{ "$schema": "https://paulineletters.com/data/agent/commons/v1/people.schema.json", "schemaVersion": "1.0", "version": "1.0.0", "dataset": "people", "locale": "en", "title": "People in Acts and the Pauline letters", "description": "Profiles of people named or contextually referred to in Acts 7:58–28:31 and the thirteen Pauline letters, with references, identity limits and source-based claims.", "method": "Every coordinate in Acts 7:58–28:31 and the thirteen-letter collection was reviewed against the pinned World English Bible source, including four coordinates without words in that source. Literal names and resolved titles, pronouns, descriptions, group references, speakers, addressees and recalled subjects remain distinct in the source audit. Unresolved references remain unassigned. Document and name-form partitions preserve the basis of each literary identification. References, attributed speech, allegations, household associations and conditional actions do not establish presence, travel, historical identity, event truth or independent corroboration. Scripture is cited by reference only.", "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "attribution": "Pauline Letters — https://paulineletters.com", "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/data/agent/commons/v1/people.json", "scripture": "References only. No Bible translation text is included; cite the reference and read it in a licensed or public-domain edition.", "itemCount": 183, "items": [ { "id": "tychicus", "name": "Tychicus", "summary": "Acts and four letters present Tychicus within the Paul network as a travel companion or messenger. Ephesians and Colossians give closely corresponding accounts of news and encouragement, Second Timothy reports a dispatch to Ephesus, and Titus names him as one possible messenger. These notices support a connected literary identification while retaining each account's distinct setting and kind of dispatch.", "anchors": [ { "id": "acts-travel", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "ephesians-dispatch", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 6:21-22", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "colossians-dispatch", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:7-9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "timothy-dispatch", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "titus-contingency", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 3:12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "identity-context-01", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "identity-context-02", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "identity-context-03", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "identity-context-04", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "travel-list", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "acts-travel" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts lists Tychicus in a travelling party and associates him, alongside Trophimus, with Asia.", "limit": "The regional association does not establish a birthplace, citizenship, or the identities of people named Tychicus in other documents." }, { "id": "news-and-encouragement", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "ephesians-dispatch", "colossians-dispatch" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Ephesians and Colossians each commend a Tychicus who is to convey news about the sender and encourage the recipients.", "limit": "These are two document-specific descriptions. Their similarity supports considering an identity link; it does not itself establish that link, a shared date, or common authorship." }, { "id": "ephesus-dispatch", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "timothy-dispatch" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy reports that its speaker sent Tychicus to Ephesus.", "limit": "The reported dispatch belongs to this letter's account; it does not independently establish the letter's authorship or its place in a reconstructed chronology." }, { "id": "conditional-dispatch", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "titus-contingency" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letter names Artemas and Tychicus as alternatives for a dispatch and instructs Titus to come to the speaker at Nicopolis when one is sent.", "limit": "The instruction is conditional. It does not say which alternative was chosen or that Tychicus actually made this journey." }, { "id": "tychicus-cross-document-identity", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "reconstructed", "confidence": "medium-high", "supports": [ "acts-travel", "ephesians-dispatch", "colossians-dispatch", "timothy-dispatch", "titus-contingency", "identity-context-01", "identity-context-02", "identity-context-03", "identity-context-04" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The travel and messenger notices support identifying Tychicus as a connected literary associate of Paul across these documents.", "limit": "This is an inferred literary identification, not independent proof of historical identity, authorship, a shared date or a continuous itinerary; Titus's dispatch remains conditional." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.tychicus", "aliases": [ "Tychicus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:4", "EPH 6:21", "COL 4:7", "2TI 4:12", "TIT 3:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:5", "ACT 20:6", "EPH 6:22", "COL 4:8", "COL 4:9" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "tychicus-act-20-4", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:4" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:5", "ACT 20:6" ] }, { "id": "tychicus-eph-6-21", "document": "EPH", "namedVerseKeys": [ "EPH 6:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "EPH 6:22" ] }, { "id": "tychicus-col-4-7", "document": "COL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:7" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:8", "COL 4:9" ] }, { "id": "tychicus-2ti-4-12", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "tychicus-tit-3-12", "document": "TIT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "TIT 3:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "tychicus-cross-document-identity", "partitionIds": [ "tychicus-act-20-4", "tychicus-eph-6-21", "tychicus-col-4-7", "tychicus-2ti-4-12", "tychicus-tit-3-12" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people/tychicus" }, { "id": "epaphras", "name": "Epaphras", "summary": "Colossians recalls its recipients' learning from Epaphras and describes his service, prayer and concern for neighboring communities. Philemon presents him as a companion in imprisonment who sends greetings. Their overlapping named associates support a connected literary identification while each letter retains its own account. Epaphras remains separate from the Epaphroditus named in Philippians.", "anchors": [ { "id": "colossians-learning", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 1:7-8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "colossians-prayer", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:12-13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "philemon-greeting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:23", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "identity-context-01", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:10-14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "identity-context-02", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "identity-context-03", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:23-24", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "learning-and-service", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "colossians-learning" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Colossians says its readers learned from Epaphras and commends his service to Christ.", "limit": "This establishes the letter's description of his role, rather than a complete account of his teaching, office, or the congregation's foundation." }, { "id": "prayer-and-concern", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "colossians-prayer" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Colossians presents Epaphras as belonging to the recipients' community, recounts his sustained prayer for them, and reports his concern for people in Laodicea and Hierapolis.", "limit": "The prayers and the wider concern are related descriptions; the passage does not establish a particular church office or an independently verified itinerary." }, { "id": "prisoner-greeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "philemon-greeting" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Philemon passes on a greeting from Epaphras and portrays him as sharing the speaker's imprisonment.", "limit": "The verse does not identify a prison location or explicitly equate this Epaphras with the figure in Colossians." }, { "id": "epaphras-colossians-philemon-identity", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "reconstructed", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "colossians-learning", "colossians-prayer", "philemon-greeting", "identity-context-01", "identity-context-02", "identity-context-03" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The overlapping named associates in Colossians and Philemon support identifying Epaphras as the same represented literary figure.", "limit": "Each letter supplies its own description; the identification does not independently establish a prison location, continuous career or the authorship of either document." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.epaphras", "aliases": [ "Epaphras" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 1:7", "COL 4:12", "PHM 1:23" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "COL 1:8", "COL 4:13" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "epaphras-colossians", "document": "COL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 1:7", "COL 4:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "COL 1:8", "COL 4:13" ] }, { "id": "epaphras-philemon", "document": "PHM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:23" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "epaphras-colossians-philemon-identity", "partitionIds": [ "epaphras-colossians", "epaphras-philemon" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-epaphras" }, { "id": "onesiphorus", "name": "Onesiphorus", "summary": "Second Timothy recalls Onesiphorus's support during the speaker's imprisonment, his determined search in Rome, and help at Ephesus. It twice mentions his household, once in a petition and once in a closing greeting. These references support a portrait of practical loyalty within the letter's own account. They do not explicitly report his death. The household language and the request for future mercy cannot, by themselves, establish that he was already dead or connect him with a later martyr tradition.", "anchors": [ { "id": "imprisonment-help", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 1:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "rome-and-ephesus", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 1:17-18", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "household-greeting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:19", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "prison-support", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "imprisonment-help" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy recalls repeated help from Onesiphorus and his willingness to support the speaker despite the imprisonment.", "limit": "This is the letter's recollection. It does not supply an independent account of the imprisonment or establish later biographical traditions." }, { "id": "rome-and-ephesus-help", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "rome-and-ephesus" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letter reports that Onesiphorus searched persistently for the speaker in Rome and recalls his service at Ephesus.", "limit": "The letter supplies these place associations without a date or a complete itinerary. The accompanying petition for mercy does not report his death." }, { "id": "household-references", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "imprisonment-help", "household-greeting" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy includes Onesiphorus's household in a petition and a closing greeting.", "limit": "Addressing the household does not establish Onesiphorus's absence, death, or martyrdom." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.onesiphorus", "aliases": [ "Onesiphorus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 1:16", "2TI 4:19" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2TI 1:17", "2TI 1:18" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q164212", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-onesiphorus-q164212-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "onesiphorus-second-timothy", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 1:16", "2TI 4:19" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2TI 1:17", "2TI 1:18" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-onesiphorus" }, { "id": "epaphroditus", "name": "Epaphroditus", "summary": "Philippians presents Epaphroditus as a fellow worker and a representative of its recipients who had helped the speaker. It describes serious illness, recovery, and his being sent back, asking the community to welcome and honor him. Later, the letter acknowledges supplies received through him from the Philippians. Together these notices connect personal service, the delivery of support, and concern for his welfare. They do not identify him with other people called Epaphroditus or with Epaphras in Colossians and Philemon.", "anchors": [ { "id": "worker-and-representative", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 2:25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "illness-and-return", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 2:26-30", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "supplies-delivery", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 4:18", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "service-and-dispatch", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "worker-and-representative" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Philippians describes Epaphroditus as the speaker's colleague and the recipients' representative in providing help, and presents his return to them as necessary.", "limit": "The service descriptions do not by themselves define a permanent congregational office or link him to an unrelated namesake." }, { "id": "illness-and-return", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "illness-and-return" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Philippians recounts Epaphroditus's severe illness and recovery, explains concern about the news reaching the recipients, and asks them to welcome and honor him.", "limit": "This is the letter's account; it does not identify the illness, establish a medical diagnosis, or provide an independently dated travel schedule." }, { "id": "delivery-of-support", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "supplies-delivery" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letter acknowledges receiving supplies from its recipients through Epaphroditus.", "limit": "It identifies a delivery of support without specifying an amount or establishing every stage of the journey." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.epaphroditus", "aliases": [ "Epaphroditus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHI 2:25", "PHI 4:18" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "PHI 2:26", "PHI 2:27", "PHI 2:28", "PHI 2:29", "PHI 2:30" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q724476", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-epaphroditus-q724476-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "epaphroditus-philippians", "document": "PHI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHI 2:25", "PHI 4:18" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "PHI 2:26", "PHI 2:27", "PHI 2:28", "PHI 2:29", "PHI 2:30" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-epaphroditus" }, { "id": "phoebe", "name": "Phoebe", "summary": "Romans commends Phoebe to its recipients and connects her with the congregation at Cenchreae. It asks them to welcome her and provide the help she needs, recalling her assistance to many people, including the letter's speaker. The passage therefore gives Phoebe a substantial place in this network of support. It leaves the scope of her service designation open to interpretation and does not explicitly say that she carried Romans.", "anchors": [ { "id": "cenchreae-commendation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "welcome-and-help", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:2", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "commendation-and-service", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "cenchreae-commendation" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans introduces Phoebe through communal kinship language and describes her service in connection with the congregation at Cenchreae.", "limit": "The passage supports a service role; whether its designation denotes a defined office or broader service needs explicit interpretation." }, { "id": "welcome-and-assistance", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "welcome-and-help" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans asks its recipients to welcome Phoebe and assist her, recalling her help to many people and to the speaker.", "limit": "The request does not specify her task, state that she carried Romans, or independently establish a formal patronage office." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.phoebe", "aliases": [ "Phoebe" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:2" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q291547", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-phoebe-q291547-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "phoebe-romans", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:2" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-phoebe" }, { "id": "junia", "name": "Junia (Romans 16:7)", "summary": "Junia is greeted with Andronicus in Romans 16:7. The letter describes them through kinship and imprisonment and places their commitment to Christ before the speaker's. Their commendation in relation to the apostles has received different readings: Chrysostom includes the pair among apostles, while Albert Barnes favors their reputation with the apostles and conditionally allows a broader messenger sense. The verse does not describe their duties, identify them with the Twelve, or date their imprisonment.", "anchors": [ { "id": "romans-greeting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "s-chrysostom-romans-16-7", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "chrysostom-romans-npnf1-11", "work": "Homilies on Romans, NPNF First Series, volume 11", "locator": "Homily 31, exposition of Romans 16:7; commentary on the pair's apostolic designation", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/210231.htm", "publicDomain": true, "role": "primary-text", "author": "John Chrysostom", "year": "1889" } }, { "id": "s-barnes-romans-16-7", "kind": "source-locator", "source": { "sourceKey": "barnes-nt-notes-ccel", "work": "Barnes' New Testament Notes", "locator": "Romans 16:7, discussion of apostolic status, numbered arguments 1–5", "url": "https://www.ccel.org/ccel/b/barnes/ntnotes/cache/ntnotes.txt", "publicDomain": true, "role": "early-study", "author": "Albert Barnes" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "joint-greeting-and-designations", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "romans-greeting" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans greets Junia with Andronicus and applies kinship and shared-imprisonment descriptions to the pair.", "limit": "The verse does not locate or date the imprisonment. The precise kinship relationship should not be expanded into an unsupported family tree." }, { "id": "earlier-christian-identification", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "romans-greeting" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans presents Junia and Andronicus as having belonged to Christ before the speaker did.", "limit": "This is a relative sequence within the letter's account, without a conversion date or an independent chronology." }, { "id": "apostolic-commendation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "romans-greeting", "s-chrysostom-romans-16-7", "s-barnes-romans-16-7" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [ "apostolic-membership-reading", "apostolic-reputation-reading" ], "statement": "Romans comments favorably on Junia and Andronicus in relation to the apostles.", "limit": "The verse does not describe the pair's duties or identify them with the Twelve." } ], "alternatives": [ { "id": "apostolic-membership-reading", "supports": [ "romans-greeting", "s-chrysostom-romans-16-7" ], "qualifies": [], "label": "Included among apostles", "statement": "Chrysostom interprets Romans 16:7 as including Andronicus and Junia among apostles." }, { "id": "apostolic-reputation-reading", "supports": [ "romans-greeting", "s-barnes-romans-16-7" ], "qualifies": [], "label": "Esteemed by the apostles", "statement": "Albert Barnes understands the commendation as the apostles' favorable estimation of the pair rather than their appointment to apostolic office. He also conditionally allows a broader church-messenger meaning of apostle." } ], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Junia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:7" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q262766", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-junia-q262766-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "junia-romans-16-7", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:7" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-junia" }, { "id": "euodia", "name": "Euodia", "summary": "Euodia is addressed by name with Syntyche in Philippians' appeal for agreement. The next verse asks for help for women remembered as participants in the speaker's gospel work alongside Clement and other workers. Read in sequence, the appeal recalls valued work while seeking agreement. The passage gives no account of the underlying disagreement and assigns Euodia no formal office. Further details about her position in the congregation would need additional evidence.", "anchors": [ { "id": "agreement-appeal", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 4:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "work-and-assistance", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 4:3", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "appeal-with-syntyche", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "agreement-appeal" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Philippians addresses Euodia and Syntyche individually in an appeal for agreement.", "limit": "The appeal does not explain the issue or warrant inventing opposing factions, motives, or an account of the dispute." }, { "id": "work-and-help-context", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "agreement-appeal", "work-and-assistance" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The following request for help recalls women's participation in the speaker's gospel work with Clement and others; its immediate context points back to Euodia and Syntyche.", "limit": "That pronoun connection is contextual, not another named occurrence. It does not establish a formal office or identify the unnamed person asked to help." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.euodia", "aliases": [ "Euodia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHI 4:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "PHI 4:3" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q1382493", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-euodia-q1382493-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "euodia-philippians", "document": "PHI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHI 4:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "PHI 4:3" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-euodia" }, { "id": "syntyche", "name": "Syntyche", "summary": "Syntyche appears in Philippians 4:2 beside Euodia, where both receive a personal appeal to agree. The request for assistance in the following verse recalls women's participation in the speaker's gospel work with Clement and others; its immediate setting links that recollection to the named pair. The text preserves Syntyche's contribution without explaining the cause of the appeal or assigning her a specific office. It supplies no further biography beyond this short notice.", "anchors": [ { "id": "agreement-appeal", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 4:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "work-and-assistance", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 4:3", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "appeal-with-euodia", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "agreement-appeal" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Philippians names Syntyche alongside Euodia and addresses each in an appeal for agreement.", "limit": "The request leaves the underlying issue unspecified and does not establish rival parties or particular leadership roles." }, { "id": "work-and-help-context", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "agreement-appeal", "work-and-assistance" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "In the following verse, the speaker asks for help for women remembered as sharing in gospel work with Clement and others; the preceding appeal supplies Euodia and Syntyche as the immediate referents.", "limit": "This is a local contextual link, not another literal name reference. It does not name the person asked to help or establish Syntyche's formal office." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.syntyche", "aliases": [ "Syntyche" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHI 4:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "PHI 4:3" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q106084401", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-syntyche-q106084401-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "syntyche-philippians", "document": "PHI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHI 4:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "PHI 4:3" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-syntyche" }, { "id": "zenas", "name": "Zenas (Titus 3:13)", "summary": "Zenas occurs once by name in the audited scope, in Titus 3:13. The letter identifies him by a legal designation and couples him with Apollos in a request for practical help with onward travel. This gives a textual role and a shared travel instruction, rather than a career history. The passage does not specify the kind of law involved, his destination, or a later church office. Claims about a later mission therefore need evidence beyond this reference.", "anchors": [ { "id": "travel-instruction", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 3:13", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "legal-designation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "travel-instruction" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Titus identifies Zenas with a legal designation.", "limit": "The English designation does not establish which legal tradition, jurisdiction, or specific professional activity was involved." }, { "id": "travel-assistance-with-apollos", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "travel-instruction" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Titus requests practical support for the onward journey of Zenas and Apollos so that their needs are met.", "limit": "The request does not name a destination, report the completed journey, or establish a later mission, office, or membership among the Seventy." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Zenas" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "TIT 3:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q1393130", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-zenas-q1393130-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "zenas-titus-3-13", "document": "TIT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "TIT 3:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-zenas" }, { "id": "tertius", "name": "Tertius (Romans 16:22)", "summary": "Tertius appears in a first-person greeting within Romans 16:22, where he identifies himself as the person putting the letter into writing. This supplies a named participant's own short acknowledgement within Romans. It gives a textual connection with the letter's production without explaining how composition and writing were divided. It does not identify Tertius as a bishop or describe a martyrdom. Other identifications involving the name require evidence beyond this greeting.", "anchors": [ { "id": "writing-and-greeting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:22", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "writing-acknowledgement", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "writing-and-greeting" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans includes a first-person acknowledgement by Tertius that he put the letter into writing.", "limit": "The notice does not explain the mechanics of dictation or composition and does not independently assign the letter's authorial control." }, { "id": "personal-greeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "writing-and-greeting" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Tertius adds his own greeting to the letter's recipients.", "limit": "This greeting does not establish a later episcopal role, martyrdom, or identity with another Tertius." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.tertius", "aliases": [ "Tertius" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:22" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q1960801", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-tertius-q1960801-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "tertius-romans-16-22", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:22" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-tertius" }, { "id": "gallio", "name": "Gallio", "summary": "Acts places Gallio in the Corinthian episode as Achaia's proconsul. When opponents bring Paul before him, the narrative presents Gallio as declining to adjudicate their religious dispute. It also reports his lack of intervention when Sosthenes is beaten. These are observations about Acts' account, not an independent reconstruction of Gallio's career. The linked Roman official is a person distinct from the Delphi inscription. An external identifier does not independently verify the events narrated in Acts.", "anchors": [ { "id": "office-and-accusation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "hearing-and-dismissal", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:14-16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "sosthenes-beating", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:17", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "achaia-office", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "office-and-accusation" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts identifies Gallio as Achaia's proconsul when Paul is brought before his tribunal.", "limit": "This is the narrative's office attribution. It does not establish an exact date, a complete tenure, or an independently verified historical identity." }, { "id": "jurisdictional-refusal", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "hearing-and-dismissal" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts portrays Gallio as declining to decide a dispute about religious language and law, then dismissing the accusers.", "limit": "The refusal concerns the dispute presented in this scene; it does not establish a general Roman policy toward Christianity." }, { "id": "nonintervention", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "sosthenes-beating" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The narrative reports that Gallio did not intervene when Sosthenes was beaten near the tribunal.", "limit": "This does not identify Sosthenes with the similarly named figure in First Corinthians or explain Gallio's private motives." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.gallio", "aliases": [ "Gallio" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:12", "ACT 18:14", "ACT 18:17" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:13", "ACT 18:15", "ACT 18:16" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q452194", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-gallio-q452194-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "gallio-acts-18", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:12", "ACT 18:14", "ACT 18:17" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:13", "ACT 18:15", "ACT 18:16" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-gallio" }, { "id": "felix", "name": "Felix", "summary": "Felix appears in Acts as the governor receiving Paul in custody and hearing the accusations against him. The narrative describes a deferred decision, continued detention with some access for friends, and later conversations involving Paul and Felix's wife Drusilla. It attributes an expectation of money to Felix and says Paul remained imprisoned when Festus succeeded him. These reports do not independently establish Felix's biography, and the fuller Roman name supplied by the authority candidate is not a literal Acts alias.", "anchors": [ { "id": "transfer-order", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 23:24-26", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "governor-receives-paul", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 23:33-35", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "deferred-hearing", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 24:1-23", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "private-conversations", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 24:24-26", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "succession-and-custody", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 24:27", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "successor-recollection", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 25:14", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "custodial-reception", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "transfer-order", "governor-receives-paul" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Paul's transfer to the governor Felix and the governor's decision to hear the case when the accusers arrive.", "limit": "The transfer and reception are narrative reports, not an independent administrative record." }, { "id": "deferred-decision", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "deferred-hearing" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports that Felix postponed the case pending the commander's arrival and ordered continued custody while allowing Paul's friends to assist him.", "limit": "This does not report an acquittal or explain the legal terms of Paul's detention beyond this scene." }, { "id": "conversations-and-money", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "private-conversations" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places Felix and Drusilla at a conversation with Paul about faith, then attributes fear and repeated meetings motivated by an expectation of money to Felix.", "limit": "The stated motives belong to the narrator's portrayal of Felix. His reaction must not be assigned to Drusilla, whose response is not reported." }, { "id": "detention-at-succession", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "succession-and-custody", "successor-recollection" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts says Felix left Paul detained when Festus replaced him, and later has Festus refer back to that custody.", "limit": "The account's two-year interval does not by itself establish absolute calendar dates or a complete chronology of Felix's tenure." