit": "These vessel descriptions establish no visit by Paul to Alexandria, and they do not describe the same stage of the voyage." }, { "id": "apollos-origin", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "apollos-origin" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts gives Apollos an Alexandrian origin label.", "limit": "The adjective is an origin association, rather than a literal occurrence of the city name or a report of Paul's movements." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.alexandria", "aliases": [ "Alexandria" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:6", "ACT 28:11" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:24", "ACT 27:5" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "727070", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b02-pleiades-727070" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 31.201435, "longitude": 29.909773, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-alexandria" }, { "id": "amphipolis", "name": "Amphipolis", "summary": "Amphipolis appears in Acts as a place passed on the journey to Thessalonica. The narrative names Amphipolis and Apollonia together before turning to the synagogue and events at Thessalonica. It gives no separate account of teaching, lodging or the length of a stay in Amphipolis. The reference therefore supports the reported passage through the place, while leaving the details of that passage and any local activity undescribed.", "anchors": [ { "id": "route", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "501347; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/501347/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-passage", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "route" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names Amphipolis among the places through which the travelling party passes before reaching Thessalonica.", "limit": "Passing through a place does not establish a preaching stop, a local congregation or a particular length of stay." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.amphipolis", "aliases": [ "Amphipolis" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 17:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "501347", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b02-pleiades-501347" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 40.82581148078865, "longitude": 23.841579432345075, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-amphipolis" }, { "id": "antioch", "name": "Antioch in Syria", "summary": "The Syrian Antioch is a major community setting in Acts: Barnabas and Saul teach there, workers are sent out, and travellers return to report to the church. Galatians also places a disagreement involving Peter and shared meals at Antioch. This city is distinguished from the Antioch associated with Pisidia in other journey notices. The shared name does not make those cities interchangeable, and the notices do not settle every proposed connection between Acts and Galatians.", "anchors": [ { "id": "community", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 11:26", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "commission", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:1-3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "return", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 14:26-28", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "meal-dispute", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 2:11-14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "658381; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/658381/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "teaching-community", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "community" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Barnabas and Saul teaching in the Antioch community for an extended period.", "limit": "This community notice concerns the Syrian Antioch, rather than the Antioch associated with Pisidia in the later journey narrative." }, { "id": "sending-and-return", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "commission", "return" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts presents Antioch as the community from which Barnabas and Saul are sent and to which they return with a report.", "limit": "The account establishes the community's role in this narrative; it does not supply a complete itinerary for every journey from Antioch." }, { "id": "galatians-encounter", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "meal-dispute" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Galatians places Paul's confrontation with Peter over shared meals at Antioch.", "limit": "The reference does not itself date the encounter against the council and journey episodes in Acts." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.antioch", "aliases": [ "Antioch" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 11:19", "ACT 11:20", "ACT 11:22", "ACT 11:26", "ACT 11:27", "ACT 13:1", "ACT 14:26", "ACT 15:22", "ACT 15:23", "ACT 15:30", "ACT 15:35", "ACT 18:22", "GAL 2:11" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:2", "ACT 13:3", "ACT 14:27", "ACT 14:28", "GAL 2:12", "GAL 2:13", "GAL 2:14" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "658381", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b02-pleiades-658381" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 36.2158868, "longitude": 36.17684236666667, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [ "galatians" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-antioch" }, { "id": "antipatris", "name": "Antipatris", "summary": "Antipatris is a named stage in the military transfer of Paul from Jerusalem towards Caesarea. Acts reports that soldiers take him there by night, before the escort changes on the following day. The passage provides an explicit movement notice involving Paul, rather than an inference from a person's birthplace or a later letter. It does not describe a ministry visit, the route's exact alignment or the location of an overnight lodging.", "anchors": [ { "id": "escort-stage", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 23:31-33", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "687996; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/687996/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "escorted-arrival", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "escort-stage" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports that the soldiers bring Paul to Antipatris during the night transfer and that the escort continues towards Caesarea.", "limit": "This is a reported stage of custody, not a ministry stop or an independently located overnight site." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Antipatris" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 23:31" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 23:32", "ACT 23:33" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "687996", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b02-pleiades-687996" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 32.10523666672457, "longitude": 34.93097367038177, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "escorted-arrival" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-antipatris" }, { "id": "apollonia", "name": "Apollonia", "summary": "Apollonia is named alongside Amphipolis in the journey notice leading to Thessalonica. Acts gives these places as stages passed before its fuller account of events at Thessalonica. The route context matters when identifying the settlement intended by the name. This notice does not describe a local mission, an overnight stay or a separate encounter in Apollonia, and it supplies no exact position for the settlement.", "anchors": [ { "id": "route", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:1", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "route-context", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "route" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places Apollonia after Amphipolis in the travelling party's passage towards Thessalonica.", "limit": "The route context helps identify the intended settlement, but a precise site requires further geographical evidence." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.apollonia", "aliases": [ "Apollonia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 17:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-apollonia" }, { "id": "arabia", "name": "Arabia", "summary": "Arabia occurs in two distinct settings in Galatians. The speaker first reports going to Arabia before returning to Damascus. Later, Arabia appears in a comparison involving Sinai, Hagar and Jerusalem. The travel notice supplies no precise destination within the region, while the later argument uses the geographical name for a different purpose. The two occurrences should not be made to establish an identical territorial extent or a journey to Sinai.", "anchors": [ { "id": "journey", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 1:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "comparison", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 4:24-26", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-journey", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "journey" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The speaker of Galatians reports going to Arabia and subsequently returning to Damascus.", "limit": "The account does not identify the places visited within Arabia, the route taken or a visit to Sinai." }, { "id": "sinai-comparison", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "comparison" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Galatians associates Sinai with Arabia within its comparison of Hagar and Jerusalem.", "limit": "This use belongs to the letter's argument and does not independently locate the earlier journey or resolve Arabia's territorial boundaries." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.arabia", "aliases": [ "Arabia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "GAL 1:17", "GAL 4:25" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "GAL 4:24", "GAL 4:26" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-journey" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "galatians" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-arabia" }, { "id": "areopagus", "name": "Areopagus", "summary": "Areopagus is the name associated with Paul's Athenian encounter in Acts. The narrative describes a question about his teaching and then introduces his address. The name can refer to a physical site or to a council, so these occurrences do not by themselves establish the exact place where the speech was delivered. The civic setting is clear, while the relationship between the hearing body and its physical location remains uncertain.", "anchors": [ { "id": "hearing", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:16-19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "address", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:22", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "narrative-designation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "hearing", "address" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts uses the name Areopagus when introducing the inquiry into Paul's teaching and his ensuing address.", "limit": "The name alone does not settle whether each occurrence designates a site, a council or an encounter associated with both." }, { "id": "referent-uncertainty", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "debated", "confidence": "debated", "supports": [ "hearing", "address" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [ "physical-site", "council" ], "statement": "A physical-site reading and a council reading remain distinct explanations of the Areopagus designation.", "limit": "Neither reading, on these references alone, establishes a precise speech location." } ], "alternatives": [ { "id": "physical-site", "supports": [ "hearing", "address" ], "qualifies": [], "label": "Physical-site reading", "statement": "The name identifies the physical place associated with the encounter." }, { "id": "council", "supports": [ "hearing", "address" ], "qualifies": [], "label": "Council reading", "statement": "The name identifies the council or hearing body, without fixing the precise location of the address." } ], "protectedEntityId": "place.areopagus", "aliases": [ "Areopagus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 17:16", "ACT 17:19", "ACT 17:22" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "site", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-areopagus" }, { "id": "asia-province", "name": "Asia", "summary": "Asia in these passages is the Roman provincial designation, rather than the modern continent. Acts uses the name in accounts of preaching, travel arrangements, regional origins and opposition. The letters also refer to churches and experiences associated with Asia. These uses are not all movement notices. In particular, the restriction on preaching in Acts 16 differs from the later account of Paul's activity in the province and does not imply that every reference records a visit.", "anchors": [ { "id": "preaching-restriction", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "reported-arrival", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:17-18", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "churches", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 16:19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "981509; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/981509/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "preaching-restriction", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "preaching-restriction" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports a restriction on speaking the message in Asia during this stage of the journey.", "limit": "The restriction concerns preaching; this verse does not say that entry into the entire province was prohibited." }, { "id": "later-activity", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "reported-arrival" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "In the address to the Ephesian elders, Paul recalls his arrival in Asia and his conduct among them.", "limit": "This is the speech's account of his activity, rather than proof that every Asian origin or community notice marks a location visited by Paul." }, { "id": "regional-churches", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "churches" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Corinthians conveys greetings from churches associated with Asia.", "limit": "The regional church designation does not enumerate their locations or establish Paul's presence in every community." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.asia-province", "aliases": [ "Asia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:6", "ACT 19:10", "ACT 19:22", "ACT 19:26", "ACT 19:27", "ACT 20:4", "ACT 20:16", "ACT 20:18", "ACT 21:27", "ACT 24:18", "ACT 27:2", "1CO 16:19", "2CO 1:8", "2TI 1:15" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:17" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "981509", "targetKind": "province", "receiptId": "r2-b02-pleiades-981509" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "province", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 38.46072215674155, "longitude": 27.776104819835428, "precision": "regional-representative", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "later-activity" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "1-corinthians", "2-corinthians", "2-timothy" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-asia-province" }, { "id": "assos", "name": "Assos", "summary": "Assos is the meeting point in Acts where Paul rejoins companions travelling by ship. The preceding notice distinguishes their voyage from Paul's plan to travel overland, and the next verse reports the meeting and embarkation. The passage therefore offers more than an intended destination: it narrates a rendezvous. It does not identify the precise road Paul used or the exact place within Assos where he met the vessel.", "anchors": [ { "id": "travel-arrangement", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:13-14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "550463; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/550463/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-rendezvous", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "travel-arrangement" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts distinguishes Paul's planned land journey from his companions' voyage and then reports that they meet at Assos and take him aboard.", "limit": "The reported meeting does not specify the land route or an exact embarkation point." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.assos", "aliases": [ "Assos" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:13", "ACT 20:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "550463", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b02-pleiades-550463" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 39.49013546086826, "longitude": 26.336351701762013, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-rendezvous" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-assos" }, { "id": "attalia", "name": "Attalia", "summary": "Attalia appears near the end of the return journey narrated in Acts 14. After the report of speaking at Perga, the travellers reach Attalia and then sail towards Antioch. The notice gives Attalia a role in a reported journey, while saying little about activity within the settlement. It does not describe a local congregation, the duration of the stay or the precise harbour facilities used for the departure.", "anchors": [ { "id": "return-journey", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 14:24-26", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "638778; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/638778/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "arrival-and-departure", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "return-journey" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports that the travellers reach Attalia after Perga and sail from there towards Antioch.", "limit": "The journey notice does not establish local ministry, length of stay or a precise harbour location." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.attalia", "aliases": [ "Attalia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 14:25" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 14:24", "ACT 14:26" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "638778", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b02-pleiades-638778" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 36.8903095, "longitude": 30.699968, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-attalia" }, { "id": "azotus", "name": "Azotus", "summary": "Azotus belongs to Philip's story in Acts, following his encounter with the Ethiopian traveller. The narrative next finds Philip at Azotus and describes his onward preaching through towns towards Caesarea. This is an explicit place notice about Philip, rather than an episode in Paul's itinerary. It supplies no separate account of the community at Azotus, the length of Philip's stay or the exact location at which he appears.", "anchors": [ { "id": "philip-route", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:39-40", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "philip-notice", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "philip-route" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places Philip at Azotus before describing his preaching through towns on the way to Caesarea.", "limit": "The notice concerns Philip and establishes no visit by Paul to Azotus." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Azotus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:40" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:39" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-azotus" }, { "id": "bithynia", "name": "Bithynia", "summary": "Bithynia appears in Acts as an attempted destination during the travelling party's movement near Mysia. The account says that entry is not permitted, and the narrative continues towards Troas. The reference records an intention and a constraint, rather than an arrival in Bithynia. It does not identify the particular town the travellers hoped to reach, the point where their course changed or the region's exact boundaries.", "anchors": [ { "id": "attempted-entry", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:7-8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "511189; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/511189/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "blocked-intention", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "attempted-entry" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes an attempt to go into Bithynia that is not permitted, followed by movement towards Troas.", "limit": "The intended destination must not be treated as a completed visit or a precisely located frontier encounter." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.bithynia", "aliases": [ "Bithynia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:7" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:8" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "511189", "targetKind": "region", "receiptId": "r2-b02-pleiades-511189" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 40.562857811901765, "longitude": 30.72017621181448, "precision": "regional-representative", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "intended", "claimId": "blocked-intention" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-bithynia" }, { "id": "canaan", "name": "Canaan", "summary": "Canaan is named in the historical review within Paul's synagogue speech in Acts 13. The speech associates the region with the displacement of earlier peoples and the allocation of land to Israel. Its role here is part of a retrospective account of Israel's past, rather than a stage in Paul's travels. The reference does not set out Canaan's boundaries or establish the locations of the events described within the region.", "anchors": [ { "id": "historical-review", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:17-20", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "retrospective-region", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "historical-review" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Paul's speech in Acts names Canaan within its account of Israel's earlier settlement and land inheritance.", "limit": "This records the speech's historical account; it does not independently verify those events or establish a visit by Paul to Canaan." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Canaan" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:19" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:17", "ACT 13:18", "ACT 13:20" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-canaan" }, { "id": "cenchreae", "name": "Cenchreae", "summary": "Cenchreae occurs in a departure narrative in Acts and in Romans' recommendation of Phoebe. Acts names the place in connection with a vow and the journey towards Syria, while Romans associates Phoebe with its church. These notices describe different connections and need not belong to the same occasion. They do not by themselves determine the person responsible for every action in the departure account or identify the precise setting of the community.", "anchors": [ { "id": "departure-context", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:18", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "phoebe-community", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:1-2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "570347; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/570347/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "departure-context", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "departure-context" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names Cenchreae within the account of Paul's departure towards Syria and a vow-related action.", "limit": "The place notice does not require resolving the disputed pronoun attribution of the haircut and vow." }, { "id": "phoebe-community", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "phoebe-community" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans commends Phoebe and associates her with the church at Cenchreae.", "limit": "This community association is distinct from the departure narrative and does not establish a new visit by Paul." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.cenchreae", "aliases": [ "Cenchreae" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:18", "ROM 16:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:2" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "570347", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b02-pleiades-570347" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 37.88239, "longitude": 22.992532, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [ "romans" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-cenchreae" }, { "id": "chios", "name": "Chios", "summary": "Chios is a named landmark in the coastal voyage described in Acts 20. The travellers reach a position opposite Chios before the narrative continues towards Samos and Miletus. The wording marks passage by the island rather than a narrated landing there. It does not identify an anchorage, a town visited on Chios or the vessel's exact distance from shore, and it supplies no account of a local meeting or ministry.", "anchors": [ { "id": "coastal-passage", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "550497; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/550497/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "offshore-passage", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "coastal-passage" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports that the vessel comes opposite Chios during the onward voyage.", "limit": "An offshore position does not establish a landing, a visit to a particular town or an exact sailing track." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.chios", "aliases": [ "Chios" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:15" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "550497", "targetKind": "island", "receiptId": "r2-b02-pleiades-550497" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "island", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 38.38363822562521, "longitude": 26.014242444030867, "precision": "regional-representative", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-chios" }, { "id": "cilicia", "name": "Cilicia", "summary": "Cilicia is a regional designation used in several different ways in Acts and Galatians. Acts includes it in a community letter, a journey through churches, descriptions of Paul's connection with Tarsus and a coastal voyage. Galatians also reports movement into the regions of Syria and Cilicia. The regional name must remain distinct from the city of Tarsus, and a birthplace or coastal reference does not turn every occurrence into a separate visit.", "anchors": [ { "id": "church-journey", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:40-41", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "tarsus-identification", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:39", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "coastal-voyage", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "letter-journey", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 1:21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "658440; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/658440/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "regional-travel", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "church-journey", "letter-journey" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes a journey through Cilicia in connection with strengthening churches, while Galatians reports movement into the regions of Syria and Cilicia.", "limit": "These are distinct narrative and letter notices; their shared regional name does not supply an exact route or automatically synchronize them." }, { "id": "city-region-distinction", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "tarsus-identification" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts identifies Tarsus through its association with Cilicia.", "limit": "The regional qualification does not make Tarsus and Cilicia the same geographical subject." }, { "id": "coastal-reference", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "coastal-voyage" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names Cilicia in describing the waters traversed before the voyage reaches Myra.", "limit": "A coastal sailing reference does not establish a landing in Cilicia or a visit to an unnamed settlement." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.cilicia", "aliases": [ "Cilicia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 15:23", "ACT 15:41", "ACT 21:39", "ACT 22:3", "ACT 23:34", "ACT 27:5", "GAL 1:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 15:40" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "658440", "targetKind": "region", "receiptId": "r2-b02-pleiades-658440" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 36.58645514246619, "longitude": 33.910580483222674, "precision": "regional-representative", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "regional-travel" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "galatians" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-cilicia" }, { "id": "clauda", "name": "Clauda", "summary": "Clauda is the small island named during the storm voyage in Acts 27. The narrative describes the vessel passing into its shelter and the crew struggling to secure the boat, followed by further measures to protect the ship. The island functions as a geographical reference within an emergency at sea. The passage does not report a landing on Clauda or give the precise course, anchorage or shore location of the vessel.", "anchors": [ { "id": "island-shelter", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:16-17", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "sheltered-passage", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "island-shelter" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names Clauda as a small island beside which the crew obtains shelter and secures the boat during the storm.", "limit": "Shelter beside an island does not establish a landing or determine an exact ship position." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Clauda" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:16" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:17" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "island", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-clauda" }, { "id": "cnidus", "name": "Cnidus", "summary": "Cnidus appears as a coastal reference in the difficult voyage towards Italy. Acts describes the ship reaching a position opposite Cnidus before adverse wind leads the travellers towards Crete. The notice concerns a vessel's position and change of course, rather than an arrival in the town. It does not establish a landing, local activity or the exact relation between the named settlement, its headland and the ship's offshore position.", "anchors": [ { "id": "coastal-position", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:7-8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "599575; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/599575/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "offshore-reference", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "coastal-position" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places the vessel opposite Cnidus before the route continues towards Crete under difficult wind conditions.", "limit": "The offshore description does not report a landing at Cnidus or identify an exact point beside the town or headland." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.cnidus", "aliases": [ "Cnidus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:7" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:8" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "599575", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b03-pleiades-599575" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 36.688179500000004, "longitude": 27.3728385, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-cnidus" }, { "id": "colossae", "name": "Colossae", "summary": "Colossae is the city named in the address of Colossians. The letter describes its recipients' faith, connects their instruction with Epaphras and later links their community with other communities through greetings and letter reading. These are relationships presented by the letter, rather than a narrated Pauline arrival. The address and discussion of people who have not seen the writer personally do not by themselves settle whether Paul ever visited Colossae.", "anchors": [ { "id": "address-and-epaphras", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 1:1-8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "personal-contact", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 2:1-5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "community-exchange", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:12-16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "638811; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/638811/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "addressed-community", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "address-and-epaphras" ], "qualifies": [ "personal-contact" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Colossians addresses a community at Colossae and associates its instruction with Epaphras.", "limit": "The address and report of Epaphras's teaching do not establish a visit by Paul, show that Epaphras founded the community, or resolve who wrote the letter." }, { "id": "linked-communities", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "community-exchange" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Colossians connects its recipients with Epaphras and with communities at Laodicea and Hierapolis, including an instruction about exchanging letters.", "limit": "Community connections do not make the cities interchangeable or establish one continuous travel itinerary." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.colossae", "aliases": [ "Colossae" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 1:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "COL 1:4", "COL 1:7", "COL 2:1", "COL 2:5", "COL 4:12", "COL 4:16" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "638811", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b03-pleiades-638811" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 37.78679468617674, "longitude": 29.25992089668405, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [ "colossians" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-colossae" }, { "id": "corinth", "name": "Corinth", "summary": "Corinth is a city setting for Paul's activity in Acts and the addressed community in First and Second Corinthians. Acts reports his arrival, work and teaching, including a stay of eighteen months. The letters preserve their own relationships, explanations and travel intentions. Second Timothy separately places Erastus at Corinth. These notices should not be collapsed into a single dated sequence, and a reference to another person's location does not establish Paul's presence there.", "anchors": [ { "id": "acts-stay", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:1-11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "first-address", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:1-3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "second-address", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "deferred-arrival", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 1:23-2:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "erastus-location", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:20", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "570182; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/570182/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-stay", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "acts-stay" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports Paul arriving at Corinth, working and teaching there, and remaining for eighteen months.", "limit": "This is the narrative's duration and city setting, not an independently dated residence or an identification of a surviving house." }, { "id": "letter-audiences", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "first-address", "second-address" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First and Second Corinthians each address a believing community at Corinth.", "limit": "The addresses do not establish where the letters were written or reconcile every proposed stage of Paul's correspondence." }, { "id": "separate-movement-notices", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "deferred-arrival", "erastus-location" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Corinthians explains why Paul did not come to Corinth on the occasion discussed; Second Timothy separately states that Erastus remained there.", "limit": "The explanation does not deny earlier visits. Erastus's location does not report another visit by Paul or identify him with other people of that name." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.corinth", "aliases": [ "Corinth" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:1", "ACT 19:1", "1CO 1:2", "2CO 1:1", "2CO 1:23", "2TI 4:20" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:8", "ACT 18:11", "2CO 1:24", "2CO 2:1", "2CO 6:11" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "570182", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b03-pleiades-570182" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 37.90564164345828, "longitude": 22.878614390874485, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-stay" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "1-corinthians", "2-corinthians", "2-timothy" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-corinth" }, { "id": "cos", "name": "Cos", "summary": "Cos is named as an arrival in the voyage following the farewell near Miletus. Acts then places Rhodes and Patara along the onward route. The notice gives the place a role in the ship's reported movement, while offering no account of a local meeting, ministry or length of stay. The island subject must also remain distinct from the more precise question of which town, harbour or coastal point the vessel reached.", "anchors": [ { "id": "voyage-stop", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:1-3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "599581; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/599581/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-voyage-stop", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "voyage-stop" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports the travelling party reaching Cos before continuing to Rhodes and Patara.", "limit": "The named arrival does not identify an exact harbour, establish travel across the island or describe local activity." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.cos", "aliases": [ "Cos" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 21:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 21:2" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "599581", "targetKind": "island", "receiptId": "r2-b03-pleiades-599581" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "island", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 36.82289541193156, "longitude": 27.137382777700278, "precision": "regional-representative", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-voyage-stop" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-cos" }, { "id": "crete", "name": "Crete", "summary": "Crete is the island setting for part of the voyage in Acts 27 and a separate setting in Titus. Acts describes difficult coastal sailing, a stop and a decision to seek another winter harbour. Titus presents arrangements for community leadership on Crete. The two accounts do not explain how these settings relate to one another. The letter's characterization of Cretans is attributed rhetoric, not an independent description of every inhabitant or a separate place-name occurrence.", "anchors": [ { "id": "coastal-voyage", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:7-14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "voyage-retrospect", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "titus-arrangements", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 1:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "attributed-characterization", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 1:12-14", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-island-setting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "coastal-voyage", "voyage-retrospect" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places the vessel along Crete, narrates a stop and debate about wintering, and later presents Paul recalling the departure from the island.", "limit": "The island setting does not fix the offshore track or make each reference a separate landing." }, { "id": "titus-community-setting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "titus-arrangements" ], "qualifies": [ "attributed-characterization" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letter to Titus describes its writer as having left Titus on Crete to arrange community leadership.", "limit": "The account does not establish the letter's authorship or date, or connect its community arrangements with the voyage in Acts. Its generalization about Cretans belongs to the letter's rhetoric, rather than describing every inhabitant." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.crete", "aliases": [ "Crete" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:7", "ACT 27:12", "ACT 27:13", "ACT 27:21", "TIT 1:5" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:8", "ACT 27:9", "ACT 27:10", "ACT 27:11", "TIT 1:12", "TIT 1:13" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "island", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-island-setting" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "titus" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-crete" }, { "id": "cyrene", "name": "Cyrene", "summary": "Cyrene appears in Acts through people's geographical associations. Some people connected with Cyrene take part in the movement to Antioch, and Lucius is associated with Cyrene in a list of teachers and prophets there. These notices place Cyrene within the community's network without describing a visit to the city by Paul. An origin association does not establish a birthplace, citizenship, permanent residence or the details of an earlier journey.", "anchors": [ { "id": "antioch-workers", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 11:19-22", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "lucius-association", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "373778; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/373778/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "people-associations", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "antioch-workers", "lucius-association" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts associates some people active at Antioch, including the listed Lucius, with Cyrene.", "limit": "The city-name associations do not report a Pauline visit, establish each person's birthplace or supply a continuous biography." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Cyrene" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 11:20", "ACT 13:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 11:21" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "373778", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b03-pleiades-373778" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 32.82002662733894, "longitude": 21.856538513413255, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-cyrene" }, { "id": "dalmatia", "name": "Dalmatia", "summary": "Dalmatia is named in Second Timothy's notice about the movements of several people. The letter associates Titus with a journey to Dalmatia, in a passage distinguishing him from Demas and Crescens. It gives no description of Titus's activity there or of a visit by Paul. The regional notice should remain attributed to the letter and does not independently determine its date, authorship, the destination's precise extent or the duration of a stay.", "anchors": [ { "id": "titus-movement", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:9-11", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "titus-destination", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "titus-movement" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy reports Titus going to Dalmatia in its account of the companions' movements.", "limit": "The notice concerns Titus, not a Pauline arrival, and supplies no local ministry, length of stay or independent chronology." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Dalmatia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:9", "2TI 4:11" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [ "2-timothy" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-dalmatia" }, { "id": "egypt", "name": "Egypt", "summary": "Egypt is named in the retrospective account of Israel's past within Paul's speech in Acts 13. Its role there concerns the ancestors' stay and departure, rather than Paul's own travels. A later question uses an Egyptian identity label when an officer challenges Paul, but the question does not identify him as that person. Neither usage supplies a Pauline visit to Egypt, a modern national boundary or a precise location for the recounted events.", "anchors": [ { "id": "speech-retrospect", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:16-20", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "identity-question", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:37-39", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "retrospective-region", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "speech-retrospect" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Paul's speech in Acts refers to Egypt in its account of Israel's ancestors and their departure.", "limit": "This records the speech's account, not independent verification of the events or a journey by Paul." }, { "id": "questioned-identity", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "identity-question" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts presents an officer asking whether Paul is an Egyptian associated with an earlier disturbance.", "limit": "An identity question does not establish that Paul was that person, had Egyptian origin or had visited Egypt." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.egypt", "aliases": [ "Egypt" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:17" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 21:38" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-egypt" }, { "id": "ephesus", "name": "Ephesus", "summary": "Ephesus is a recurring city setting in Acts and several letters. Acts reports Paul's visits and extended teaching, while later travel notices distinguish sailing past the city from summoning its elders elsewhere. First Corinthians associates Ephesus with Paul's plans and a conditional description of conflict. Other letters use it in an address or notices about workers. These references retain their separate documentary settings and do not establish a harmonized chronology or the precise location of any meeting.", "anchors": [ { "id": "acts-visits", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:19-21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "acts-teaching", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:1-10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "elders-summoned", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:16-18", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "corinthian-conflict", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 15:30-34", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "corinthian-plan", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 16:8-9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "ephesians-address", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "timothy-instruction", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Timothy 1:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "onesiphorus-service", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 1:18", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "tychicus-dispatch", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "599612; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/599612/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "acts-city-settings", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "acts-visits", "acts-teaching" ], "qualifies": [ "elders-summoned" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports Paul arriving and teaching at Ephesus, but later distinguishes bypassing the city from calling its elders to meet him.", "limit": "The elders' meeting is not another arrival by Paul at Ephesus, and the city setting does not locate a particular excavated building." }, { "id": "corinthian-letter-notices", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "corinthian-conflict", "corinthian-plan" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Corinthians describes conflict at Ephesus in conditional language and separately gives Paul's plan to remain there until Pentecost.", "limit": "The conditional conflict language does not on its own establish a literal arena encounter with animals. The plan does not independently fix a departure date." }, { "id": "other-letter-notices", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "ephesians-address", "timothy-instruction", "onesiphorus-service", "tychicus-dispatch" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Ephesians names the city in its address; the Timothy letters separately connect it with Timothy, Onesiphorus and Tychicus.", "limit": "The city references alone do not establish the letters' authorship, dates or a new Pauline visit at each mention." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.ephesus", "aliases": [ "Ephesus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:19", "ACT 18:21", "ACT 18:24", "ACT 19:1", "ACT 19:17", "ACT 19:26", "ACT 19:35", "ACT 20:16", "ACT 20:17", "1CO 15:32", "1CO 16:8", "EPH 1:1", "1TI 1:3", "2TI 1:18", "2TI 4:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:8", "ACT 19:9", "ACT 19:28", "ACT 19:34", "ACT 21:29", "1CO 16:9" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "599612", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b03-pleiades-599612" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 37.940164271971945, "longitude": 27.34240298195866, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "acts-city-settings" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "1-corinthians", "ephesians", "1-timothy", "2-timothy" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-ephesus" }, { "id": "ethiopia", "name": "Ethiopia", "summary": "Ethiopia enters Acts through the description of the official whom Philip meets on the road. The narrative associates the man with Ethiopia and service under the queen of the Ethiopians, and describes his return from worship at Jerusalem. This is a person's geographical and political association, not a Pauline journey. The ancient designation should not be equated automatically with a modern country's boundaries, and the notice does not supply the official's birthplace or an exact location within the region.", "anchors": [ { "id": "official-association", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:26-30", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "official-origin-association", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "official-association" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts associates the official in Philip's encounter with Ethiopia and service under its ruler.", "limit": "The description does not report a visit by Paul, establish the man's birthplace or define the ancient region's correspondence with a modern state." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Ethiopia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:27" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:26", "ACT 8:28", "ACT 8:29" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-ethiopia" }, { "id": "fair-havens", "name": "Fair Havens", "summary": "Fair Havens is the named stop reached during the difficult coastal voyage along Crete in Acts 27. The narrative places it near Lasea and then discusses whether to remain for winter or try another harbour. The majority's choice and the subsequent departure belong to that voyage account. The notice distinguishes the harbour setting from the nearby city, without identifying precise ancient harbour works, an anchorage position or a complete local route.", "anchors": [ { "id": "stop-and-decision", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:8-13", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-stop-and-decision", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "stop-and-decision" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports the vessel reaching Fair Havens near Lasea and describes a decision to seek a different place for winter.", "limit": "The nearby city is a distinct subject. The account does not locate harbour structures, give an exact anchorage or report arrival at the proposed winter destination." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.fair-havens", "aliases": [ "Fair Havens" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:8" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:9", "ACT 27:10", "ACT 27:11", "ACT 27:12", "ACT 27:13" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "site", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-stop-and-decision" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-fair-havens" }, { "id": "forum-appii", "name": "Forum Appii", "summary": "Forum Appii, called the Market of Appius in Acts, is a named meeting place on the approach to Rome. The narrative places it alongside the Three Taverns in the meeting between believers and Paul's party. The scene describes encouragement during a journey, rather than a ministry tour of the settlement. It does not specify an exact meeting spot, a duration of stay or a continuous line of travel between all the named stations.", "anchors": [ { "id": "roadside-meeting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 28:14-16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "422927; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/422927/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-meeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "roadside-meeting" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names the Market of Appius among the places to which believers come to meet the approaching party and describes Paul's encouragement at seeing them.", "limit": "The meeting notice does not identify an exact roadside structure, establish a local ministry or give a duration of stay." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.forum-appii", "aliases": [ "The Market of Appius", "Market of Appius", "Forum Appii" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 28:15" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 28:14", "ACT 28:16" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "422927", "targetKind": "site", "receiptId": "r2-b03-pleiades-422927" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "site", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 41.46639, "longitude": 12.9975, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-meeting" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-forum-appii" }, { "id": "galatia", "name": "Galatia", "summary": "Galatia appears in Acts journey notices and in several letter contexts. Acts describes movement through a region linked with Phrygia, while First Corinthians and Galatians refer to communities associated with Galatia. Second Timothy separately gives Galatia as Crescens's destination. These uses do not settle one territorial extent or make every community notice a Pauline visit. The passages leave open how the journey region, provincial boundaries and the letter's recipients relate to one another.", "anchors": [ { "id": "first-region-journey", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "later-region-journey", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:23", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "collection-communities", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 16:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "letter-address", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 1:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "audience-label", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 3:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "crescens-movement", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:10", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-regional-movement", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "first-region-journey", "later-region-journey" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes the travelling party moving through a region associated with Galatia and Phrygia on two journey notices.", "limit": "The wording does not itself resolve the region's boundaries, enumerate cities visited or identify the letter's recipients with every place on the route." }, { "id": "letter-community-associations", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "collection-communities", "letter-address" ], "qualifies": [ "audience-label" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Corinthians mentions Galatian communities in collection instructions, and Galatians addresses communities associated with Galatia.", "limit": "These community references do not by themselves determine a northern or southern territorial model or establish an arrival at every named community." }, { "id": "crescens-destination", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "crescens-movement" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy reports Crescens going to Galatia.", "limit": "This concerns Crescens rather than a Pauline visit and does not independently establish the letter's date or authorship." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.galatia", "aliases": [ "Galatia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:6", "ACT 18:23", "1CO 16:1", "GAL 1:2", "2TI 4:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "GAL 3:1" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-regional-movement" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "1-corinthians", "galatians", "2-timothy" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-galatia" }, { "id": "galilee", "name": "Galilee", "summary": "Galilee is a regional name in Acts notices about believing communities, the account of Jesus's activity and people who travelled with him to Jerusalem. These references belong to different narrative settings. They do not describe Paul's arrival in Galilee or establish a residence there. The community notice also does not identify a particular town, while the speech accounts retain their attribution and do not provide precise boundaries for the region.", "anchors": [ { "id": "regional-communities", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:31", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "peter-account", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 10:36-39", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "paul-speech-witnesses", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:30-32", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "678145; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/678145/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "community-region", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "regional-communities" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts includes Galilee in a notice about the condition and growth of believing communities.", "limit": "A regional community notice identifies neither a town visited by Paul nor his presence throughout the region." }, { "id": "speech-contexts", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "peter-account", "paul-speech-witnesses" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Speeches in Acts associate Galilee with the beginning of Jesus's activity and with people who accompanied him towards Jerusalem.", "limit": "These are the speeches' accounts of Jesus and witnesses, not movement notices for Paul." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Galilee" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:31", "ACT 10:37", "ACT 13:31" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "678145", "targetKind": "region", "receiptId": "r2-b03-pleiades-678145" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 32.75, "longitude": 35.25, "precision": "regional-representative", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-galilee" }, { "id": "gaza", "name": "Gaza", "summary": "Gaza is named as the destination associated with the road on which Philip is directed to travel in Acts 8. The following encounter takes place during a journey, but the passage does not narrate Philip entering Gaza. It also supplies no visit by Paul. The city and the road remain different geographical subjects, and the description of the setting does not by itself identify an exact stretch of road, ancient town extent or meeting point.", "anchors": [ { "id": "road-direction", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:26-29", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "687902; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/687902/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "road-destination-reference", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "road-direction" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names Gaza in the direction given to Philip concerning the road from Jerusalem.", "limit": "A road's named destination does not establish arrival in the city, a Pauline visit or the exact location of the subsequent encounter." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Gaza" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:26" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:27", "ACT 8:28", "ACT 8:29" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "687902", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b03-pleiades-687902" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 31.5202095, "longitude": 34.451719, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-gaza" }, { "id": "gomorrah", "name": "Gomorrah", "summary": "Gomorrah appears in Romans within an attributed scriptural comparison concerning Israel. The letter places the city name alongside Sodom in an argument about what would have happened without a surviving people. This is a rhetorical and theological use of a remembered city, rather than a travel notice. It establishes no journey by Paul, no independently verified account of the city's destruction and no archaeological identification or modern location.", "anchors": [ { "id": "scriptural-comparison", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:27-33", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "city-in-comparison", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "scriptural-comparison" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans invokes Gomorrah alongside Sodom in a comparison attributed to Isaiah within its argument about Israel.", "limit": "The comparison is not a Pauline itinerary or independent evidence locating the city or verifying the recounted destruction tradition." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Gomorrah" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:29" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:27", "ROM 9:28", "ROM 9:30" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [ "romans" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-gomorrah" }, { "id": "greece", "name": "Greece", "summary": "Greece is the regional destination in Acts after Paul's movement through Macedonia. The narrative reports a stay of three months and then a change in the intended onward route because of a plot. The regional designation does not name every place at which Paul stayed or identify the stay with a particular house or city. It should not be treated as a modern national boundary or as an independently dated geographical itinerary.", "anchors": [ { "id": "regional-stay", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:1-3", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-regional-stay", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "regional-stay" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports Paul reaching Greece, staying three months and changing his planned departure route.", "limit": "The report supplies neither an exact regional boundary nor a list of towns visited; it does not on its own identify the stay specifically with Corinth." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.greece", "aliases": [ "Greece" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:1", "ACT 20:3" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-regional-stay" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-greece" }, { "id": "hierapolis", "name": "Hierapolis", "summary": "Hierapolis is named in Colossians among the places whose people receive Epaphras's concern. The notice links those people with the recipients and with Laodicea, placing the city within the letter's community relationships. It does not describe Paul travelling there or narrate Epaphras's movements between the cities. The shared concern does not establish a single congregation, a particular meeting house or the boundaries of the ancient settlement.", "anchors": [ { "id": "epaphras-concern", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:12-14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "638860; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/638860/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "community-association", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "epaphras-concern" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Colossians connects people at Hierapolis with Epaphras's concern, alongside its recipients and those at Laodicea.", "limit": "The community association does not establish a Pauline visit, Epaphras's presence at the city on that occasion or a shared meeting location." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Hierapolis" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:12", "COL 4:14" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "638860", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b03-pleiades-638860" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 37.926925, "longitude": 29.127859, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [ "colossians" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-hierapolis" }, { "id": "illyricum", "name": "Illyricum", "summary": "Illyricum marks the stated reach of Paul's proclamation in Romans, in an account beginning from Jerusalem. The passage describes the scope of his work rather than listing individual stops. It does not settle whether he entered Illyricum or reached its vicinity, and it names no particular city or route there. The letter's description therefore leaves the precise course of the journey open.", "anchors": [ { "id": "missionary-range", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 15:18-21", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "stated-missionary-range", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "missionary-range" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans names Illyricum when Paul describes the extent of his proclamation from Jerusalem.", "limit": "The stated range does not resolve entry into the region versus reaching its vicinity, identify towns visited or independently verify the journey's full course." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.illyricum", "aliases": [ "Illyricum" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 15:19" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 15:18", "ROM 15:20", "ROM 15:21" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [ "romans" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-illyricum" }, { "id": "italia", "name": "Italy", "summary": "Italy appears in Acts first through Aquila and Priscilla's recent movement from the region, and later as the destination of the planned voyage involving Paul as a prisoner. A vessel is also described as sailing for Italy. These are distinct geographical relationships: another household's departure, an intended passenger journey and a ship's destination. They do not make every occurrence a report of Paul's arrival, establish residence or define the region by modern national borders.", "anchors": [ { "id": "household-origin", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:1-3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "voyage-intention", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:1-2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "ship-destination", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "1052; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/1052/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "household-departure", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "household-origin" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Aquila and Priscilla as having recently come from Italy before Paul meets them at Corinth.", "limit": "Their movement does not report Paul's earlier presence in Italy or establish the couple's birthplace." }, { "id": "intended-voyage", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "voyage-intention", "ship-destination" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts presents Italy as the destination of the voyage involving Paul and other prisoners and of the vessel found by the centurion.", "limit": "A planned journey and a ship's destination are distinct from arrival; these particular notices do not establish residence or an exact landing place." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.italia", "aliases": [ "Italy", "Italia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:2", "ACT 27:1", "ACT 27:6" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:3", "ACT 27:2" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "1052", "targetKind": "region", "receiptId": "r2-b03-pleiades-1052" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 43.6941505, "longitude": 11.0949512, "precision": "regional-representative", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "intended", "claimId": "intended-voyage" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-italia" }, { "id": "jerusalem", "name": "Jerusalem", "summary": "Jerusalem is a recurring setting for communities, journeys, deliberations and custody in Acts. Galatians separately reports visits, while Romans and First Corinthians connect the city with assistance and travel intentions. These documentary notices do not establish a single agreed chronology or make every mention a Pauline arrival. Galatians also uses the earthly city in a theological comparison with Jerusalem above; the contrast does not place the latter at a location in the earthly city.", "anchors": [ { "id": "early-acts-arrival", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:26-28", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "acts-community-meeting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:2-4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "later-acts-arrival", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:15-19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "acts-custody", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:27-33", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "galatians-visits", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 1:18-19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "galatians-later-visit", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 2:1-10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "romans-service-plan", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 15:25-31", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "corinthian-gift-plan", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 16:1-4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "theological-comparison", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 4:24-26", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "687928; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/687928/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "acts-city-settings", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "early-acts-arrival", "acts-community-meeting", "later-acts-arrival", "acts-custody" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports Saul or Paul arriving at Jerusalem, meeting members of the community and, in a later episode, being taken into custody there.", "limit": "These are the narrative's settings, not a count of all visits, an independently fixed chronology or an identification of the exact meeting and custody sites." }, { "id": "separate-letter-notices", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "galatians-visits", "galatians-later-visit", "romans-service-plan", "corinthian-gift-plan" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Galatians reports journeys to Jerusalem, while Romans plans service there and First Corinthians discusses sending a gift and conditionally accompanying it.", "limit": "Reported visits, intended service and conditional travel remain distinct. The passages do not by themselves equate Galatians' visits with particular Acts episodes." }, { "id": "earthly-city-in-comparison", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "theological-comparison" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Galatians uses the existing earthly Jerusalem in a theological comparison that contrasts it with Jerusalem above.", "limit": "The heavenly Jerusalem is a contrasting theological designation, not a second name for the earthly city or another location within it." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.jerusalem", "aliases": [ "Jerusalem" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:1", "ACT 8:14", "ACT 8:25", "ACT 8:26", "ACT 8:27", "ACT 9:2", "ACT 9:13", "ACT 9:21", "ACT 9:26", "ACT 9:28", "ACT 10:39", "ACT 11:2", "ACT 11:22", "ACT 11:27", "ACT 12:25", "ACT 13:13", "ACT 13:27", "ACT 13:31", "ACT 15:2", "ACT 15:4", "ACT 16:4", "ACT 18:21", "ACT 19:21", "ACT 20:16", "ACT 20:22", "ACT 21:4", "ACT 21:11", "ACT 21:12", "ACT 21:13", "ACT 21:15", "ACT 21:17", "ACT 21:31", "ACT 22:5", "ACT 22:17", "ACT 22:18", "ACT 23:11", "ACT 24:11", "ACT 25:1", "ACT 25:3", "ACT 25:7", "ACT 25:9", "ACT 25:15", "ACT 25:20", "ACT 25:24", "ACT 26:4", "ACT 26:10", "ACT 26:20", "ACT 28:17", "ROM 15:19", "ROM 15:25", "ROM 15:26", "ROM 15:31", "1CO 16:3", "GAL 1:17", "GAL 1:18", "GAL 2:1", "GAL 4:25" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:27", "ACT 21:18", "ACT 21:19", "ACT 21:30", "ACT 21:32", "ACT 21:33", "GAL 1:19", "GAL 2:2", "1CO 16:4", "GAL 4:24", "GAL 4:26" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "687928", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b03-pleiades-687928" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 31.7771895, "longitude": 35.234978, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "acts-city-settings" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "romans", "1-corinthians", "galatians" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-jerusalem" }, { "id": "joppa", "name": "Joppa", "summary": "Joppa is a city setting for Peter's activity in Acts. The narrative associates it with Tabitha, a stay with Simon the tanner, a vision and the messengers sent by Cornelius. Peter later retells the vision and summons in his account to others. These are events and recollections concerning Peter and the local community, rather than stages in Paul's travels. They do not identify a surviving house, an exact shoreline location or a Pauline residence.", "anchors": [ { "id": "tabitha-and-stay", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:36-43", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "vision-and-messengers", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 10:5-23", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "retold-summons", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 11:4-14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "687931; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/687931/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "peter-community-setting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "tabitha-and-stay" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places Peter at Joppa in the Tabitha episode and describes his subsequent stay with Simon the tanner.", "limit": "The account concerns Peter, not a Pauline visit, and does not establish the identity of a surviving building." }, { "id": "vision-and-summons", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "vision-and-messengers", "retold-summons" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts associates Joppa with Peter's vision and Cornelius's messengers, and later presents Peter recounting the experience.", "limit": "Acts presents Peter retelling the earlier experience; it does not report a second vision, summons or stay. The coastal description does not identify a surviving house." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Joppa" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:36", "ACT 9:38", "ACT 9:42", "ACT 9:43", "ACT 10:5", "ACT 10:8", "ACT 10:23", "ACT 10:32", "ACT 11:5", "ACT 11:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:39", "ACT 9:40", "ACT 9:41", "ACT 10:6", "ACT 10:9", "ACT 10:17", "ACT 10:22", "ACT 11:11", "ACT 11:12" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "687931", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b03-pleiades-687931" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 32.053079, "longitude": 34.7499295, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-joppa" }, { "id": "judea", "name": "Judea", "summary": "Judea is a regional designation in notices about communities, relief, people's movements and Paul's travel. Acts presents Paul describing proclamation across the region, while Second Corinthians discusses an intended journey. Other letter references concern believing communities and difficulties associated with Judea. These uses must not be treated as interchangeable arrival reports. The region is distinct from Jerusalem and from personal or religious identity labels, and its name does not establish residence or one fixed administrative boundary.", "anchors": [ { "id": "regional-communities", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:31", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "relief", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 11:29-30", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "galatians-communities", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 1:22-24", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "thessalonian-comparison", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 2:13-16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "speech-proclamation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 26:19-21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "planned-journey", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 1:15-17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "687934; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/687934/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "communities-and-relief", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "regional-communities", "relief", "galatians-communities", "thessalonian-comparison" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts and the letters refer to believing communities associated with Judea, and Acts describes relief being sent to people there.", "limit": "Community associations do not establish Paul's presence in every place. The hostile generalizations within First Thessalonians remain attributed to the letter rather than endorsed as a description of a people." }, { "id": "reported-regional-proclamation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "speech-proclamation" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "A speech in Acts presents Paul describing proclamation in Jerusalem and throughout Judea.", "limit": "This is the speech's account, not independent confirmation of every event or a list of settlements visited." }, { "id": "intended-letter-journey", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "planned-journey" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Corinthians describes Paul's plan to visit the recipients, travel through Macedonia, return to them and be sent onward toward Judea.", "limit": "The passage discusses an intention, not its completion, and gives neither an exact route nor a residence in the region." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.judea", "aliases": [ "Judea" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:1", "ACT 9:31", "ACT 10:37", "ACT 11:1", "ACT 11:29", "ACT 12:19", "ACT 15:1", "ACT 21:10", "ACT 26:20", "ACT 28:21", "ROM 15:31", "2CO 1:16", "GAL 1:22", "1TH 2:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 11:30", "ACT 26:19", "ACT 26:21", "2CO 1:15", "2CO 1:17", "GAL 1:23", "1TH 2:15" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "687934", "targetKind": "region", "receiptId": "r2-b03-pleiades-687934" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 31.73416715, "longitude": 35.001720299999995, "precision": "regional-representative", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-regional-proclamation" }, { "personId": "paul", "relation": "intended", "claimId": "intended-letter-journey" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "romans", "2-corinthians", "galatians", "1-thessalonians" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-judea" }, { "id": "laodicea", "name": "Laodicea", "summary": "Laodicea is connected with the recipients of Colossians through the writer's concern, Epaphras's efforts, greetings and instructions about reading letters. The city and its community remain distinct from Colossae and Hierapolis. These relationships do not narrate a visit by Paul or prove that every recipient had or had not met him. The requested letter exchange also does not identify the letter from Laodicea with another surviving work or establish where it was composed.", "anchors": [ { "id": "personal-contact", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 2:1-5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "care-and-greetings", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:12-15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "letter-exchange", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "638955; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/638955/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "community-connections", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "care-and-greetings" ], "qualifies": [ "personal-contact" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Colossians associates Laodicea with Epaphras's concern and with greetings to people and a household community.", "limit": "These connections do not establish a visit by Paul, locate a meeting house or show which individuals had previously met the writer." }, { "id": "letter-exchange", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "letter-exchange" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Colossians requests that its letter be read by the Laodicean community and that the recipients read a letter from Laodicea.", "limit": "The instruction does not identify the other letter's author, surviving text or place of composition." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Laodicea" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 2:1", "COL 4:13", "COL 4:15", "COL 4:16" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "COL 2:2", "COL 2:5", "COL 4:12" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "638955", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b03-pleiades-638955" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 37.835939323878684, "longitude": 29.107388778855608, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [ "colossians" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-laodicea" }, { "id": "lasea", "name": "Lasea", "summary": "Lasea is named in Acts as the city near Fair Havens during the voyage along Crete. The narrative then concentrates on conditions at the harbour and the decision about where to winter. The proximity notice gives Lasea a geographical relationship to that stop, without reporting that Paul or his companions entered the city. The city and harbour must remain separate subjects, and the passage does not identify an exact settlement boundary or archaeological site.", "anchors": [ { "id": "nearby-city", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:8-12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "589897; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/589897/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "proximity-to-harbour", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "nearby-city" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts identifies Lasea as the city near Fair Havens, where the vessel has reached a stop in the voyage.", "limit": "Proximity does not establish entry into Lasea, local ministry or an identity between the city and the harbour." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Lasea" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:8" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:9", "ACT 27:12" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "589897", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b03-pleiades-589897" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 34.94083, "longitude": 24.8182662, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-lasea" }, { "id": "lycaonia", "name": "Lycaonia", "summary": "Lycaonia appears in Acts as the regional designation connected with Lystra, Derbe and surrounding country. The narrative describes Paul and Barnabas fleeing into that setting and continuing their activity. A later occurrence names the language used by the crowd at Lystra. The regional movement and language expression are distinct uses: neither establishes the travellers' fluency, a single administrative boundary or a visit to every settlement associated with the region.", "anchors": [ { "id": "regional-movement", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 14:5-8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "crowd-language", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 14:9-12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "648698; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/648698/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-regional-setting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "regional-movement" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports Paul and Barnabas fleeing to Lystra, Derbe and the surrounding country, identified with Lycaonia.", "limit": "The regional description is not a list of every place visited or a definition of an administrative boundary." }, { "id": "language-designation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "crowd-language" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names Lycaonia within the description of the language used by the crowd at Lystra.", "limit": "The language designation does not establish that Paul or Barnabas understood or spoke it, and it is not a separate regional arrival." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.lycaonia", "aliases": [ "Lycaonia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 14:6", "ACT 14:11" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 14:5", "ACT 14:7", "ACT 14:8", "ACT 14:12" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "648698", "targetKind": "region", "receiptId": "r2-b04-pleiades-648698" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 37.63585798373942, "longitude": 33.322867550011786, "precision": "regional-representative", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-regional-setting" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-lycaonia" }, { "id": "lycia", "name": "Lycia", "summary": "Lycia is the region used to qualify Myra in the voyage account of Acts 27. The travellers reach the named city, and the following notice describes the centurion finding another vessel there. The city and its regional qualification remain different geographical subjects. This reference does not describe a tour through Lycia, identify every place visited within it or supply boundaries for the region, and the ship transfer does not locate a precise ancient harbour facility.", "anchors": [ { "id": "city-qualification", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:5-6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "638965; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/638965/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "myra-region-relationship", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "city-qualification" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts identifies Myra as a city associated with Lycia in the account of arrival and a change of vessel.", "limit": "The city qualification does not make Myra and Lycia interchangeable, define the regional extent or establish travel throughout the region." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.lycia", "aliases": [ "Lycia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:5" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:6" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "638965", "targetKind": "region", "receiptId": "r2-b04-pleiades-638965" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 36.6341205843183, "longitude": 29.57513525643812, "precision": "regional-representative", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-lycia" }, { "id": "lydda", "name": "Lydda", "summary": "Lydda is a city setting in Acts for Peter's visit to believers and the account of Aeneas's healing. The narrative also places it near Joppa when messengers ask Peter to come to Tabitha. These notices concern Peter and local communities, rather than a stage in Paul's travels. The reported responses do not independently verify the event, establish a Pauline residence or identify a surviving house or exact position for the encounter.", "anchors": [ { "id": "peter-and-aeneas", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:32-35", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "joppa-summons", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:36-38", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "687953; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/687953/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "peter-city-setting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "peter-and-aeneas", "joppa-summons" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places Peter with believers at Lydda, narrates the healing of Aeneas and describes a summons from nearby Joppa.", "limit": "This is the narrative's account of Peter, not evidence of a Pauline visit or an independently identified meeting site." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Lydda" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:32", "ACT 9:35", "ACT 9:38" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:33", "ACT 9:34", "ACT 9:37" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "687953", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b04-pleiades-687953" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 31.958253499999998, "longitude": 34.892378, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-lydda" }, { "id": "macedonia", "name": "Macedonia", "summary": "Macedonia is a regional setting for a vision, journeys and community relationships in Acts and the letters. Acts distinguishes the call towards Macedonia from subsequent movement, while letter passages describe arrivals, plans, support and relationships among believers. Other notices concern companions' movements or geographical associations. These uses do not make each occurrence a Pauline visit or settle one itinerary. The ancient regional designation must also remain distinct from modern borders and from any single city.", "anchors": [ { "id": "acts-call-and-arrival", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:9-12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "acts-later-movement", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:1-3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "corinthian-movement", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 2:12-13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "corinthian-arrival", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 7:4-7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "corinthian-plan", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 16:5-7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "timothy-movement", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Timothy 1:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "contribution", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 15:26", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "macedonian-generosity", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 8:1-4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "support-from-region", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 11:9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "philippian-support", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 4:15-16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "thessalonian-relationships", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 4:9-10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "491656; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/491656/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "acts-regional-movement", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "acts-call-and-arrival", "acts-later-movement" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes a call towards Macedonia, travel to Philippi as a Macedonian city, and later movement through the region.", "limit": "The vision and resulting intention are not themselves an arrival, and the regional notices do not enumerate every town visited." }, { "id": "separate-letter-movements", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "corinthian-movement", "corinthian-arrival", "corinthian-plan", "timothy-movement" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Corinthians reports movement and arrival involving Macedonia; First Corinthians presents a travel plan, and First Timothy separately recalls movement towards the region.", "limit": "Reports, plans and different documents remain distinct. Their common geographical name does not independently establish a single chronology or the Timothy letter's authorship." }, { "id": "regional-community-support", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "contribution", "macedonian-generosity", "support-from-region", "philippian-support", "thessalonian-relationships" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letters associate Macedonia with contributions, material support and relationships among believing communities.", "limit": "These community and support notices do not locate Paul in every community or establish residence throughout the region." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.macedonia", "aliases": [ "Macedonia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:9", "ACT 16:10", "ACT 16:12", "ACT 18:5", "ACT 19:21", "ACT 19:22", "ACT 19:29", "ACT 20:1", "ACT 20:3", "ROM 15:26", "1CO 16:5", "2CO 1:16", "2CO 2:13", "2CO 7:5", "2CO 8:1", "2CO 9:2", "2CO 9:4", "2CO 11:9", "PHI 4:15", "1TH 1:7", "1TH 1:8", "1TH 4:10", "1TI 1:3" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:11", "ACT 20:2", "ACT 27:2", "2CO 7:6", "2CO 8:3", "PHI 4:16" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "491656", "targetKind": "region", "receiptId": "r2-b04-pleiades-491656" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 40.969115247784025, "longitude": 22.4920786436148, "precision": "regional-representative", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "acts-regional-movement" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "romans", "1-corinthians", "2-corinthians", "philippians", "1-thessalonians", "1-timothy" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-macedonia" }, { "id": "malta", "name": "Malta", "summary": "Malta is the island name learned by the survivors after the shipwreck in Acts. The following account describes hospitality, events involving Paul and local people, and a later departure on another vessel. The island setting is therefore distinct from the still more precise question of where the ship struck or the survivors came ashore. The narrative does not identify an excavated wreck, a particular bay or the modern location of the hospitality and healing scenes.", "anchors": [ { "id": "wreck-and-island-name", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:39-28:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "island-hospitality", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 28:3-10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "later-departure", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 28:11", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-island-setting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "wreck-and-island-name", "island-hospitality", "later-departure" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts identifies the survivors' island as Malta and narrates hospitality, activity involving Paul and departure on another ship.", "limit": "The island name does not establish an exact shipwreck coordinate, landing beach, house or independently verified location for a healing." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.malta", "aliases": [ "Malta" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 28:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:44", "ACT 28:2", "ACT 28:7", "ACT 28:8", "ACT 28:11" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "island", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-island-setting" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-malta" }, { "id": "miletus", "name": "Miletus", "summary": "Miletus is the city setting from which Paul summons the Ephesian elders in Acts. The account places their meeting and farewell before his departure by ship, rather than describing another visit to Ephesus. Second Timothy separately recalls leaving the sick Trophimus at Miletus. These notices belong to different documents and do not by themselves identify the same occasion. Neither locates an exact meeting place, harbour structure or surviving house within the ancient city.", "anchors": [ { "id": "elders-meeting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:15-18", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "farewell", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:36-21:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "trophimus-notice", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:20", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "599799; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/599799/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "acts-meeting-setting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "elders-meeting", "farewell" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places Paul at Miletus, where he summons the Ephesian elders and meets them before their farewell at the ship.", "limit": "The meeting with Ephesian elders is not an arrival at Ephesus and does not identify an exact site within Miletus." }, { "id": "separate-trophimus-notice", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "trophimus-notice" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy presents its speaker as having left Trophimus ill at Miletus.", "limit": "The notice supplies no date and does not independently identify this occasion with the elders' meeting or resolve the letter's authorship." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.miletus", "aliases": [ "Miletus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:15", "ACT 20:17", "2TI 4:20" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:18", "ACT 20:36", "ACT 20:37", "ACT 20:38" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "599799", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b04-pleiades-599799" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 37.53046444003695, "longitude": 27.27880848386269, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "acts-meeting-setting" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "2-timothy" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-miletus" }, { "id": "mitylene", "name": "Mitylene", "summary": "Mitylene is named in Acts after Paul's rendezvous with companions at Assos. The account reports taking him aboard and reaching Mitylene before the next part of the voyage. The notice gives the city a role in reported movement without describing a local meeting, ministry or length of stay. It also does not determine the precise harbour used, the settlement's ancient extent or the ship's path around the surrounding coast.", "anchors": [ { "id": "voyage-arrival", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:13-15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "550763; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/550763/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-arrival", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "voyage-arrival" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports the party reaching Mitylene after taking Paul aboard at Assos.", "limit": "The arrival notice does not establish local ministry, duration of stay or an exact harbour position." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.mitylene", "aliases": [ "Mitylene" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:13", "ACT 20:15" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "550763", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b04-pleiades-550763" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 39.110475, "longitude": 26.547048, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-arrival" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-mitylene" }, { "id": "mount-sinai", "name": "Mount Sinai", "summary": "Mount Sinai is named in Galatians within an allegory involving covenants, Hagar and Jerusalem. The passage associates the mountain with Arabia, but uses that geography in the letter's theological argument. It does not narrate Paul's arrival at Sinai or identify the mountain's precise modern location. The comparison must not make Hagar a global place alias, and the earlier Arabia journey cannot be turned into a Sinai visit merely by combining the passages.", "anchors": [ { "id": "theological-comparison", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 4:24-26", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "separate-arabia-journey", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 1:17", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "mountain-in-argument", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "theological-comparison" ], "qualifies": [ "separate-arabia-journey" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Galatians names Mount Sinai and associates it with Arabia within its allegory involving Hagar, covenants and Jerusalem.", "limit": "The argumentative association does not identify a modern mountain, locate Paul's Arabia journey or make the person Hagar an ordinary geographical alias." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Mount Sinai", "Sinai" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "GAL 4:24", "GAL 4:25" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "GAL 4:26", "GAL 1:17" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "site", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [ "galatians" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-mount-sinai" }, { "id": "myra", "name": "Myra", "summary": "Myra is the city reached after the passage off Cilicia and Pamphylia in Acts 27. The narrative identifies it through Lycia and then describes the centurion transferring the party to another ship bound for Italy. Arrival and ship transfer are related but distinct parts of the account. They do not establish an extended residence, local ministry or an exact ancient harbour, and the regional name Lycia must not be treated as another name for the city.", "anchors": [ { "id": "arrival-and-transfer", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:5-6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "639005; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/639005/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-arrival-and-transfer", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "arrival-and-transfer" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports arrival at Myra in Lycia, followed by the centurion's transfer of the party to a ship associated with Alexandria.", "limit": "The city is named in Acts 27:5; the following ship notice does not add another literal Myra occurrence or identify a precise harbour facility." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.myra", "aliases": [ "Myra" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:5" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:6" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "639005", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b04-pleiades-639005" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 36.25855892173753, "longitude": 29.985450200905625, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-arrival-and-transfer" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-myra" }, { "id": "mysia", "name": "Mysia", "summary": "Mysia is the regional reference near the attempted entry into Bithynia in Acts 16. The narrative then describes movement past Mysia towards Troas. The wording supplies a relationship between regions and the route without naming a frontier town or precisely locating a change of course. It should not become an arrival at a modern map pin, a journey through every part of Mysia or proof of the ancient region's exact boundaries.", "anchors": [ { "id": "regional-route", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:6-9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "550759; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/550759/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "regional-route-reference", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "regional-route" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places the travellers near Mysia during the attempted movement towards Bithynia and then describes passage by Mysia towards Troas.", "limit": "The account does not locate a frontier point or unambiguously establish travel through the interior of the region." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.mysia", "aliases": [ "Mysia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:7", "ACT 16:8" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:6", "ACT 16:9" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "550759", "targetKind": "region", "receiptId": "r2-b04-pleiades-550759" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 39.5996880845236, "longitude": 27.834001321775332, "precision": "regional-representative", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-mysia" }, { "id": "nazareth", "name": "Nazareth", "summary": "Nazareth appears in these Acts passages as part of the designation of Jesus. Peter uses the designation in his account, while Paul's speeches recall both the voice encountered near Damascus and his earlier opposition to Jesus's name. These are personal-designation uses of the geographical name, rather than reports of Paul visiting Nazareth. They do not establish a birthplace, a precise place within the town or an itinerary connecting the town with each speaker.", "anchors": [ { "id": "peter-designation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 10:38", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "damascus-recollection", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 22:6-9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "earlier-opposition", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 26:9-11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "peter-speaker", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 10:34", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "paul-jerusalem-speaker", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:40-22:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "paul-agrippa-speaker", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 26:1-2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "678299; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/678299/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "place-name-in-person-designation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "peter-designation", "damascus-recollection", "earlier-opposition" ], "qualifies": [ "peter-speaker", "paul-jerusalem-speaker", "paul-agrippa-speaker" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts uses Nazareth within the designation of Jesus in Peter's account and Paul's recollections.", "limit": "The designation supplies no Pauline arrival at the town and does not on its own establish Jesus's birthplace or an exact local site." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.nazareth", "aliases": [ "Nazareth" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 10:38", "ACT 22:8", "ACT 26:9" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 22:6", "ACT 22:7", "ACT 26:10" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "678299", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b04-pleiades-678299" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 32.701029, "longitude": 35.300148, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-nazareth" }, { "id": "neapolis", "name": "Neapolis", "summary": "Neapolis is named in Acts during the voyage that follows the call towards Macedonia. The party reaches it after Samothrace and then continues to Philippi. This is a reported arrival in the travel narrative, rather than an inference from a person's origin. The account gives no separate local mission, length of stay or meeting in Neapolis, and it does not identify a precise harbour, an ancient shoreline or the route taken onwards.", "anchors": [ { "id": "voyage-and-onward-route", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:9-12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "501523; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/501523/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-arrival", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "voyage-and-onward-route" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports the party reaching Neapolis after Samothrace before the narrative continues towards Philippi.", "limit": "The named arrival does not establish local ministry, an extended stay or an exact embarkation or landing point." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.neapolis", "aliases": [ "Neapolis" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:11" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:10", "ACT 16:12" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "501523", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b04-pleiades-501523" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 40.934324000000004, "longitude": 24.414039000000002, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-arrival" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-neapolis" }, { "id": "nicopolis", "name": "Nicopolis", "summary": "Nicopolis is the meeting destination proposed in Titus, where the speaker says he has decided to spend the winter. The invitation is tied to a notice about sending Artemas or Tychicus. It records an intention and request, not a completed visit by the speaker or Titus. The notice alone does not establish current residence, fix the city's precise geographical identity or settle the letter's date and direct historical authorship.", "anchors": [ { "id": "winter-plan", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 3:12-15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "letter-self-presentation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "named-recipient", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 1:4", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "intended-winter-meeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "winter-plan" ], "qualifies": [ "letter-self-presentation", "named-recipient" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letter to Titus asks its recipient to come to Nicopolis for a planned winter stay, with the request tied to the future sending of Artemas or Tychicus.", "limit": "The stated plans do not establish that the speaker or recipient arrived, that either messenger was sent, or the city's precise geographical identity." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.nicopolis", "aliases": [ "Nicopolis" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "TIT 3:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "TIT 3:13" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "intended", "claimId": "intended-winter-meeting" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "titus" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-nicopolis" }, { "id": "pamphylia", "name": "Pamphylia", "summary": "Pamphylia is a regional designation in several different Acts contexts. Perga is associated with it on a journey, another notice reports reaching the region, and a later disagreement recalls John's withdrawal there. The voyage towards Italy also names the sea off Pamphylia. These uses must remain distinct: the retrospective departure is not a new arrival, and coastal passage does not establish a landing. The regional name supplies no exact route or fixed boundary.", "anchors": [ { "id": "perga-arrival", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:13-14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "regional-return", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 14:24-25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "john-retrospect", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:37-39", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "coastal-passage", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "639034; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/639034/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-regional-journeys", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "perga-arrival", "regional-return" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts associates Perga with Pamphylia and later describes the travellers reaching the region before speaking at Perga.", "limit": "The city and region are different subjects, and the notices do not enumerate every place visited or define the regional boundary." }, { "id": "other-reference-roles", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "john-retrospect", "coastal-passage" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts separately recalls John's withdrawal in Pamphylia and later describes sailing across waters off its coast.", "limit": "A retrospective account and an offshore passage are not additional narrated arrivals in the region." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.pamphylia", "aliases": [ "Pamphylia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:13", "ACT 14:24", "ACT 15:38", "ACT 27:5" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:14", "ACT 14:25", "ACT 15:37" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "639034", "targetKind": "region", "receiptId": "r2-b04-pleiades-639034" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 36.92193782704162, "longitude": 30.947960035544238, "precision": "regional-representative", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-regional-journeys" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-pamphylia" }, { "id": "paphos", "name": "Paphos", "summary": "Paphos is the city destination in Acts after the travellers' passage across Cyprus. The narrative sets an encounter involving Barnabas, Saul and a proconsul there, then describes Paul's party sailing onwards to Perga. The city setting is distinct from the whole island and from the exact location of the encounter. It does not identify a surviving official residence, a particular harbour facility or an independently verified site for the events reported.", "anchors": [ { "id": "island-traverse", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:4-6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "official-encounter", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:7-12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "onward-departure", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:13", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-city-arrival-and-departure", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "island-traverse", "onward-departure" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports the travellers reaching Paphos after crossing Cyprus and later sailing from there towards Perga.", "limit": "The city name does not identify the whole island or a precise harbour position." }, { "id": "narrative-encounter-setting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "official-encounter" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts makes Paphos the setting for an encounter involving Barnabas, Saul, an opposing figure and the proconsul.", "limit": "This reports the narrative's setting, not independent confirmation of the events or an identification of a surviving building." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.paphos", "aliases": [ "Paphos" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:6", "ACT 13:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:7", "ACT 13:9", "ACT 13:12" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-city-arrival-and-departure" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-paphos" }, { "id": "patara", "name": "Patara", "summary": "Patara is named near the beginning of the voyage from the Miletus area towards Phoenicia. Acts places it after Cos and Rhodes and then describes finding a ship for the crossing. The sequence gives the city a role in the party's reported travel and change of vessel. It supplies no separate local ministry, length of stay or precise harbour position, and the intended crossing does not identify every later place reached along the coast.", "anchors": [ { "id": "arrival-and-ship-change", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:1-3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "miletus-departure-setting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:15-17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "639042; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/639042/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-arrival-and-transfer", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "arrival-and-ship-change" ], "qualifies": [ "miletus-departure-setting" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places Patara after Cos and Rhodes in the route and then describes the party boarding a ship for the crossing towards Phoenicia.", "limit": "The sequence does not identify a particular harbour facility or establish local ministry or a duration of stay." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.patara", "aliases": [ "Patara" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 21:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 21:2" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "639042", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b04-pleiades-639042" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 36.26179466666667, "longitude": 29.314500999999996, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-arrival-and-transfer" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-patara" }, { "id": "perga", "name": "Perga", "summary": "Perga appears in two journey settings in Acts. The first describes an arrival from Paphos, John's departure and the travellers' onward movement towards Antioch associated with Pisidia. The later notice explicitly describes proclamation at Perga before departure towards Attalia. The accounts should not be made identical: the first arrival does not itself narrate the later teaching activity. The city is also distinct from its Pamphylian regional qualification and from any exact modern site or route.", "anchors": [ { "id": "earlier-arrival", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:13-14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "later-proclamation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 14:24-26", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "639048; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/639048/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "distinct-journey-notices", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "earlier-arrival", "later-proclamation" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports an earlier arrival and departure at Perga and later explicitly describes proclamation there before the move towards Attalia.", "limit": "The first notice does not establish that the later-described teaching occurred on the earlier occasion, and neither fixes an exact meeting site." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.perga", "aliases": [ "Perga" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:13", "ACT 13:14", "ACT 14:25" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 14:24", "ACT 14:26" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "639048", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b04-pleiades-639048" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 36.964465605287096, "longitude": 30.853258601264926, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "distinct-journey-notices" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-perga" }, { "id": "philippi", "name": "Philippi", "summary": "Philippi is a city setting in Acts for the travelling party's arrival, contact with Lydia, public mistreatment and imprisonment. A later notice describes departure from the city. Philippians addresses its believing community, while First Thessalonians separately recalls suffering there. These documents do not by themselves establish a single agreed chronology of every visit. The city setting and community relationships also do not identify an exact prayer place, house, prison or surviving monument.", "anchors": [ { "id": "arrival-and-lydia", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:11-15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "custody", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:19-24", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "release-and-departure", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:35-40", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "later-sailing", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:5-6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "letter-address", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 1:1-2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "support-recollection", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 4:15-16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "thessalonian-retrospect", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 2:1-2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "501482; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/501482/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "acts-city-arrival", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "arrival-and-lydia", "later-sailing" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports the party reaching Philippi, associates the setting with Lydia and later describes sailing away from the city.", "limit": "The notices do not identify an exact prayer place, house or harbour, or establish the total number of visits." }, { "id": "reported-custody", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "custody", "release-and-departure" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts narrates public beating, imprisonment and release involving Paul and Silas at Philippi.", "limit": "This is the narrative's account, not independent identification of an excavated prison or a surviving judicial location." }, { "id": "letter-community-and-retrospect", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "letter-address", "support-recollection", "thessalonian-retrospect" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Philippians addresses the community and recalls material support, while First Thessalonians separately recalls mistreatment at Philippi.", "limit": "Community relationships and retrospective accounts do not automatically equate every letter notice with a particular episode in Acts." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.philippi", "aliases": [ "Philippi" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:12", "ACT 20:6", "PHI 1:1", "1TH 2:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:13", "ACT 16:14", "ACT 16:19", "ACT 16:23", "ACT 16:40", "PHI 4:15" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "501482", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b04-pleiades-501482" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 41.012651339626466, "longitude": 24.284637286816082, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "acts-city-arrival" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "philippians", "1-thessalonians" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-philippi" }, { "id": "phoenicia", "name": "Phoenicia", "summary": "Phoenicia appears in Acts as a region reached by scattered believers, traversed on the journey towards Jerusalem and named as a ship's intended crossing destination. These relationships concern different people and stages of movement. The reported passage of Paul and Barnabas is distinct from the earlier believers' journey and from a vessel's destination. The regional name does not establish a landing at every mention, a complete list of towns visited or an equivalence with modern borders.", "anchors": [ { "id": "scattered-believers", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 11:19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "reported-regional-passage", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:2-4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "ship-destination", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:1-3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "678334; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/678334/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-journey-through-region", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "reported-regional-passage" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Paul, Barnabas and their party passing through Phoenicia on the way towards Jerusalem.", "limit": "The regional passage does not enumerate towns visited, identify a precise road or establish residence." }, { "id": "different-movement-roles", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "scattered-believers", "ship-destination" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts separately associates Phoenicia with scattered believers' movement and with the destination of a ship crossing.", "limit": "The earlier believers' journey is not a Pauline visit, and the ship's destination alone is not an arrival at every place within the region." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.phoenicia", "aliases": [ "Phoenicia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 11:19", "ACT 15:3", "ACT 21:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 15:2", "ACT 15:4", "ACT 21:3" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "678334", "targetKind": "region", "receiptId": "r2-b04-pleiades-678334" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 33.25, "longitude": 35.25, "precision": "regional-representative", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-journey-through-region" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-phoenicia" }, { "id": "phoenix", "name": "Phoenix", "summary": "Phoenix is the Cretan harbour proposed as a winter destination in Acts 27. The majority favour trying to reach it after the discussion at Fair Havens, and the ship subsequently departs before meeting a storm. The passage does not narrate arrival at Phoenix. Its harbour description does not by itself establish a modern site or precise position, and the party's proposal should not be confused with Paul's earlier warning about continuing the voyage.", "anchors": [ { "id": "proposed-winter-harbour", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:8-14", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "proposed-winter-destination", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "proposed-winter-harbour" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts identifies Phoenix as a harbour of Crete that the majority propose trying to reach for winter.", "limit": "The proposal is not a completed arrival or Paul's personal endorsement. No modern harbour, ancient candidate site or exact coordinate is accepted from this description alone." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.phoenix", "aliases": [ "Phoenix" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:9", "ACT 27:10", "ACT 27:11", "ACT 27:13", "ACT 27:14" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "site", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-phoenix" }, { "id": "phrygia", "name": "Phrygia", "summary": "Phrygia is named together with Galatia in two Acts notices about regional travel. The first links the regional journey with a restriction on preaching in Asia, while the later notice describes strengthening disciples along the journey. The paired wording does not itself define one settled boundary between regions or identify every community visited. These are reported movements, but they do not supply a precise route, a particular city coordinate or an agreed administrative extent for Phrygia.", "anchors": [ { "id": "first-regional-notice", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:6-8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "later-regional-notice", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:22-23", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "paired-regional-journeys", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "first-regional-notice", "later-regional-notice" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names Phrygia with Galatia in two descriptions of travel through a regional setting.", "limit": "The paired names do not by themselves resolve the relationship between historical regions and administrative territories or enumerate the towns visited." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.phrygia", "aliases": [ "Phrygia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:6", "ACT 18:23" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:7", "ACT 18:22" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "paired-regional-journeys" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-phrygia" }, { "id": "pisidia", "name": "Pisidia", "summary": "Pisidia occurs in Acts both as the qualification attached to Antioch and as a region through which the travellers pass on their return journey. These uses must remain distinct: the city name identifies a particular Antioch, while the later movement notice concerns the region. The qualification alone does not define a border or establish travel throughout Pisidia. Neither occurrence supplies an exact route, a complete list of settlements visited or an accepted administrative boundary.", "anchors": [ { "id": "antioch-qualification", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:13-14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "regional-passage", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 14:23-25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "639060; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/639060/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "city-qualifier-and-region", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "antioch-qualification", "regional-passage" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts uses Pisidia to qualify Antioch and later explicitly describes the travellers passing through Pisidia before reaching Pamphylia.", "limit": "The city and region are separate subjects. The Antioch qualification alone does not define the region's extent or establish an additional regional visit." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.pisidia", "aliases": [ "Pisidia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:14", "ACT 14:24" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 14:23", "ACT 14:25" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "639060", "targetKind": "region", "receiptId": "r2-b04-pleiades-639060" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 37.470800730949286, "longitude": 31.014588471403783, "precision": "regional-representative", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "city-qualifier-and-region" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-pisidia" }, { "id": "pontus", "name": "Pontus", "summary": "Pontus is named in Acts through the description of Aquila when Paul meets him at Corinth. The narrative gives Aquila a Pontus association and separately describes his recent arrival from Italy with Priscilla. Those relationships should not be collapsed into a common birthplace or shared origin for the couple. The regional name also does not establish a visit by Paul, Aquila's precise birthplace or one fixed boundary for the ancient region.", "anchors": [ { "id": "aquila-association", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:1-3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "857287; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/857287/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "aquila-regional-association", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "aquila-association" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts gives Aquila a geographical association with Pontus in the account of Paul's meeting with him at Corinth.", "limit": "The notice does not assign that origin to Priscilla, establish Aquila's exact birthplace or report a Pauline visit to Pontus." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Pontus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:1", "ACT 18:3" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "857287", "targetKind": "region", "receiptId": "r2-b04-pleiades-857287" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 40.221356696658404, "longitude": 37.92341619989857, "precision": "regional-representative", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-pontus" }, { "id": "ptolemais", "name": "Ptolemais", "summary": "Ptolemais is the arrival after the voyage from Tyre in Acts 21. The travellers greet believers and the account explicitly reports a stay of one day before the onward movement to Caesarea. The notice therefore describes both a journey stage and contact with a community. It does not identify the meeting house, an exact harbour or every part of the settlement visited, and it establishes no extended residence or separately narrated local mission.", "anchors": [ { "id": "arrival-and-stay", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:7-8", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-arrival-and-day-stay", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "arrival-and-stay" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports arrival at Ptolemais, greetings to believers and a stay of one day before the party continues towards Caesarea.", "limit": "The reported day does not identify lodging, a precise harbour or an extended residence." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.ptolemais", "aliases": [ "Ptolemais" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 21:7" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 21:8" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-arrival-and-day-stay" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-ptolemais" }, { "id": "puteoli", "name": "Puteoli", "summary": "Puteoli is the city reached near the end of the sea journey in Acts 28. After arrival, the account describes finding believers and receiving an invitation to remain with them for seven days before the narrative continues towards Rome. Arrival and invitation are different kinds of notice. The proposed stay should not be turned into proof of a particular lodging, an extended residence or an exact itinerary through every place between Puteoli and Rome.", "anchors": [ { "id": "arrival-and-invitation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 28:12-16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "432815; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/432815/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-arrival-and-invitation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "arrival-and-invitation" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports the vessel reaching Puteoli and local believers inviting the travellers to stay for seven days.", "limit": "The invitation's duration does not identify a lodging site or independently establish a precise travel calendar or long residence." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.puteoli", "aliases": [ "Puteoli" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 28:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 28:14", "ACT 28:15" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "432815", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b04-pleiades-432815" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 40.825838, "longitude": 14.121741499999999, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-arrival-and-invitation" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-puteoli" }, { "id": "rhegium", "name": "Rhegium", "summary": "Rhegium is named near the end of the voyage to Rome in Acts. The ship reaches it after Syracuse, and the following notice relates further progress towards Puteoli to a south wind. The account describes a journey stage rather than local ministry or an extended residence. It does not identify an exact harbour facility, a place where Paul lodged or the vessel's precise course around the coast before and after the stop.", "anchors": [ { "id": "voyage-stage", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 28:12-14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "452416; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/452416/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-arrival", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "voyage-stage" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports the vessel reaching Rhegium between Syracuse and Puteoli, with a south wind associated with the onward voyage.", "limit": "The arrival notice does not establish local activity, lodging or an exact harbour and sailing track." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.rhegium", "aliases": [ "Rhegium" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 28:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 28:12", "ACT 28:14" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "452416", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b05-pleiades-452416" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 38.109279, "longitude": 15.64393, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-arrival" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-rhegium" }, { "id": "rhodes", "name": "Rhodes", "summary": "Rhodes is named between Cos and Patara in the voyage described in Acts 21. The brief sequence gives it a role in the travelling party's reported movement, without describing a local meeting, ministry or length of stay. The island subject is also distinct from the question of which town, harbour or coastal point the vessel reached. The place name alone does not identify an ancient landing facility or establish travel across the island.", "anchors": [ { "id": "voyage-sequence", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:1-3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "590031; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/590031/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-voyage-stage", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "voyage-sequence" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places Rhodes between Cos and Patara in the party's voyage.", "limit": "The named stage does not identify a particular town or harbour, establish travel across the island or describe local ministry." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.rhodes", "aliases": [ "Rhodes" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 21:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 21:2" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "590031", "targetKind": "island", "receiptId": "r2-b05-pleiades-590031" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "island", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 36.179110443681076, "longitude": 27.97207626591052, "precision": "regional-representative", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-voyage-stage" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-rhodes" }, { "id": "rome", "name": "Rome", "summary": "Rome is a proposed destination and later a reported arrival in Acts, which ends with Paul's two-year stay receiving visitors and teaching. Romans separately addresses believers in the city and expresses a desire to visit them. Second Timothy connects Rome with Onesiphorus's search for the speaker. These documents retain their separate settings and do not by themselves establish one complete chronology. Other people's departures and Roman legal or population labels are not additional Pauline arrivals.", "anchors": [ { "id": "acts-goal", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "acts-assurance", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 23:11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "acts-arrival", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 28:14-16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "acts-final-stay", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 28:30-31", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "romans-audience-and-plan", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 1:7-15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "onesiphorus-search", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 1:16-18", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "acts-goal-and-arrival", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "acts-goal", "acts-assurance", "acts-arrival", "acts-final-stay" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts first presents Rome as a destination and later reports Paul's arrival, guarded accommodation and a two-year period of receiving visitors and teaching.", "limit": "The narrative does not identify a surviving rented house or establish events after its ending, and earlier intentions are not separate completed arrivals." }, { "id": "romans-audience-and-intention", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "romans-audience-and-plan" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans addresses believers at Rome and expresses Paul's desire to visit and preach among them.", "limit": "The address and intention do not establish an earlier arrival or prove the place from which the letter was written." }, { "id": "separate-letter-search", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "onesiphorus-search" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy describes Onesiphorus searching for and finding the writer in connection with Rome.", "limit": "This separate letter notice does not by itself identify the occasion with the Acts stay or independently establish the letter's date and authorship." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.rome", "aliases": [ "Rome" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:2", "ACT 19:21", "ACT 23:11", "ACT 28:14", "ACT 28:16", "ROM 1:7", "ROM 1:15", "2TI 1:17" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 28:30", "ACT 28:31", "ROM 1:10", "ROM 1:13", "2TI 1:16" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "acts-goal-and-arrival" }, { "personId": "paul", "relation": "intended", "claimId": "romans-audience-and-intention" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "romans", "2-timothy" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-rome" }, { "id": "salamis", "name": "Salamis", "summary": "Salamis is the city setting for proclamation after the party's arrival on Cyprus in Acts 13. The narrative describes speaking in Jewish synagogues and having John as an attendant before the onward movement across the island towards Paphos. The city and the whole island remain different geographical subjects. The account does not identify a precise harbour, synagogue building or complete path through the settlement, and it gives no independently fixed duration of the visit.", "anchors": [ { "id": "city-activity", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:4-6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "707617; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/707617/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-city-setting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "city-activity" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places the party at Salamis for proclamation in synagogues, with John attending them, before the island journey continues.", "limit": "The city setting does not identify a particular surviving synagogue, exact landing place or independently dated visit." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.salamis", "aliases": [ "Salamis" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:5" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:4", "ACT 13:6" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "707617", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b05-pleiades-707617" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 35.17958130195956, "longitude": 33.902856966815534, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-city-setting" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-salamis" }, { "id": "salmone", "name": "Salmone", "summary": "Salmone is the named coastal reference opposite which the vessel passes while sailing along Crete in Acts 27. Its role is to describe the ship's position during difficult wind conditions, before the narrative reaches Fair Havens. The notice does not report going ashore at Salmone or visiting a settlement there. It also supplies no precise offshore track, surveyed headland point or independently checked correspondence with a modern coastal feature.", "anchors": [ { "id": "coastal-position", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:7-8", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "offshore-landmark", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "coastal-position" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places the vessel opposite Salmone during the difficult passage along Crete.", "limit": "The coastal reference does not establish a landing or an exact ship position, and no modern headland match is accepted here." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.salmone", "aliases": [ "Salmone" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:7" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:8" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "site", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-salmone" }, { "id": "samaria", "name": "Samaria", "summary": "Samaria is used in Acts for regional and community settings, including Philip's activity and later travel by Paul and Barnabas. Some passages can involve a city, a region or its people, so they are not all assigned to one physical city. The regional notices and the Samaritan population label remain distinct from those unresolved forms. The name supplies no single city coordinate, complete regional boundary or visit at every occurrence.", "anchors": [ { "id": "scattered-community", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "philip-setting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:5-9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "reception-and-communities", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:14-25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "regional-communities", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:31", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "reported-passage", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:2-4", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "regional-community-settings", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "scattered-community", "reception-and-communities", "regional-communities" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names Samaria in notices about dispersed communities, reception of the message and the condition of believing communities.", "limit": "Collective and regional descriptions do not identify a single city or establish Paul's presence in every community." }, { "id": "reported-regional-passage", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "reported-passage" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Paul, Barnabas and their party passing through Samaria on the way towards Jerusalem.", "limit": "The regional passage does not locate a precise road, identify every town visited or establish residence." }, { "id": "unresolved-local-referent", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "debated", "confidence": "debated", "supports": [ "philip-setting" ], "qualifies": [ "reception-and-communities" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [ "city-reading", "regional-or-population-reading" ], "statement": "The Samaria forms in Philip's local setting leave city, regional and population readings requiring separate consideration.", "limit": "These occurrences do not unambiguously identify one physical city or supply a precise location." } ], "alternatives": [ { "id": "city-reading", "supports": [ "philip-setting" ], "qualifies": [], "label": "City reading", "statement": "The local designation may refer to a particular city, whose historical identity and position still require review." }, { "id": "regional-or-population-reading", "supports": [ "philip-setting", "reception-and-communities" ], "qualifies": [], "label": "Regional or population reading", "statement": "The name may refer to the region or its people rather than unambiguously identifying one city." } ], "protectedEntityId": "place.samaria", "aliases": [ "Samaria" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:1", "ACT 8:14", "ACT 9:31", "ACT 15:3" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:5", "ACT 8:6", "ACT 8:9", "ACT 8:25", "ACT 15:2", "ACT 15:4" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-regional-passage" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-samaria" }, { "id": "samos", "name": "Samos", "summary": "Samos is named in the coastal voyage of Acts 20 between the position opposite Chios and the later arrival at Miletus. The account distinguishes touching at Samos from the stay at Trogyllium. The island subject also does not determine a particular town, harbour, length of stay or path across the island, and the notice does not describe a local ministry.", "anchors": [ { "id": "voyage-distinction", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:14-16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "599926; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/599926/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-voyage-call", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "voyage-distinction" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports the vessel touching at Samos and separately describes a stay at Trogyllium before Miletus.", "limit": "The separate stay must not be transferred to Samos, and the island name does not identify a precise harbour or establish travel across the island." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.samos", "aliases": [ "Samos" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:15" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:14", "ACT 20:16" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "599926", "targetKind": "island", "receiptId": "r2-b05-pleiades-599926" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "island", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 37.73246007056743, "longitude": 26.839125346712173, "precision": "regional-representative", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-voyage-call" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-samos" }, { "id": "samothrace", "name": "Samothrace", "summary": "Samothrace is the named island target in the first leg of the voyage from Troas towards Macedonia in Acts 16. The narrative describes a direct course to it before the following stage towards Neapolis. This gives the island a role in the sailing sequence without describing a local meeting, activity ashore or length of stay. The course reference does not identify a harbour, an exact offshore position or travel across the island.", "anchors": [ { "id": "sailing-course", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:9-12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "501597; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/501597/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "island-in-sailing-course", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "sailing-course" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes the vessel's direct course to Samothrace before the next stage towards Neapolis.", "limit": "The course reference does not itself describe activity ashore, an exact harbour or travel across the island." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.samothrace", "aliases": [ "Samothrace" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:11" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:10", "ACT 16:12" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "501597", "targetKind": "island", "receiptId": "r2-b05-pleiades-501597" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "island", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 40.45231423322517, "longitude": 25.57623818601237, "precision": "regional-representative", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-samothrace" }, { "id": "seleucia", "name": "Seleucia", "summary": "Seleucia is the place to which Barnabas and Saul go before sailing to Cyprus in Acts 13. Its role is distinct from Antioch, the community setting from which they are sent, and from the island destination. The short notice gives Seleucia a departure role without describing local proclamation, a stay or a particular harbour facility. The geographical identification and any distinction from other cities called Seleucia require evidence beyond the shared name alone.", "anchors": [ { "id": "departure-setting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:1-5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "658483; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/658483/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-departure-place", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "departure-setting" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports Barnabas and Saul going to Seleucia and sailing from there towards Cyprus.", "limit": "The departure does not establish local ministry or duration of stay, and the shared name alone does not resolve every Seleucia namesake." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.seleucia", "aliases": [ "Seleucia", "Seleucia Pieria" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:4" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:3", "ACT 13:5" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "658483", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b05-pleiades-658483" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 36.121264499999995, "longitude": 35.9285965, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-departure-place" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-seleucia" }, { "id": "sharon", "name": "Sharon", "summary": "Sharon is named alongside Lydda in the Acts account of the response to Aeneas's healing. The passage concerns people associated with those places and attributes their response to what they saw. It does not narrate a journey by Paul or establish his residence in the region. The collective description is also not an independent population survey, and it supplies neither a complete regional boundary nor a precise site for the reported encounter.", "anchors": [ { "id": "reported-population-response", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:32-35", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "465843763; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/465843763/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "regional-response-notice", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "reported-population-response" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts associates people of Sharon, alongside those of Lydda, with the response to the Aeneas episode.", "limit": "The collective report does not independently survey every inhabitant, establish a Pauline visit or locate a precise event site." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Sharon" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:35" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:32", "ACT 9:34" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "465843763", "targetKind": "region", "receiptId": "r2-b05-pleiades-465843763" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 32.28333, "longitude": 34.91667, "precision": "regional-representative", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-sharon" }, { "id": "sidon", "name": "Sidon", "summary": "Sidon occurs in Acts in a political episode involving Herod and in the later voyage involving Paul. The first notice concerns people associated with Tyre and Sidon seeking peace; the second reports the vessel's arrival and permission for Paul to receive care from friends. These are different settings and actors. The permission does not describe a particular house or establish residence, and the city's name does not identify an exact ancient harbour or route.", "anchors": [ { "id": "political-episode", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 12:20-21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "voyage-call", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:1-3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "678393; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/678393/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "other-actors-context", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "political-episode" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts associates Sidon's people with an appeal to Herod alongside people of Tyre.", "limit": "This episode concerns those people and the ruler, not a visit by Paul." }, { "id": "reported-voyage-call", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "voyage-call" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports the vessel reaching Sidon and the centurion permitting Paul to seek care from friends.", "limit": "The permission does not itself identify a house or narrate every action Paul took, and the city setting establishes no extended residence." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.sidon", "aliases": [ "Sidon" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 12:20", "ACT 27:3" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 12:21", "ACT 27:1" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "678393", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b05-pleiades-678393" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 33.561947249999996, "longitude": 35.3727895, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-voyage-call" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-sidon" }, { "id": "sodom", "name": "Sodom", "summary": "Sodom is named in Romans within a scriptural comparison attributed to Isaiah. The letter pairs it with Gomorrah while discussing Israel and a surviving people. The remembered city functions within that argument, rather than as a destination in Paul's travels. This use does not independently establish the city's location, confirm a destruction account or assign a modern archaeological site. It should remain distinct from the geographical claims required to identify an ancient settlement.", "anchors": [ { "id": "scriptural-comparison", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:27-33", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "city-in-scriptural-comparison", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "scriptural-comparison" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans invokes Sodom alongside Gomorrah in an attributed comparison within its argument about Israel.", "limit": "The comparison is not a Pauline itinerary or independent evidence locating the city or verifying its destruction tradition." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Sodom" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:29" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:27", "ROM 9:28", "ROM 9:30" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [ "romans" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-sodom" }, { "id": "spain", "name": "Spain", "summary": "Spain is the projected destination in Romans' account of future travel. Paul hopes to see the Roman recipients on the way and receive their assistance, and later places the journey after completing the service connected with Jerusalem. These are intentions within the letter, not a report that Spain was reached. The passages do not specify a city, route or duration there, establish a later journey's completion or define the region by modern national boundaries.", "anchors": [ { "id": "travel-project", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 15:22-29", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "projected-westward-journey", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "travel-project" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans presents Spain as an intended destination, with a hoped-for visit to the recipients and assistance on the way after the planned Jerusalem service.", "limit": "The plans and hopes do not establish arrival in Spain, identify a city or demonstrate whether a later journey was completed." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.spain", "aliases": [ "Spain" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 15:24", "ROM 15:28" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 15:22", "ROM 15:23", "ROM 15:25" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "intended", "claimId": "projected-westward-journey" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "romans" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-spain" }, { "id": "straight-street-damascus", "name": "Street called Straight", "summary": "The street's stated name is Straight, and the surrounding Acts account locates it in Damascus. It appears in the instruction to Ananias about finding Saul in a house, followed by Ananias's visit. The named street and the enclosing city are different subjects. This does not identify every straight road or establish that a modern street follows the same alignment, building boundaries or house location described in the narrative.", "anchors": [ { "id": "street-instruction-and-visit", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:8-17", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "named-street-instruction", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "street-instruction-and-visit" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes instructions to Ananias that locate Saul at a house on the street named Straight in Damascus.", "limit": "The instruction and ensuing house visit do not establish a modern road alignment or identify an excavated house." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Straight" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:11" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:10", "ACT 9:12", "ACT 9:17" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "site", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "mentioned", "claimId": "named-street-instruction" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-straight-street-damascus" }, { "id": "syracuse", "name": "Syracuse", "summary": "Syracuse is the city named after the voyage from the island in Acts 28. The narrative reports arrival and a stay of three days before the journey continues towards Rhegium. This is an explicit travel and duration notice, rather than an inference from a person's origin. It does not describe a local mission, identify lodging or establish the precise harbour, ancient shoreline or complete path taken through the city during the stay.", "anchors": [ { "id": "arrival-and-stay", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 28:11-13", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-three-day-stay", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "arrival-and-stay" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports arrival at Syracuse and a stay of three days before the onward voyage.", "limit": "The reported duration does not identify lodging, local ministry or an exact harbour and city route." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.syracuse", "aliases": [ "Syracuse" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 28:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 28:11", "ACT 28:13" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-three-day-stay" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-syracuse" }, { "id": "syria", "name": "Syria", "summary": "Syria is a regional designation in Acts and Galatians, used for communities, reported movement and sea journeys. Some notices describe travel through the region, while others concern a voyage's destination or a changed plan. These roles do not make every occurrence a completed arrival. The ancient regional subject remains distinct from a single city, from Assyria and from modern national borders, and the passages do not supply one fixed administrative extent or a complete itinerary.", "anchors": [ { "id": "community-address", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:23", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "acts-regional-journey", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:40-41", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "galatians-movement", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 1:21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "departure-towards-syria", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:18-22", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "changed-voyage-plan", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "voyage-and-landing", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:1-3", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-regional-movement", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "acts-regional-journey", "galatians-movement" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes movement through Syria with Silas, and Galatians separately reports movement into the regions of Syria and Cilicia.", "limit": "These documentary notices do not automatically synchronize journeys or establish an exact route or residence." }, { "id": "distinct-sea-journey-roles", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "departure-towards-syria", "changed-voyage-plan", "voyage-and-landing" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names Syria in a departure, a planned voyage that changes course, and a later sea journey followed by landing at Tyre.", "limit": "A destination, a changed plan and a reported landing are different kinds of evidence and should not all become additional regional arrivals." }, { "id": "regional-community-address", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "community-address" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts includes Syria in the regional address of the community letter sent with the delegates.", "limit": "The address identifies recipients' regional association, not Paul's presence in every community." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.syria", "aliases": [ "Syria" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 15:23", "ACT 15:41", "ACT 18:18", "ACT 20:3", "ACT 21:3", "GAL 1:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 15:40", "ACT 18:19", "ACT 21:2" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "region", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-regional-movement" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "galatians" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-syria" }, { "id": "syrtis", "name": "Syrtis", "summary": "Syrtis is the named maritime danger feared during the storm voyage in Acts 27. After the passage under an island's shelter, the account describes measures to protect the vessel because those aboard fear running onto the sand bars. The name therefore belongs to an anticipated hazard, not a reported arrival there. It does not establish the ship's exact position, a surveyed shoal, a landing or a route that can be reconstructed from this reference alone.", "anchors": [ { "id": "feared-maritime-danger", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:16-18", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "anticipated-maritime-hazard", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "feared-maritime-danger" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names the Syrtis sand bars as a danger feared while measures are taken to protect the storm-driven vessel.", "limit": "Fear of running aground does not report arrival at the hazard or independently establish the vessel's position." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Syrtis" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:17" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:16", "ACT 27:18" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "water", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-syrtis" }, { "id": "tarsus", "name": "Tarsus", "summary": "Tarsus is connected with Saul or Paul through a designation, a transfer destination, Barnabas's search and Paul's own statements about origin and birth in Acts. These are different kinds of notice and should not become a continuous account of residence. The city is distinct from its Cilician regional qualification. The reported statements also do not independently verify civic status, supply the length of a stay or identify a house in the ancient settlement.", "anchors": [ { "id": "saul-designation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "transfer-destination", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:30", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "barnabas-search", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 11:25-26", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "civic-self-description", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:39", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "birth-self-description", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 22:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "648789; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/648789/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "origin-and-birth-descriptions", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "saul-designation", "civic-self-description", "birth-self-description" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts associates Saul with Tarsus and later presents Paul describing himself as from the city and as having been born there.", "limit": "These are the text's descriptions and reported statements, not independent verification of birth or civic status; the city is not the same subject as Cilicia." }, { "id": "transfer-destination", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "transfer-destination" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes the brothers sending Saul towards Tarsus after bringing him to Caesarea.", "limit": "A sending destination does not itself narrate the arrival, determine a route or establish the duration of a later residence." }, { "id": "barnabas-search-and-return", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "barnabas-search" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Barnabas going to Tarsus to seek Saul, finding him and bringing him to Antioch.", "limit": "The sequence does not provide the length or precise location of Saul's stay or turn every later Tarsus reference into another visit." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.tarsus", "aliases": [ "Tarsus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:11", "ACT 9:30", "ACT 11:25", "ACT 21:39", "ACT 22:3" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 11:26" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "648789", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b05-pleiades-648789" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 36.914043134149175, "longitude": 34.89646665894072, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "intended", "claimId": "transfer-destination" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-tarsus" }, { "id": "thessalonica", "name": "Thessalonica", "summary": "Thessalonica is a city setting for Paul's activity and opposition in Acts. The letters also connect its community with correspondence and material support, while other references concern companions' geographical associations or movements. These notices retain their separate actors and documentary settings. An origin association or Demas's journey is not another Pauline visit, and the city's name does not settle the letters' authorship, a complete sequence of visits or the location of a surviving meeting house.", "anchors": [ { "id": "acts-visit", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:1-10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "berea-context", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:11-13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "companions-origin", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "aristarchus-association", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "first-audience", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "second-audience", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Thessalonians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "philippian-assistance", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 4:15-16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "demas-destination", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "491741; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/491741/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-city-activity", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "acts-visit" ], "qualifies": [ "berea-context" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places Paul and Silas at Thessalonica for proclamation and describes opposition before their departure towards Beroea.", "limit": "The later comparison with Beroea remains the narrator's characterization, not an independent judgment about every inhabitant or another Pauline arrival." }, { "id": "letter-community-connections", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "first-audience", "second-audience", "philippian-assistance" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The Thessalonian letters address the named community, and Philippians recalls assistance received at Thessalonica.", "limit": "The community label is not an extra literal city name, and these notices do not independently establish authorship, composition place or a complete chronology." }, { "id": "other-people-reference-roles", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "companions-origin", "aristarchus-association", "demas-destination" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts gives companions a Thessalonian geographical association, while Second Timothy separately names Thessalonica as Demas's destination.", "limit": "These notices concern other people and do not establish another Pauline visit or the companions' precise birthplaces." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.thessalonica", "aliases": [ "Thessalonica" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 17:1", "ACT 17:11", "ACT 17:13", "ACT 27:2", "PHI 4:16", "2TI 4:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 17:2", "ACT 17:4", "ACT 17:5", "ACT 17:10", "ACT 20:4", "1TH 1:1", "2TH 1:1" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "491741", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b05-pleiades-491741" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 40.628342, "longitude": 22.952885000000002, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-city-activity" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [ "philippians", "2-timothy", "1-thessalonians", "2-thessalonians" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-thessalonica" }, { "id": "three-taverns", "name": "Three Taverns", "summary": "The Three Taverns is named in Acts alongside the Market of Appius when believers come to meet the approaching party on the way to Rome. The account describes Paul's encouragement at seeing them. This is a meeting during a journey, not an account of a local congregation or a stay at an inn. The place name does not identify an exact roadside building, a duration of lodging or a complete route between the stations.", "anchors": [ { "id": "approach-meeting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 28:14-16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "423106; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/423106/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-roadside-meeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "approach-meeting" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names the Three Taverns among the places reached by believers coming to meet the party and describes Paul's encouragement.", "limit": "The meeting notice does not establish lodging, a local congregation or an exact roadside structure." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.three-taverns", "aliases": [ "The Three Taverns", "Three Taverns" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 28:15" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 28:14", "ACT 28:16" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "423106", "targetKind": "site", "receiptId": "r2-b05-pleiades-423106" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "site", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 41.56167513388507, "longitude": 12.874282278683129, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-roadside-meeting" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-three-taverns" }, { "id": "thyatira", "name": "Thyatira", "summary": "Thyatira appears in Acts through the description of Lydia, whom the travelling party encounters in the Philippi setting. The narrative connects her with Thyatira and describes her trade, response and hospitality. The city association is not a report of Paul travelling to Thyatira or an identification of Lydia's precise birthplace. It also supplies no evidence for a particular workshop, the city's entire industry or a residence shared by everyone mentioned in the encounter.", "anchors": [ { "id": "lydia-association", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:12-15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "550924; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/550924/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "lydia-city-association", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "lydia-association" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts associates Lydia with Thyatira in the account of the encounter near Philippi.", "limit": "Her geographical association does not establish a Pauline visit, a precise birthplace or a specific workshop at Thyatira." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Thyatira" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:12", "ACT 16:13", "ACT 16:15" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "550924", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b05-pleiades-550924" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 38.919999064160905, "longitude": 27.836209064855836, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-thyatira" }, { "id": "trogyllium", "name": "Trogyllium", "summary": "Trogyllium is the named place of a stay in the Acts 20 voyage sequence after Samos and before Miletus. The account distinguishes the call at Samos from this stay. The notice does not describe local ministry, a house, an exact anchorage or the precise duration of the stop. Its geographical role remains separate from identifying a modern coastal site or assigning the vessel a surveyed point.", "anchors": [ { "id": "reported-coastal-stay", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:14-16", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-stay", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "reported-coastal-stay" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The Acts account names Trogyllium as a place of stay between the call at Samos and the arrival at Miletus.", "limit": "The separate stay does not identify a house, precise anchorage or duration, and no modern coastal site is accepted from the name alone." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Trogyllium" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:15" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:14", "ACT 20:16" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "site", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-stay" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-trogyllium" }, { "id": "tyre", "name": "Tyre", "summary": "Tyre appears in Acts in a political episode involving Herod and later as a landing and community setting on Paul's journey. The voyage account connects the stop with unloading cargo, finding disciples, a seven-day stay and a farewell before sailing onwards. The earlier political reference concerns different actors. These notices do not identify an exact harbour, meeting house or shoreline prayer site, and they do not establish a residence beyond the reported visit.", "anchors": [ { "id": "political-episode", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 12:20-21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "arrival-stay-and-farewell", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:3-7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gazetteer-point", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "pleiades", "work": "Pleiades gazetteer of ancient places", "locator": "678437; reprPoint (longitude, latitude)", "url": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/678437/json", "publicDomain": false, "role": "catalogue-record" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-city-stay", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "arrival-stay-and-farewell" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports landing at Tyre, finding disciples, staying seven days and then departing after a farewell.", "limit": "The reported visit and duration do not identify a precise harbour, house or beach location." }, { "id": "other-actors-political-context", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "political-episode" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts separately associates people of Tyre and Sidon with an appeal to Herod.", "limit": "That earlier political notice supplies no Pauline arrival or residence." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "place.tyre", "aliases": [ "Tyre" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 12:20", "ACT 21:3", "ACT 21:7" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 12:21", "ACT 21:4", "ACT 21:5", "ACT 21:6" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "pleiades", "id": "678437", "targetKind": "city", "receiptId": "r2-b05-pleiades-678437" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "city", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": { "latitude": 33.2693355, "longitude": 35.201829000000004, "precision": "settlement", "basisAnchorIds": [ "gazetteer-point" ] }, "presenceClaims": [ { "personId": "paul", "relation": "visited-as-reported", "claimId": "reported-city-stay" } ], "linkedLetterIds": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-tyre" }, { "id": "zion", "name": "Zion", "summary": "Zion is named in Romans within scriptural imagery about a stone and a promise involving a deliverer. The name belongs to the letter's argument rather than a narrated journey by Paul. These uses do not by themselves settle a single physical referent, identify a modern hill or resolve the interpretation of the promise concerning Israel. These uses also do not establish how Zion relates geographically to Jerusalem.", "anchors": [ { "id": "stone-imagery", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:30-33", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "deliverer-promise", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 11:25-27", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "place-name-in-scriptural-images", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "stone-imagery", "deliverer-promise" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans uses Zion in scriptural imagery about a stone and in a promise involving a deliverer within its argument concerning Israel.", "limit": "The images do not narrate a Pauline visit, fix a physical point or independently resolve the promise's theological interpretation." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Zion" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:33", "ROM 11:26" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:30", "ROM 9:32", "ROM 11:25", "ROM 11:27" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "place", "placeKind": "site", "chronologyPlaceId": null, "geometry": null, "presenceClaims": [], "linkedLetterIds": [ "romans" ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/places#place-zion" } ], "contentDigest": "86b324279ab2de53b541471992134a0025811646cbcbd59fd146d526cfc0f73a" }