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.felix", "aliases": [ "Felix" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 23:24", "ACT 23:26", "ACT 24:3", "ACT 24:22", "ACT 24:24", "ACT 24:25", "ACT 24:27", "ACT 25:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 23:27", "ACT 23:28", "ACT 23:29", "ACT 23:30", "ACT 23:33", "ACT 23:34", "ACT 23:35", "ACT 24:1", "ACT 24:2", "ACT 24:4", "ACT 24:5", "ACT 24:6", "ACT 24:8", "ACT 24:10", "ACT 24:11", "ACT 24:12", "ACT 24:13", "ACT 24:14", "ACT 24:15", "ACT 24:16", "ACT 24:17", "ACT 24:18", "ACT 24:19", "ACT 24:20", "ACT 24:21", "ACT 24:23", "ACT 24:26" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q316915", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-felix-q316915-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "felix-acts-custody", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 23:24", "ACT 23:26", "ACT 24:3", "ACT 24:22", "ACT 24:24", "ACT 24:25", "ACT 24:27", "ACT 25:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 23:27", "ACT 23:28", "ACT 23:29", "ACT 23:30", "ACT 23:33", "ACT 23:34", "ACT 23:35", "ACT 24:1", "ACT 24:2", "ACT 24:4", "ACT 24:5", "ACT 24:6", "ACT 24:8", "ACT 24:10", "ACT 24:11", "ACT 24:12", "ACT 24:13", "ACT 24:14", "ACT 24:15", "ACT 24:16", "ACT 24:17", "ACT 24:18", "ACT 24:19", "ACT 24:20", "ACT 24:21", "ACT 24:23", "ACT 24:26" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-felix" }, { "id": "festus", "name": "Festus", "summary": "Acts introduces Porcius Festus as Felix's successor and then uses Festus throughout Paul's custody hearings. It describes his handling of Paul's appeal to Caesar and his consultation with Agrippa before sending Paul onward. Festus also interrupts Paul's defence in the later audience. The narrative supplies a connected administrative episode, not an independently dated career. Its description of the charges and the participants' assessments must remain distinct from a formal acquittal or an external reconstruction of Roman procedure.", "anchors": [ { "id": "succession", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 24:27", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "appeal-proceedings", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 25:1-12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "agrippa-consultation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 25:13-27", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "interruption", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 26:24-25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "closing-assessment", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 26:30-32", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "felix-successor", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "succession" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names Porcius Festus as the official who replaced Felix while Paul remained in custody.", "limit": "The relative interval in this notice does not independently determine Festus's calendar dates or tenure." }, { "id": "appeal-handling", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "appeal-proceedings" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts recounts Festus's handling of the case, including a proposed hearing in Jerusalem and his decision to send Paul to Caesar after the appeal.", "limit": "This reports the narrative's proceedings without independently establishing every legal or administrative detail." }, { "id": "agrippa-consultation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "agrippa-consultation" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts presents Festus as briefing Agrippa, arranging an audience, and seeking a clearer basis for the report accompanying Paul's transfer.", "limit": "The description of disputed religious issues is attributed to Festus's account; it is not an independent finding about those issues." }, { "id": "interruption-and-assessment", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "interruption", "closing-assessment" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Festus challenges Paul's reasoning during the audience; afterward, the assembled participants discuss the absence of grounds for a death sentence or imprisonment.", "limit": "The discussion is not narrated as a formal acquittal or an order releasing Paul." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.festus", "aliases": [ "Porcius Festus", "Festus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 24:27", "ACT 25:1", "ACT 25:4", "ACT 25:9", "ACT 25:12", "ACT 25:13", "ACT 25:14", "ACT 25:22", "ACT 25:23", "ACT 25:24", "ACT 26:24", "ACT 26:25", "ACT 26:32" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 25:2", "ACT 25:3", "ACT 25:5", "ACT 25:6", "ACT 25:8", "ACT 25:10", "ACT 25:11", "ACT 25:15", "ACT 25:16", "ACT 25:17", "ACT 25:18", "ACT 25:19", "ACT 25:20", "ACT 25:21", "ACT 25:25", "ACT 25:26", "ACT 25:27", "ACT 26:26", "ACT 26:29", "ACT 26:30", "ACT 26:31" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q464307", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-festus-q464307-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "festus-acts-custody", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 24:27", "ACT 25:1", "ACT 25:4", "ACT 25:9", "ACT 25:12", "ACT 25:13", "ACT 25:14", "ACT 25:22", "ACT 25:23", "ACT 25:24", "ACT 26:24", "ACT 26:25", "ACT 26:32" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 25:2", "ACT 25:3", "ACT 25:5", "ACT 25:6", "ACT 25:8", "ACT 25:10", "ACT 25:11", "ACT 25:15", "ACT 25:16", "ACT 25:17", "ACT 25:18", "ACT 25:19", "ACT 25:20", "ACT 25:21", "ACT 25:25", "ACT 25:26", "ACT 25:27", "ACT 26:26", "ACT 26:29", "ACT 26:30", "ACT 26:31" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-festus" }, { "id": "sergius-paulus", "name": "Sergius Paulus", "summary": "Acts names Sergius Paulus once, at the Paphos encounter, describing him as the proconsul who calls for Barnabas and Saul. Later references in the episode use his office rather than repeating his name. The narrative associates Elymas's opposition and the proconsul's eventual belief with this encounter. These textual connections do not identify him with any similarly named inscriptional figure, establish a family history, or supply an independently verified date for his administration.", "anchors": [ { "id": "paphos-setting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:6-7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "opposition", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "proconsul-response", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:12", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "request-to-hear", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "paphos-setting" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "In the Paphos episode, Acts names Sergius Paulus as the proconsul who summons Barnabas and Saul to hear their message.", "limit": "Only Acts 13:7 literally names him. The geographical and office setting does not independently establish a historical date or inscriptional identification." }, { "id": "elymas-opposition", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "opposition" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Elymas as opposing the visitors and seeking to turn the proconsul away from their message.", "limit": "The title in this verse is a contextual reference to the named proconsul, not another literal occurrence of Sergius Paulus." }, { "id": "narrated-belief", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "proconsul-response" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The episode concludes by reporting the proconsul's belief after the events he witnessed and his response to the teaching.", "limit": "This is the narrator's account; it does not establish a later church role or a continuing biography." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.sergius-paulus", "aliases": [ "Sergius Paulus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:7" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:8", "ACT 13:12" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q2566388", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-sergius-paulus-q2566388-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "sergius-paulus-acts-13", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:7" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:8", "ACT 13:12" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-sergius-paulus" }, { "id": "herod-agrippa-i", "name": "Herod (Acts 12)", "summary": "Acts 12 calls this ruler Herod and portrays him as acting against the Jerusalem believers, ordering James's execution and Peter's detention. The chapter later moves to Caesarea, a dispute involving Tyre and Sidon, and a royal address followed by Herod's death in the narrative. The passage does not use the name Agrippa or an ordinal. Its proposed identification with Agrippa I remains separate from the later king Agrippa and from other Herod references.", "anchors": [ { "id": "persecution", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 12:1-4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "peter-detention", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 12:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "peter-escape-recollection", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 12:11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "guards-and-departure", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 12:19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "coastal-dispute", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 12:19-20", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "address-and-death", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 12:21-23", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "persecution-of-believers", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "persecution" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts depicts King Herod as taking action against members of the Jerusalem community, having James, John's brother, killed and Peter imprisoned.", "limit": "The textual name is Herod. The passage does not supply the Roman authority candidate's ordinal or establish James's parentage beyond the stated sibling relation." }, { "id": "peter-episode-outcome", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "peter-detention", "peter-escape-recollection", "guards-and-departure" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts connects Herod with Peter's detention and the subsequent investigation, then reports punishment of the guards and Herod's departure for Caesarea.", "limit": "This follows the chapter's account; it does not supply an independently verified account of the escape or the ruler's movements." }, { "id": "tyre-sidon-dispute", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "coastal-dispute" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports a dispute between Herod and people from Tyre and Sidon who sought a settlement through Blastus.", "limit": "The account does not establish the full political or economic background of the dispute." }, { "id": "royal-address-and-death", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "address-and-death" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Herod addressing an audience in royal dress and then narrates his death as divine judgment after the crowd's acclaim.", "limit": "The stated cause is the narrative's theological explanation; it is not an independently established medical diagnosis or historical chronology." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.herod-agrippa-i", "aliases": [ "Herod" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 12:1", "ACT 12:6", "ACT 12:11", "ACT 12:19", "ACT 12:20", "ACT 12:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 12:2", "ACT 12:3", "ACT 12:4", "ACT 12:22", "ACT 12:23" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q298636", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-herod-agrippa-i-q298636-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "herod-acts-12", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 12:1", "ACT 12:6", "ACT 12:11", "ACT 12:19", "ACT 12:20", "ACT 12:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 12:2", "ACT 12:3", "ACT 12:4", "ACT 12:22", "ACT 12:23" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-herod-agrippa-i" }, { "id": "agrippa", "name": "Agrippa (Acts 25–26)", "summary": "Acts introduces King Agrippa arriving with Bernice to visit Festus and later hearing Paul's defence. Paul's speech appeals to Agrippa's familiarity with Jewish customs and prophetic writings, while Agrippa's brief response has prompted differing interpretations. The narrative ends with Agrippa's assessment that Paul could have been released without the appeal to Caesar. This is a distinct textual cluster from the Herod of Acts 12. The entry uses a qualified identification with Agrippa II, without treating it as independent verification of the events narrated in Acts.", "anchors": [ { "id": "arrival", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 25:13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "hearing-request", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 25:22-23", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "audience-address", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 25:24-26", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "opening-defence", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 26:1-3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "defence-address-hope", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 26:7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "defence-address-vision", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 26:19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "prophets-and-response", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 26:26-28", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "closing-discussion", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 26:30-32", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "king-at-audience", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "arrival", "hearing-request", "audience-address", "opening-defence" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts calls Agrippa a king, reports his arrival with Bernice to visit Festus, and describes his request to hear Paul and his permission for Paul to speak.", "limit": "The narrative does not itself add the ordinal II or establish a complete account of his rule." }, { "id": "speech-and-response", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "opening-defence", "prophets-and-response" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Paul appeals to Agrippa's knowledge of Jewish customs and prophets, and Agrippa responds to Paul's effort to persuade him.", "limit": "The expertise is attributed to Paul's address. Agrippa's response does not unambiguously report conversion, and its tone should not be decided by this index." }, { "id": "conditional-release-assessment", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "closing-discussion" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts has Agrippa tell Festus that Paul could have been released if he had not appealed to Caesar.", "limit": "This is an assessment within the closing conversation, not a formal release order or a narrated acquittal." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.agrippa", "aliases": [ "Agrippa" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 25:13", "ACT 25:22", "ACT 25:23", "ACT 25:24", "ACT 25:26", "ACT 26:1", "ACT 26:2", "ACT 26:7", "ACT 26:19", "ACT 26:27", "ACT 26:28", "ACT 26:32" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 25:14", "ACT 25:15", "ACT 25:16", "ACT 25:17", "ACT 25:18", "ACT 25:19", "ACT 25:20", "ACT 25:21", "ACT 25:25", "ACT 25:27", "ACT 26:3", "ACT 26:4", "ACT 26:5", "ACT 26:6", "ACT 26:8", "ACT 26:9", "ACT 26:10", "ACT 26:11", "ACT 26:12", "ACT 26:13", "ACT 26:14", "ACT 26:15", "ACT 26:16", "ACT 26:17", "ACT 26:18", "ACT 26:20", "ACT 26:21", "ACT 26:22", "ACT 26:23", "ACT 26:26", "ACT 26:29", "ACT 26:30", "ACT 26:31" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q313419", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-agrippa-q313419-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "agrippa-acts-25-26", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 25:13", "ACT 25:22", "ACT 25:23", "ACT 25:24", "ACT 25:26", "ACT 26:1", "ACT 26:2", "ACT 26:7", "ACT 26:19", "ACT 26:27", "ACT 26:28", "ACT 26:32" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 25:14", "ACT 25:15", "ACT 25:16", "ACT 25:17", "ACT 25:18", "ACT 25:19", "ACT 25:20", "ACT 25:21", "ACT 25:25", "ACT 25:27", "ACT 26:3", "ACT 26:4", "ACT 26:5", "ACT 26:6", "ACT 26:8", "ACT 26:9", "ACT 26:10", "ACT 26:11", "ACT 26:12", "ACT 26:13", "ACT 26:14", "ACT 26:15", "ACT 26:16", "ACT 26:17", "ACT 26:18", "ACT 26:20", "ACT 26:21", "ACT 26:22", "ACT 26:23", "ACT 26:26", "ACT 26:29", "ACT 26:30", "ACT 26:31" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-agrippa" }, { "id": "bernice", "name": "Bernice", "summary": "Acts names Bernice alongside Agrippa when they arrive to visit Festus and when the later audience with Paul begins. It names her again as the gathering rises after Paul's defence. These notices establish her presence in the narrative's setting, but they do not give her a speech, explain her official role, or state her response to Paul. The linked external record uses the spelling Berenice; that metadata does not add family relationships to the Acts account.", "anchors": [ { "id": "arrival", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 25:13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "audience", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 25:23", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "departure", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 26:30", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "arrival-and-presence", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "arrival", "audience" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places Bernice with Agrippa at their arrival to visit Festus and at the audience convened to hear Paul.", "limit": "Shared presence does not itself establish a family relationship, official title, or personal religious commitment." }, { "id": "end-of-audience", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "departure" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names Bernice among those who rise at the end of the audience.", "limit": "The verse supplies no individual speech or response from Bernice and does not identify her with another bearer of the name." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.bernice", "aliases": [ "Bernice" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 25:13", "ACT 25:23", "ACT 26:30" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 26:29", "ACT 26:31" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q466696", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-bernice-q466696-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "bernice-acts-25-26", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 25:13", "ACT 25:23", "ACT 26:30" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 26:29", "ACT 26:31" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-bernice" }, { "id": "drusilla", "name": "Drusilla", "summary": "Acts names Drusilla once, identifying her as Felix's wife and describing her as Jewish. She accompanies Felix when he sends for Paul and hears him speak about faith in Christ. The following account describes Felix's reaction and further meetings, but does not attribute those reactions or motives to Drusilla. This short notice does not establish her ancestry, age, later life, or identity with any other woman named Drusilla.", "anchors": [ { "id": "hearing-with-felix", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 24:24", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "felix-reaction-context", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 24:25-26", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "wife-and-hearing", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "hearing-with-felix" ], "qualifies": [ "felix-reaction-context" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts identifies Drusilla as Felix's Jewish wife and places her with him when Paul is summoned to speak about faith in Christ.", "limit": "The subsequent fear and expectation of money are attributed to Felix, not Drusilla. Her own response and any Herodian ancestry are not stated in this notice." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.drusilla", "aliases": [ "Drusilla" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 24:24" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q255778", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-drusilla-q255778-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "drusilla-acts-24-24", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 24:24" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-drusilla" }, { "id": "gamaliel", "name": "Gamaliel (Acts 22:3)", "summary": "In Paul's speech in Acts 22, he names Gamaliel in recalling his education and strict training in ancestral law. This supplies a relationship within Paul's narrated self-presentation, rather than an independent account of the teacher's career. Acts 5 also names a Gamaliel, but that earlier passage falls outside this R2 incidence scope. Neither that possible identification nor a match to the historical authority candidate is accepted merely because the personal name is shared.", "anchors": [ { "id": "education-recollection", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 22:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "earlier-name-comparison", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 5:34", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "teacher-in-recollection", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "education-recollection" ], "qualifies": [ "earlier-name-comparison" ], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Paul's speech in Acts names Gamaliel as his teacher while recalling rigorous education in ancestral law.", "limit": "This is Paul's narrated self-description. It does not independently establish the duration or curriculum of the training, a complete career for Gamaliel, or identity with the figure in Acts 5." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.gamaliel", "aliases": [ "Gamaliel" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 22:3" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q310584", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-gamaliel-q310584-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "gamaliel-acts-22-3", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 22:3" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-gamaliel" }, { "id": "ananias-high-priest", "name": "Ananias (high priest)", "summary": "Acts names the high priest Ananias during Paul's appearance before the council, where he orders Paul struck. The ensuing exchange concerns the high priest's authority. Acts later names Ananias among the accusers arriving for the hearing before Felix, together with elders and Tertullus. This council and hearing cluster remains distinct from the Damascus Ananias and the earlier Ananias associated with Sapphira. The authority candidate's patronymic is not a literal name supplied by these Acts passages.", "anchors": [ { "id": "council-exchange", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 23:2-5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "accusers-arrive", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 24:1", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "council-order", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "council-exchange" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts identifies Ananias as the high priest who orders Paul to be struck, followed by an exchange about the high priest's authority.", "limit": "The exchange does not explain why Paul says he did not recognize the high priest; proposed explanations require additional argument." }, { "id": "hearing-accuser", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "accusers-arrive" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts later places the high priest Ananias with elders and Tertullus as they bring their case against Paul before the governor.", "limit": "The narrative's shared name and office connect these scenes within the provisional Acts partition. They do not identify him with the Damascus Ananias or add the authority candidate's patronymic." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.ananias-high-priest", "aliases": [ "Ananias" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 23:2", "ACT 24:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 23:3", "ACT 23:4", "ACT 23:5", "ACT 24:9", "ACT 24:13", "ACT 24:14", "ACT 24:20", "ACT 24:21", "ACT 24:22" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q485854", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-ananias-high-priest-q485854-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "ananias-high-priest-acts-23-24", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 23:2", "ACT 24:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 23:3", "ACT 23:4", "ACT 23:5", "ACT 24:9", "ACT 24:13", "ACT 24:14", "ACT 24:20", "ACT 24:21", "ACT 24:22" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-ananias-high-priest" }, { "id": "achaicus", "name": "Achaicus", "summary": "Achaicus is one of three visitors whose arrival brings joy in the closing instructions of First Corinthians. Named with Stephanas and Fortunatus, he is included in the letter's appreciation of their encouraging help. The recipients are asked to recognize people who serve in this way. His contribution appears through this shared visit and its effect on both the speaker and the community.", "anchors": [ { "id": "visitors-arrival", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 16:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "encouragement-and-recognition", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 16:18", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "welcomed-arrival", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "visitors-arrival" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Corinthians welcomes the arrival of Achaicus together with Stephanas and Fortunatus.", "limit": "" }, { "id": "encouraging-service", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "encouragement-and-recognition" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letter credits these visitors with encouragement for the speaker and the recipients, then asks that such people be recognized.", "limit": "The appreciation concerns the visitors together; it does not allocate a separate task to Achaicus." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Achaicus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 16:17" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "1CO 16:18" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "achaicus-1co", "document": "1CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 16:17" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "1CO 16:18" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-achaicus" }, { "id": "amplias", "name": "Amplias", "summary": "Romans gives Amplias an individual greeting marked by personal affection and shared belonging to the Lord. The brief salutation appears within a longer sequence recognizing people among the letter's recipients. For Amplias, the emphasis is on the warmth of that connection. His name is accompanied by affection, rather than by a particular assignment or a description of an office.", "anchors": [ { "id": "personal-greeting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:8", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "affectionate-greeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "personal-greeting" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans greets Amplias with an expression of personal affection grounded in Christian belonging.", "limit": "" } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Amplias" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:8" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q477211", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-amplias-q477211-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "amplias-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:8" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-amplias" }, { "id": "andronicus", "name": "Andronicus", "summary": "Romans greets Andronicus together with Junia, connecting them with the speaker through kinship language and a recollection of imprisonment. The letter also places their Christian commitment before the speaker's own and commends their standing in relation to the apostles. The greeting combines remembered experience with public recognition. It does not specify their exact family relationship, the prison episode or the basis of the apostolic commendation.", "anchors": [ { "id": "paired-commendation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:7", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "kinship-and-imprisonment", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "paired-commendation" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans describes Andronicus and Junia through kinship language and as people who shared imprisonment with the speaker.", "limit": "The kinship term need not specify a close family relationship, and no prison episode or date is supplied." }, { "id": "earlier-christian-belonging", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "paired-commendation" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The greeting presents Andronicus and Junia as belonging to Christ before the speaker did.", "limit": "This is relative ordering within the greeting, not a dated conversion account." }, { "id": "apostolic-commendation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "paired-commendation" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans accords Andronicus and Junia distinction in connection with the apostles.", "limit": "The greeting does not explain the basis of this distinction or define the responsibilities of an apostle." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Andronicus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:7" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "andronicus-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:7" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-andronicus" }, { "id": "apelles", "name": "Apelles", "summary": "Apelles receives an individual greeting in Romans that commends his standing as a believer. The commendation is brief, focusing on recognition in Christ rather than recounting a particular achievement. A separate greeting to people associated with Aristobulus follows in the same verse. Apelles is thus singled out personally within a sequence that also recognizes groups of people.", "anchors": [ { "id": "individual-commendation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:10", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "tested-standing", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "individual-commendation" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans greets Apelles with a commendation of his standing in Christ.", "limit": "The greeting does not name the occasion or experience behind that commendation." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Apelles" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "apelles-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-apelles" }, { "id": "apphia", "name": "Apphia", "summary": "Apphia is named in Philemon's opening address, alongside Archippus and a congregation meeting in a house. The letter's appeal is therefore introduced before a wider circle than the principal addressee alone. Apphia receives a personal place in that opening greeting, while the address leaves her relationship to the household and to the other named recipients unstated.", "anchors": [ { "id": "opening-address", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:1-2", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "named-addressee", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "opening-address" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Philemon includes Apphia among its named addressees in the opening greeting, together with Archippus and a household congregation.", "limit": "The address does not identify Apphia as Philemon's wife or as Archippus's mother, nor does it assign ownership of the house to her." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.apphia", "aliases": [ "Apphia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:3" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "apphia-phm", "document": "PHM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:3" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-apphia" }, { "id": "aristobulus", "name": "Aristobulus", "summary": "Romans names Aristobulus in a greeting to people associated with his household. The people receiving the salutation, rather than Aristobulus himself, are the focus of the line. His name helps identify that group within the letter's network of greetings. The wording leaves open his own religious allegiance and presence, as well as the exact relationship between him and those being greeted.", "anchors": [ { "id": "household-greeting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:10", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "household-designation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "household-greeting" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans greets people identified through their association with Aristobulus's household.", "limit": "The people associated with the household receive the greeting. Aristobulus's own presence, Christian identity, survival and legal relationship to them are not stated." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Aristobulus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q666408", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-aristobulus-q666408-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "aristobulus-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-aristobulus" }, { "id": "artemas", "name": "Artemas", "summary": "Titus includes Artemas in a conditional plan to send either him or Tychicus to the recipient. Their mention prepares for the recipient's requested journey to join the speaker, who intends to spend the winter at Nicopolis. Artemas's role here is prospective: the instruction sets out alternatives, rather than announcing which man was actually sent or describing a completed journey.", "anchors": [ { "id": "conditional-dispatch", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 3:12", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "possible-envoy", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "conditional-dispatch" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Titus presents Artemas and Tychicus as alternatives in a proposed dispatch to the recipient, alongside a request that the recipient join the speaker at Nicopolis.", "limit": "The sentence does not decide which envoy was sent. The Nicopolis winter plan belongs to the speaker, not to Artemas." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Artemas" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "TIT 3:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "artemas-tit", "document": "TIT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "TIT 3:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-artemas" }, { "id": "asyncritus", "name": "Asyncritus", "summary": "Asyncritus is included in Romans alongside Phlegon, Hermas, Patrobas and Hermes, followed by a greeting to the believers with them. The salutation recognizes the named people within a shared circle rather than assigning each a separate task. Asyncritus's place in the passage is as one of these acknowledged recipients, whose companions also share in the letter's greeting.", "anchors": [ { "id": "group-greeting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:14", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "greeted-with-group", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "group-greeting" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans greets Asyncritus with four other named people and the believers associated with them.", "limit": "" } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Asyncritus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "asyncritus-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-asyncritus" }, { "id": "carpus", "name": "Carpus", "summary": "Carpus is named in Second Timothy's request to recover a cloak left at Troas. The speaker asks Timothy to bring that garment and also requests books, giving particular priority to parchments. Carpus serves as the personal point of reference for the cloak's location. These practical details sit within the letter's closing instructions, placing a personal name beside the recovery of possessions.", "anchors": [ { "id": "cloak-and-reading-materials", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:13", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "cloak-at-troas", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "cloak-and-reading-materials" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy recalls a cloak left with Carpus at Troas and asks the recipient to bring it.", "limit": "The location connects Carpus with this remembered deposit; it does not establish his birthplace or permanent residence." }, { "id": "books-and-parchments", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "cloak-and-reading-materials" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The same request asks for books and gives particular emphasis to parchments.", "limit": "The cloak is expressly linked with Carpus; the books and parchments are not separately said to have been left with him." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Carpus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "carpus-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "troas", "claimId": "cloak-at-troas" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-carpus" }, { "id": "chloe", "name": "Chloe", "summary": "First Corinthians names Chloe as the point of connection for people who reported quarrels among the recipients. Their report introduces the letter's discussion of divisions and competing loyalties within the community. Chloe's name identifies the circle through which the information reached the speaker. The letter credits those associated with her, rather than describing a report delivered by Chloe herself.", "anchors": [ { "id": "report-of-quarrels", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "discussion-of-divisions", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:12-13", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "report-through-associates", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "report-of-quarrels" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Corinthians attributes its information about quarrels among the recipients to people associated with Chloe.", "limit": "Their association with Chloe is stated, but they are not individually named or identified as her relatives, employees or enslaved household members." }, { "id": "report-and-divisions", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "report-of-quarrels", "discussion-of-divisions" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The report associated with Chloe introduces the letter's discussion of competing group loyalties.", "limit": "The report is credited to her associates; it is not described as a personal visit or message from Chloe herself." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.chloe", "aliases": [ "Chloe" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 1:11" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "chloe-1co", "document": "1CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 1:11" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-chloe" }, { "id": "claudia", "name": "Claudia", "summary": "Claudia is among the people sending greetings near the end of Second Timothy. She is named with Eubulus, Pudens and Linus, before a wider greeting from the community. The notice accompanies an urgent request for Timothy to arrive before winter. Claudia contributes to that closing circle of greetings, without a separate task, title or speech being assigned to her.", "anchors": [ { "id": "closing-greetings", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:21", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "sends-greetings", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "closing-greetings" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy names Claudia among those sending greetings, alongside Eubulus, Pudens, Linus and the wider group of believers.", "limit": "" } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Claudia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q129653205", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-claudia-q129653205-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "claudia-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-claudia" }, { "id": "clement-philippians-4-3", "name": "Clement (Philippians 4:3)", "summary": "Philippians names Clement while asking for help for women who had shared the speaker's work for the gospel. He is included with other coworkers in the same recollection, and the letter pictures those coworkers as belonging to the book of life. Clement's recognition comes within an appeal for mutual help: shared labour and the community's care for its members belong together in this passage.", "anchors": [ { "id": "letter-voice", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "coworkers-and-help", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 4:2-3", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "gospel-coworker", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "letter-voice", "coworkers-and-help" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Philippians includes Clement among the speaker's coworkers in the work of the gospel.", "limit": "This is the relationship presented within Philippians; it neither establishes an office for Clement nor identifies him with a later bishop of Rome." }, { "id": "coworkers-and-life", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "coworkers-and-help" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The appeal for practical help recalls the shared work of Clement and others and places these coworkers within the letter's image of the book of life.", "limit": "The image expresses the letter's religious commendation rather than supplying a later career for any of the named coworkers." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Clement" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHI 4:3" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "clement-philippians-4-3-phi", "document": "PHI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHI 4:3" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "clement-coworker-of-paul", "targetPersonId": "paul", "predicate": "coworker-of", "claimId": "gospel-coworker" } ], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-clement-philippians-4-3" }, { "id": "crescens", "name": "Crescens", "summary": "Second Timothy mentions Crescens in a brief account of people's movements, associating his departure with Galatia. His name comes after the description of Demas's departure and before Titus's different destination. The sentence distinguishes these travellers and their places. Crescens is not given the motive assigned to Demas, so the travel notice carries a different emphasis from the complaint that immediately precedes it.", "anchors": [ { "id": "travel-notice", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:10", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reported-galatia-departure", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "travel-notice" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy reports Crescens's departure for Galatia in a list of people and their destinations.", "limit": "The criticism and motive assigned to Demas are not explicitly applied to Crescens. The notice gives Crescens no departure date or reason." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Crescens" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "crescens-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "galatia", "claimId": "reported-galatia-departure" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-crescens" }, { "id": "epaenetus", "name": "Epaenetus", "summary": "Epaenetus receives a warm personal greeting in Romans. The letter singles him out through a harvest image linking him with the beginnings of Christian belief in Achaia. That description gives him a distinctive place among the names in the greeting list: he is remembered with affection and associated with the region's early response to Christ.", "anchors": [ { "id": "affection-and-harvest-image", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:5", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "early-achaia-association", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "affection-and-harvest-image" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans greets Epaenetus affectionately and uses a harvest image to associate him with the beginnings of Achaia's response to Christ.", "limit": "The image supplies neither an absolute conversion date nor a sequence placing every Achaian believer in order." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Epaenetus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:5" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "epaenetus-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:5" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "achaia", "claimId": "early-achaia-association" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-epaenetus" }, { "id": "eubulus", "name": "Eubulus", "summary": "Eubulus appears first among the named people who send greetings in Second Timothy. Pudens, Linus and Claudia follow him, and the message then includes the wider circle of believers. These greetings appear beside the request for Timothy to come before winter, giving the letter's closing appeal a communal setting. Eubulus's contribution here is the greeting itself.", "anchors": [ { "id": "closing-greetings", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:21", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "sends-greetings", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "closing-greetings" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy lists Eubulus first among the named people sending greetings before including the wider group of believers.", "limit": "His position in the list does not assign him leadership over the other greeters." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Eubulus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "eubulus-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-eubulus" }, { "id": "eunice", "name": "Eunice", "summary": "Second Timothy remembers Eunice as Timothy's mother and associates her with the sincere faith also recalled in his grandmother Lois. The speaker expresses confidence that this faith is present in Timothy as well. Eunice's significance in this passage lies in that family setting of remembered belief, where the encouragement offered to Timothy draws on the faith of people close to him.", "anchors": [ { "id": "recipient", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 1:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "family-faith", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 1:5", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "timothy-mother", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "recipient", "family-faith" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy identifies Eunice as the mother of its recipient Timothy.", "limit": "The family relationship is stated within Second Timothy and does not require an identity join to another document." }, { "id": "remembered-faith", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "family-faith" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letter recalls sincere faith in Eunice and in Timothy's grandmother Lois, then expresses confidence in Timothy's faith.", "limit": "The passage does not explicitly make Lois Eunice's mother or describe Eunice's individual teaching activities." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.eunice", "aliases": [ "Eunice" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 1:5" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q1373978", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-eunice-q1373978-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "eunice-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 1:5" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "eunice-parent-of-timothy", "targetPersonId": "timothy", "predicate": "parent-of", "claimId": "timothy-mother" } ], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-eunice" }, { "id": "fortunatus", "name": "Fortunatus", "summary": "Fortunatus appears in First Corinthians as a welcomed visitor with Stephanas and Achaicus. The letter values the encouragement brought by their arrival and asks its recipients to recognize people of this kind. Fortunatus is remembered through that shared contribution: the visit benefits both the speaker and the recipients, connecting personal appreciation with the community's recognition of helpful service.", "anchors": [ { "id": "visitors-arrival", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 16:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "encouragement-and-recognition", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 16:18", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "welcomed-arrival", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "visitors-arrival" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Corinthians expresses pleasure at the arrival of Fortunatus with Stephanas and Achaicus.", "limit": "" }, { "id": "shared-encouragement", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "encouragement-and-recognition" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letter includes Fortunatus in its appreciation of the visitors' encouragement and its request that such people be recognized.", "limit": "The shared commendation does not describe a separate commission or task for Fortunatus." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Fortunatus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 16:17" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "1CO 16:18" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "fortunatus-1co", "document": "1CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 16:17" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "1CO 16:18" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-fortunatus" }, { "id": "hermas-romans-16-14", "name": "Hermas (Romans 16:14)", "summary": "Hermas receives a greeting in Romans within a group that includes Asyncritus, Phlegon, Patrobas and Hermes, as well as the believers with them. His name appears separately from Hermes in the same list. The passage recognizes these people together, placing Hermas within a circle of recipients and companions rather than introducing an individual teaching role or a written work.", "anchors": [ { "id": "group-greeting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:14", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "greeted-with-group", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "group-greeting" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans greets Hermas among a group of named people and their fellow believers, listing Hermes as a separate person in the same greeting.", "limit": "The greeting does not identify Hermas as the author of the later Shepherd of Hermas." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Hermas" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "hermas-romans-16-14-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-hermas-romans-16-14" }, { "id": "hermes-romans-16-14", "name": "Hermes (Romans 16:14)", "summary": "Hermes is one of the people greeted in Romans with Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermas and Patrobas. The greeting also extends to believers associated with this named group. Hermes and Hermas occupy separate places in the list, preserving a distinction between two similar names. Hermes's role in this passage is as a recognized member of that wider circle of recipients.", "anchors": [ { "id": "group-greeting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:14", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "greeted-with-group", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "group-greeting" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans includes Hermes in a greeting to named people and their fellow believers, separately naming Hermas in the same group.", "limit": "This personal name is not a reference to the deity Hermes." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Hermes" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "hermes-romans-16-14-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-hermes-romans-16-14" }, { "id": "hermogenes", "name": "Hermogenes", "summary": "Second Timothy names Hermogenes with Phygelus in a complaint that people in Asia have turned away from the speaker. The mention belongs to a passage contrasting withdrawal with the support recalled of Onesiphorus. Hermogenes is therefore presented within the letter's account of a strained network of loyalty, but no particular occasion or explanation of his motives is described.", "anchors": [ { "id": "withdrawal-complaint", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 1:15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "onesiphorus-contrast", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 1:16-18", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "asia-withdrawal", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "withdrawal-complaint" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy includes Hermogenes and Phygelus among the people in Asia whom the speaker says have withdrawn from him.", "limit": "The complaint concerns withdrawal from the speaker; it does not state Hermogenes's reasons or explicitly describe rejection of the Christian faith." }, { "id": "support-contrast", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "withdrawal-complaint", "onesiphorus-contrast" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letter sets its complaint about Hermogenes and others beside a recollection of Onesiphorus's support.", "limit": "The contrast does not give a separate account of an encounter between Hermogenes and Onesiphorus." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Hermogenes" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 1:15" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "hermogenes-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 1:15" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "asia-province", "claimId": "asia-withdrawal" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-hermogenes" }, { "id": "herodion", "name": "Herodion", "summary": "Herodion receives a personal greeting in Romans, accompanied by the speaker's description of him as a kinsman. His mention stands beside greetings to people associated with Narcissus's household, but the two greetings have different subjects. The kinship wording marks a connection with the speaker without identifying a parent, sibling or other precise family relationship for Herodion.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-16-11", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:11", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "kinsman-greeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-11" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans greets Herodion and describes him through kinship language.", "limit": "The description may express shared ancestry or a closer family relationship; the passage does not specify which." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Herodion" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:11" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "herodion-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:11" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-herodion" }, { "id": "julia", "name": "Julia", "summary": "Julia is named among the people greeted together near the close of Romans. The verse includes Philologus, Nereus and his sister, Olympas and the believers associated with them. Julia's place in this greeting shows inclusion in the addressed network. Being named beside Philologus does not by itself describe their relationship as a marriage or assign either person a leadership role.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-16-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:15", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "group-greeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-15" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans includes Julia in a greeting that also names Philologus, Nereus and Olympas.", "limit": "The list does not call Julia the wife of Philologus or state a family relationship between them." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Julia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:15" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "julia-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:15" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-julia" }, { "id": "linus-2timothy-4-21", "name": "Linus (2 Timothy 4:21)", "summary": "Linus appears among the people sending greetings near the end of Second Timothy. His name stands with Eubulus, Pudens and Claudia, followed by a wider greeting from fellow believers. The greetings share a verse with the request that the recipient come before winter. Linus belongs to this network of communication without receiving a separate task or office in the passage.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-2ti-4-21", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:21", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "greeting-sender", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2ti-4-21" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy includes Linus among the people sending greetings to its recipient.", "limit": "The greeting does not identify him as a bishop or establish that he is the Linus of a later Roman succession account." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Linus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q130218293", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "people04-linus-2timothy-4-21-q130218293-independent-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "linus-2timothy-4-21-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-linus-2timothy-4-21" }, { "id": "narcissus-romans-16-11", "name": "Narcissus (Romans 16:11)", "summary": "Narcissus appears as the name associated with a household in Romans' closing greetings. The greeting is directed to people of that household who belong to the Lord, rather than directly to Narcissus. His name helps identify the group being addressed. The wording leaves open his own beliefs, whether he was present and what precise relationship he had to the household at the time.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-16-11", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:11", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "household-reference", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-11" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans uses Narcissus's name to identify a household group and greets those members described as belonging to the Lord.", "limit": "The greeting does not establish Narcissus's own Christian identity, presence, survival or legal status." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Narcissus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:11" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "narcissus-romans-16-11-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:11" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-narcissus-romans-16-11" }, { "id": "nereus", "name": "Nereus", "summary": "Nereus is greeted in Romans together with his sister, whose name is not given. Their greeting appears in a list that also includes Philologus, Julia, Olympas and believers associated with them. The explicit sibling reference provides one personal detail beyond Nereus's name. It does not identify his sister with another named person in the verse or describe their later lives.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-16-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:15", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "greeting-and-sister", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-15" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans greets Nereus and includes his unnamed sister in the same greeting.", "limit": "The sister is not identified as Julia or another named woman, and no later biography follows from the sibling reference." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Nereus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:15" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q129566042", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "people04-nereus-q129566042-independent-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "nereus-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:15" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-nereus" }, { "id": "nymphas", "name": "Nymphas", "summary": "Colossians greets Nymphas alongside believers in Laodicea and an assembly meeting in a house associated with Nymphas. The reference places a personal name beside the practical setting of a gathered community. Nymphas is therefore connected with this household assembly, while the letter gives no separate account of its organization or the person's office. The source's name form is retained without resolving textual questions about gender.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-col-4-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:15", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "house-assembly", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-col-4-15" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Colossians connects its greeting to Nymphas with an assembly meeting in a house associated with that person.", "limit": "The inspected English edition uses masculine wording, but that alone does not settle the underlying textual and gender questions or establish a formal host or patron office." }, { "id": "laodicean-greeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-col-4-15" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The greeting places Nymphas and the house assembly alongside the believers in Laodicea.", "limit": "This is a textual local association, not evidence for a birthplace, permanent address or a connection with a different Laodicea." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Nymphas" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:15" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q62632626", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "people04-nymphas-q62632626-independent-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "nymphas-col", "document": "COL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:15" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "laodicea", "claimId": "laodicean-greeting" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-nymphas" }, { "id": "olympas", "name": "Olympas", "summary": "Olympas is one of the people greeted by name near the close of Romans. The greeting also includes Philologus, Julia, Nereus and Nereus's sister, before extending to believers with them. Olympas is thus named within a shared circle of recipients rather than through a separate account of work or travel. The passage presents communal recognition without explaining how that circle was organized.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-16-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:15", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "group-greeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-15" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans names Olympas within a greeting extended to several people and the believers associated with them.", "limit": "The grouping does not establish that Olympas led the group, owned its meeting place or was related to the others." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Olympas" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:15" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "olympas-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:15" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-olympas" }, { "id": "patrobas", "name": "Patrobas", "summary": "Patrobas appears in Romans among several named recipients greeted together with the believers around them. Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermes and Hermas are named in the same verse. The salutation places Patrobas within a recognizable group without assigning an individual task. Its collective wording highlights connection among the recipients while leaving their household arrangements and the structure of their gathering undescribed.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-16-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:14", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "group-greeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-14" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans includes Patrobas among the named people greeted together with the believers accompanying them.", "limit": "The list does not identify a household owner, an officeholder or a family relationship for Patrobas." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Patrobas" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "patrobas-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-patrobas" }, { "id": "persis", "name": "Persis", "summary": "Persis receives an affectionate greeting in Romans and is commended for substantial work in the Lord. This greeting follows the paired recognition of Tryphaena and Tryphosa, but Persis is addressed separately with emphasis on the extent of the labor. The verse values this contribution without naming a particular assignment. The personal name does not itself establish a birthplace, ethnicity or later career.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-16-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:12", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "affection-and-labor", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-12" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans greets Persis with affection and credits her with much labor in the Lord.", "limit": "The commendation does not specify the form of her work or give her a formal office." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Persis" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q129566137", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "people04-persis-q129566137-independent-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "persis-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-persis" }, { "id": "philetus", "name": "Philetus", "summary": "Philetus is named with Hymenaeus in Second Timothy's warning about destructive teaching. The following verse attributes to these men the claim that resurrection has already occurred and says that their teaching unsettles some people's faith. Philetus appears through the letter's criticism, rather than through an account of his own explanation. The passage provides a specific disputed teaching without giving a full biography or a later outcome.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-2ti-2-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 2:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2ti-2-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 2:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2ti-2-18", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 2:18", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "paired-warning", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2ti-2-16", "a-2ti-2-17" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy names Philetus with Hymenaeus as examples within a warning about harmful teaching.", "limit": "The passage does not identify this Hymenaeus with every other occurrence of the name or describe a formal organization headed by the pair." }, { "id": "resurrection-claim", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2ti-2-17", "a-2ti-2-18" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The next verse attributes to the named men the claim that resurrection is already past and says that some people's faith has been undermined.", "limit": "This records the letter's evaluation; it does not supply Philetus's own detailed argument or establish a later doctrinal movement." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Philetus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 2:17" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2TI 2:18" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q7183034", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "people04-philetus-q7183034-independent-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "philetus-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 2:17" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2TI 2:18" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-philetus" }, { "id": "phlegon", "name": "Phlegon", "summary": "Phlegon is included in a collective greeting in Romans alongside Asyncritus, Hermes, Patrobas and Hermas. The greeting also reaches the believers with them, placing the named people within a wider circle. Phlegon's contribution is not separately described. The verse records recognition and association, leaving open whether the people shared a household, a meeting place or some other form of connection.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-16-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:14", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "collective-greeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-14" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans names Phlegon among the recipients of a shared greeting that extends to believers with the named group.", "limit": "The wording does not identify Phlegon's occupation, household position or leadership role." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Phlegon" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "phlegon-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-phlegon" }, { "id": "phygelus", "name": "Phygelus", "summary": "Phygelus appears with Hermogenes in Second Timothy's complaint that people in Asia have turned away from the speaker. The passage then recalls the contrasting support of Onesiphorus. Phygelus is thus named within an account of broken support and loyalty, but the letter does not describe an encounter or give his explanation. Withdrawal from the speaker is not explicitly equated with abandoning the Christian faith.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-2ti-1-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 1:15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2ti-1-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 1:16", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "asia-withdrawal", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2ti-1-15" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy includes Phygelus and Hermogenes among people in Asia whom the speaker says have turned away from him.", "limit": "The complaint does not specify Phygelus's motives or explicitly state that he rejected the Christian faith." }, { "id": "support-contrast", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2ti-1-15", "a-2ti-1-16" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letter follows this complaint with a recollection of Onesiphorus's repeated support for the speaker.", "limit": "The literary contrast does not establish a direct encounter between Phygelus and Onesiphorus." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Phygelus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 1:15" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q130218125", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "people04-phygelus-q130218125-independent-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "phygelus-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 1:15" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "asia-province", "claimId": "asia-withdrawal" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-phygelus" }, { "id": "pudens-2timothy-4-21", "name": "Pudens (2 Timothy 4:21)", "summary": "Pudens sends greetings in the closing section of Second Timothy, appearing with Eubulus, Linus and Claudia before the wider group of fellow believers. The same verse urges the recipient to arrive before winter. Pudens's part in the verse is the sending of greetings, not the travel request. The mention connects him with the letter's closing network without assigning a household, marriage or office.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-2ti-4-21", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:21", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "greeting-sender", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2ti-4-21" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy includes Pudens among those sending greetings to its recipient.", "limit": "The list does not establish a marriage with Claudia or identify Pudens with a later saint, Roman household or church site." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Pudens" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "pudens-2timothy-4-21-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-pudens-2timothy-4-21" }, { "id": "quartus", "name": "Quartus", "summary": "Quartus sends greetings at the close of Romans and is described as a brother. His greeting follows those of Gaius and Erastus in the same verse, but no role like theirs is attached to his name. The salutation presents him through shared community belonging rather than an occupation. The brother designation does not specify a biological relationship to another named person.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-16-23", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:23", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "brother-greeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-23" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans includes a greeting from Quartus and describes him as a brother.", "limit": "The designation does not establish that he is a biological brother of Tertius, Erastus or another person in the greeting." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Quartus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:23" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "quartus-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:23" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-quartus" }, { "id": "rufus-romans-16-13", "name": "Rufus (Romans 16:13)", "summary": "Rufus receives a greeting in Romans marked by a commendation of his standing in the Lord. The greeting also includes his mother, whom the speaker acknowledges in maternal terms as well. The verse therefore combines recognition of Rufus with a personal connection to his mother. It gives no separate account of their earlier lives and does not identify Rufus with a namesake in another biblical book.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-16-13", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:13", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "commended-greeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-13" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans greets Rufus with a commendation expressed through chosen status in the Lord.", "limit": "The short commendation does not explain a particular ministry assignment or settle a complete theological account of election." }, { "id": "mother", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-13" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The greeting includes Rufus's mother and also describes her in maternal relation to the speaker.", "limit": "This does not establish that she was the speaker's biological mother, and no personal name is supplied for her." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Rufus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "rufus-romans-16-13-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-rufus-romans-16-13" }, { "id": "stachys", "name": "Stachys", "summary": "Stachys receives an affectionate personal greeting in Romans. His name appears in the same verse as Urbanus, but the descriptions differ: Urbanus is recognized as a coworker, while Stachys is addressed with personal warmth. The neighboring greetings show both kinds of recognition within the letter's network. They do not transfer Urbanus's work designation to Stachys or explain how the two knew one another.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-16-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:9", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "affectionate-greeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-9" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans greets Stachys with an expression of personal affection.", "limit": "The coworker description in the same verse belongs to Urbanus and is not explicitly applied to Stachys." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Stachys" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:9" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q9340990", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "people04-stachys-q9340990-independent-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "stachys-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:9" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-stachys" }, { "id": "stephanas", "name": "Stephanas", "summary": "Stephanas appears in First Corinthians both through references to his household and as one of three welcomed visitors. The household is recalled in connection with baptism, its early place in Achaia's Christian community and service to believers; Stephanas later arrives with Fortunatus and Achaicus, bringing encouragement. The letter commends service and calls for recognition of those who provide it. The household references and the visit describe related but distinct subjects within this account.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-1co-1-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-1-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-16-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 16:15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-16-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 16:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-16-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 16:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-16-18", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 16:18", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "household-baptism", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-1-1", "a-1co-1-16" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Corinthians recalls Paul baptizing Stephanas's household.", "limit": "The statement concerns the household and does not specify each member's name, age or participation in later travel." }, { "id": "household-service", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-16-15", "a-1co-16-16" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letter describes Stephanas's household as an early part of the Achaian community and as devoted to serving believers, then calls for recognition of such service.", "limit": "The household commendation does not establish that Stephanas personally performed every action attributed to its members or that every member held an office." }, { "id": "visitors-arrival", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-16-17", "a-1co-16-18" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letter welcomes Stephanas with Fortunatus and Achaicus and credits the visitors together with encouragement.", "limit": "This is a particular shared visit, not an exhaustive itinerary or proof that all household members accompanied Paul." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Stephanas" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 1:16", "1CO 16:15", "1CO 16:17" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "1CO 16:18" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q7608188", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "people04-stephanas-q7608188-independent-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "stephanas-1co", "document": "1CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 1:16", "1CO 16:15", "1CO 16:17" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "1CO 16:18" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "achaia", "claimId": "household-service" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-stephanas" }, { "id": "tryphaena", "name": "Tryphaena", "summary": "Tryphaena is greeted together with Tryphosa in Romans and commended for labor in the Lord. The paired greeting stands before a separate commendation of Persis's extensive work. Tryphaena's recognition is therefore tied to contribution within the community, while the nature of that work remains undescribed. The closeness of the two names does not establish that Tryphaena and Tryphosa were relatives or held the same office.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-16-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:12", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "paired-labor", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-12" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans greets Tryphaena and Tryphosa together and commends their labor in the Lord.", "limit": "The shared description does not identify their precise tasks or establish that they were sisters or twins." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Tryphaena" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q7848786", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "people04-tryphaena-q7848786-independent-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "tryphaena-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-tryphaena" }, { "id": "tryphosa", "name": "Tryphosa", "summary": "Tryphosa receives a greeting in Romans with Tryphaena, both recognized for their work in the Lord. The verse then turns to Persis with a separate expression of affection and appreciation for much labor. Tryphosa belongs to this public recognition of service, but the greeting does not distinguish an individual assignment. Being named as a pair does not determine a family relationship or a shared institutional position.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-16-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:12", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "paired-labor", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-12" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans includes Tryphosa with Tryphaena in a greeting that recognizes their labor in the Lord.", "limit": "The pairing does not establish a biological relationship, identical work assignments or a formal office." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Tryphosa" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q116026251", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "people04-tryphosa-q116026251-independent-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "tryphosa-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-tryphosa" }, { "id": "urbanus", "name": "Urbanus", "summary": "Urbanus is greeted in Romans as a fellow worker in Christ. The same verse greets Stachys with an expression of personal affection, giving each person a distinct commendation. Urbanus's designation places shared Christian work at the center of his recognition. The letter does not describe the work's particular location or task, so the relationship should not be expanded into an unreported journey or a specific church office.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-1-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-16-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:9", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "coworker-greeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-1-1", "a-rom-16-9" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans greets Urbanus as a fellow worker in Christ within the letter's address from Paul.", "limit": "The shared work is explicit, but no particular task or office is supplied; the relationship refers to the speaker identified as Paul in this letter." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Urbanus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:9" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q65246466", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "people04-urbanus-q65246466-independent-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "urbanus-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:9" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "urbanus-coworker-of-paul", "targetPersonId": "paul", "predicate": "coworker-of", "claimId": "coworker-greeting" } ], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-urbanus" }, { "id": "abraham", "name": "Abraham", "summary": "Abraham appears as a shared ancestor and a central example of faith in Acts, Romans, Second Corinthians and Galatians. Romans and Galatians develop arguments about promise, inheritance and belonging through their readings of his story. Galatians also turns to his two sons in an allegory about enslavement and freedom. These uses move between ancestry, remembered trust and theological family language, rather than offering a continuous account of Abraham's life.", "anchors": [ { "id": "acts-ancestry", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:26", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "romans-faith", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 4:1-22", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "romans-family-promise", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:7-9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "romans-descent", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 11:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "corinthian-descent", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 11:22", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "galatian-faith-promise", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 3:6-29", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "galatian-family-allegory", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 4:22-31", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "ancestral-reference", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "acts-ancestry", "romans-descent", "corinthian-descent" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts, Romans and Second Corinthians invoke descent from Abraham when describing Jewish ancestry and belonging.", "limit": "Ancestral language and the theological extension of Abraham's family to believers have different functions in these passages." }, { "id": "faith-promise-inheritance", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "romans-faith", "galatian-faith-promise" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans and Galatians use Abraham's trust in God to develop their arguments about faith, promise and inheritance, including the place of Gentile believers.", "limit": "Their language of Abraham's children includes a theological relationship, not only physical descent." }, { "id": "sons-and-allegory", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "romans-family-promise", "galatian-family-allegory" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Galatians recalls Abraham's two sons, including Isaac, before applying their story to enslavement and freedom; Romans also distinguishes the line of promise through Isaac.", "limit": "The allegory's present communities and covenants are interpretive correspondences, not additional biological children in Abraham's household." }, { "id": "abraham-shared-scriptural-referent", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "acts-ancestry", "romans-faith", "romans-family-promise", "romans-descent", "corinthian-descent", "galatian-faith-promise", "galatian-family-allegory" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The four documents invoke the scriptural ancestor Abraham through Jewish descent, trust in God's promise and the Isaac family tradition. These distinctive shared references support identifying the same literary referent, rather than positing unrelated namesakes.", "limit": "This identifies the scriptural or literary referent used across the documents. It does not independently corroborate the recalled events, erase document-specific uses, or carry an authority binding." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.abraham", "aliases": [ "Abraham" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:26", "ROM 4:1", "ROM 4:2", "ROM 4:3", "ROM 4:9", "ROM 4:12", "ROM 4:13", "ROM 4:16", "ROM 4:18", "ROM 9:7", "ROM 11:1", "2CO 11:22", "GAL 3:6", "GAL 3:7", "GAL 3:8", "GAL 3:9", "GAL 3:14", "GAL 3:16", "GAL 3:18", "GAL 3:29", "GAL 4:22" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 4:10", "ROM 4:11", "ROM 4:17", "ROM 4:19", "ROM 4:20", "ROM 4:21", "ROM 4:22", "ROM 4:23" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q9181", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-abraham-q9181-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "abraham-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:26" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "abraham-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 4:1", "ROM 4:2", "ROM 4:3", "ROM 4:9", "ROM 4:12", "ROM 4:13", "ROM 4:16", "ROM 4:18", "ROM 9:7", "ROM 11:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 4:10", "ROM 4:11", "ROM 4:17", "ROM 4:19", "ROM 4:20", "ROM 4:21", "ROM 4:22", "ROM 4:23" ] }, { "id": "abraham-2co", "document": "2CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2CO 11:22" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "abraham-gal", "document": "GAL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "GAL 3:6", "GAL 3:7", "GAL 3:8", "GAL 3:9", "GAL 3:14", "GAL 3:16", "GAL 3:18", "GAL 3:29", "GAL 4:22" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "abraham-shared-scriptural-referent", "partitionIds": [ "abraham-act", "abraham-rom", "abraham-2co", "abraham-gal" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "abraham-parent-of-isaac", "targetPersonId": "isaac", "predicate": "parent-of", "claimId": "sons-and-allegory" } ], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-abraham" }, { "id": "adam", "name": "Adam", "summary": "Romans and First Corinthians use Adam as the first human in comparisons involving sin, death and Christ's life-giving work. First Timothy recalls Adam together with Eve when developing its instructions about teaching. The passages share the creation-story figure while giving him different argumentative roles. In First Corinthians, the later use of Adam's name for Christ belongs to the comparison and must remain distinct from the first human.", "anchors": [ { "id": "romans-comparison", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 5:12-19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "corinthian-death-life", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 15:21-22", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "corinthian-first-human", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 15:45-49", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "timothy-creation-reading", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Timothy 2:12-15", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "death-and-christ-comparison", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "romans-comparison", "corinthian-death-life" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans and First Corinthians contrast Adam's connection with disobedience and death with Christ's connection with life.", "limit": "The comparison is a theological use of the creation narrative, not an identification of Adam with Christ." }, { "id": "first-human-and-resurrection", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "corinthian-first-human" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Corinthians distinguishes the earthbound first human Adam from the heavenly, life-giving role assigned to Christ.", "limit": "The Adam designation applied to Christ belongs to the comparison; it does not make Christ the first human in the creation story." }, { "id": "creation-in-instruction", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "timothy-creation-reading" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Timothy appeals to Adam's formation before Eve and contrasts their involvement in deception within its instructions about teaching.", "limit": "The passage's argument should not be expanded into an unqualified psychological claim about all men or all women." }, { "id": "adam-shared-scriptural-referent", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "romans-comparison", "corinthian-death-life", "corinthian-first-human", "timothy-creation-reading" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans and First Corinthians connect Adam with primordial disobedience and death, while First Corinthians and First Timothy identify the first human through creation. The common creation-story referent is clear; Christ's comparative designation remains a separate referent.", "limit": "This identifies the scriptural or literary referent used across the documents. It does not independently corroborate the recalled events, erase document-specific uses, or carry an authority binding." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.adam", "aliases": [ "Adam" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 5:14", "1CO 15:22", "1CO 15:45", "1TI 2:13", "1TI 2:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 5:12", "ROM 5:15", "ROM 5:16", "ROM 5:17", "ROM 5:19", "1CO 15:21", "1CO 15:47", "1CO 15:48" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q70899", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-adam-q70899-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "adam-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 5:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 5:12", "ROM 5:15", "ROM 5:16", "ROM 5:17", "ROM 5:19" ] }, { "id": "adam-1co", "document": "1CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 15:22", "1CO 15:45" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "1CO 15:21", "1CO 15:47", "1CO 15:48" ] }, { "id": "adam-1ti", "document": "1TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1TI 2:13", "1TI 2:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "adam-shared-scriptural-referent", "partitionIds": [ "adam-rom", "adam-1co", "adam-1ti" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-adam" }, { "id": "david", "name": "David", "summary": "David appears in Acts as the king who follows Saul and as Jesse's son. Acts contrasts his death with the resurrection proclaimed about Jesus, while Romans and Second Timothy connect Jesus with David's lineage. Acts and Romans also invoke David in scriptural quotations about restoration, blessing and judgment. David therefore functions both as a recalled royal ancestor and as a scriptural voice within these New Testament arguments.", "anchors": [ { "id": "king-and-father", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:21-23", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "death-and-resurrection", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:34-37", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "restoration-image", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "romans-lineage", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 1:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "blessing-citation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 4:6-8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "judgment-citation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 11:9-10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "timothy-lineage", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 2:8", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "king-and-jesse", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "king-and-father" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts presents David as the king raised up after Saul and identifies Jesse as his father.", "limit": "This is the speech's selective retelling of Israel's past, not a full royal chronology." }, { "id": "david-and-jesus", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "death-and-resurrection", "romans-lineage", "timothy-lineage" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts contrasts David's death and bodily decay with Jesus's resurrection, while Romans and Second Timothy connect Jesus with David's ancestry.", "limit": "The passages make their own christological arguments; the ancestry notices do not specify every intervening generation." }, { "id": "scriptural-voice-and-restoration", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "restoration-image", "blessing-citation", "judgment-citation" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts invokes the restoration of David's fallen shelter, and Romans cites words attributed to David concerning blessing and judgment.", "limit": "The shelter is a restoration image, and the New Testament citation formulas do not by themselves settle modern questions about the composition of the cited works." }, { "id": "david-shared-scriptural-referent", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "king-and-father", "death-and-resurrection", "restoration-image", "romans-lineage", "blessing-citation", "judgment-citation", "timothy-lineage" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names Jesse's royal son, and Acts, Romans and Second Timothy connect the David tradition with the promise and ancestry associated with Jesus. Romans' David citation formulas conventionally invoke the same scriptural king, without establishing modern authorship claims about the cited works.", "limit": "This identifies the scriptural or literary referent used across the documents. It does not independently corroborate the recalled events, erase document-specific uses, or carry an authority binding." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.david", "aliases": [ "David" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:22", "ACT 13:34", "ACT 13:36", "ACT 15:16", "ROM 1:3", "ROM 4:6", "ROM 11:9", "2TI 2:8" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:23", "ROM 4:7", "ROM 4:8", "ROM 11:10" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q41370", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-david-q41370-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "david-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:22", "ACT 13:34", "ACT 13:36", "ACT 15:16" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:23" ] }, { "id": "david-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 1:3", "ROM 4:6", "ROM 11:9" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 4:7", "ROM 4:8", "ROM 11:10" ] }, { "id": "david-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 2:8" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "david-shared-scriptural-referent", "partitionIds": [ "david-act", "david-rom", "david-2ti" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-david" }, { "id": "elijah", "name": "Elijah", "summary": "Romans recalls Elijah while arguing that God has not abandoned his people. The prophet's complaint about isolation and threats to his life is answered by the recollection of a larger faithful remnant. The letter then draws an analogy with its own time. Elijah's story serves this argument about preservation and grace: the feeling of being alone is placed beside a divine reply that widens the picture.", "anchors": [ { "id": "elijah-and-remnant", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 11:2-5", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "complaint-and-answer", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "elijah-and-remnant" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans recalls Elijah's complaint against Israel and God's reply about seven thousand people preserved in loyalty rather than Baal worship.", "limit": "The prophet's statement of isolation is part of the recalled complaint, not the letter's final assessment of how many faithful people remained." }, { "id": "remnant-analogy", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "elijah-and-remnant" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans uses the Elijah recollection as an analogy for a remnant understood through divine grace in the letter's own setting.", "limit": "The analogy does not place Elijah among the letter's contemporaries." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Elijah" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 11:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 11:3", "ROM 11:4" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q133507", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-elijah-q133507-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "elijah-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 11:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 11:3", "ROM 11:4" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-elijah" }, { "id": "esau", "name": "Esau", "summary": "Esau appears in Romans in a scriptural contrast with Jacob, within an argument introduced through Rebekah's children. The passage stresses divine choice before the children have acted, placing calling and promise ahead of human achievement. Esau's name contributes to that contrast in the letter's reading of Israel's story. The discussion is selective, concentrating on election rather than retelling Esau's life.", "anchors": [ { "id": "family-and-election", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:10-13", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "election-contrast", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "family-and-election" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans invokes Esau and Jacob in a scriptural contrast that concludes its example of divine choice before Rebekah's children had acted.", "limit": "The citation has both ancestral and corporate resonances; it does not provide an account of Esau's later conduct or a general verdict on modern peoples." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Esau" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:11", "ROM 9:12" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q220822", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-esau-q220822-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "esau-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:11", "ROM 9:12" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-esau" }, { "id": "eve", "name": "Eve", "summary": "Second Corinthians recalls Eve's deception as a warning about the recipients being drawn away from their commitment to Christ. First Timothy places Eve after Adam in its reading of creation and recalls deception while discussing teaching. The same creation-story figure serves different arguments in the two letters. Neither reference develops a full narrative of Eve's life; each concentrates on the relevance of the recalled episode to its immediate instruction.", "anchors": [ { "id": "corinthian-warning", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 11:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "timothy-creation-instruction", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Timothy 2:12-15", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "deception-as-warning", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "corinthian-warning" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Corinthians compares its concern for the recipients' fidelity to Christ with the serpent's deception of Eve.", "limit": "The comparison concerns the danger facing the recipients; it is not a new event in Eve's life." }, { "id": "creation-and-teaching", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "timothy-creation-instruction" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Timothy recalls Eve's formation after Adam and the woman's deception as part of its instruction about teaching.", "limit": "The unnamed subject of the childbearing statement does not provide an unambiguous additional event in Eve's life." }, { "id": "eve-shared-scriptural-referent", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "corinthian-warning", "timothy-creation-instruction" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Both documents invoke Eve through the creation-and-deception narrative, providing a clear common literary referent despite their different instructional uses.", "limit": "This identifies the scriptural or literary referent used across the documents. It does not independently corroborate the recalled events, erase document-specific uses, or carry an authority binding." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Eve" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2CO 11:3", "1TI 2:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "1TI 2:14" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q830183", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-eve-q830183-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "eve-2co", "document": "2CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2CO 11:3" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "eve-1ti", "document": "1TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1TI 2:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "1TI 2:14" ] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "eve-shared-scriptural-referent", "partitionIds": [ "eve-2co", "eve-1ti" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-eve" }, { "id": "hagar", "name": "Hagar", "summary": "Galatians gives Hagar a role in its allegory of two mothers and two covenants. The letter recalls Abraham's household and uses the contrast between enslavement and freedom to address its recipients' identity. Hagar's association with Sinai and the earthly Jerusalem belongs to that symbolic argument. The geography expresses a correspondence within the allegory, rather than an account of Hagar travelling between those places.", "anchors": [ { "id": "two-mothers-allegory", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 4:22-31", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "mother-and-covenant-allegory", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "two-mothers-allegory" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Galatians identifies Hagar with one side of its allegorical comparison of two mothers, two covenants, enslavement and freedom.", "limit": "The associations with Sinai, Arabia and Jerusalem are allegorical correspondences, not personal travel, birth or residence claims." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Hagar" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "GAL 4:24" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "GAL 4:22", "GAL 4:23", "GAL 4:30", "GAL 4:31" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q214617", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-hagar-q214617-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "hagar-gal", "document": "GAL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "GAL 4:24" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "GAL 4:22", "GAL 4:23", "GAL 4:30", "GAL 4:31" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-hagar" }, { "id": "isaac", "name": "Isaac", "summary": "Romans recalls Isaac when distinguishing the line of promise within Abraham's family and when introducing Rebekah's children. Galatians uses Isaac as the comparison for its recipients' belonging through promise. The two letters therefore invoke the same ancestral figure for arguments about inheritance, divine calling and community. The emphasis rests on how the family story is read, rather than on a continuous account of Isaac's life.", "anchors": [ { "id": "abrahamic-promise-line", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:7-9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "rebekah-children", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:10-13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "galatian-promise-comparison", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 4:22-31", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "promise-line", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "abrahamic-promise-line" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans identifies Isaac with the line through which Abraham's offspring are reckoned in its argument about promise.", "limit": "The argument distinguishes forms of belonging; it does not provide an exhaustive genealogy." }, { "id": "father-in-family-example", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "rebekah-children" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans presents Isaac as the father in its account of Rebekah's children, subsequently named Jacob and Esau.", "limit": "The family example serves the letter's argument about divine calling before the children's actions." }, { "id": "promise-comparison", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "galatian-promise-comparison" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Galatians compares its recipients with Isaac as people whose belonging rests on promise.", "limit": "The comparison is theological kinship language, not a claim that every recipient is Isaac's biological child." }, { "id": "isaac-shared-scriptural-referent", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "abrahamic-promise-line", "rebekah-children", "galatian-promise-comparison" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans links Isaac with Abraham's promised family line, and Galatians names Isaac while interpreting Abraham's two sons through promise. The shared ancestral story identifies the same scriptural referent.", "limit": "This identifies the scriptural or literary referent used across the documents. It does not independently corroborate the recalled events, erase document-specific uses, or carry an authority binding." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Isaac" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:7", "ROM 9:10", "GAL 4:28" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:9", "GAL 4:22", "GAL 4:23", "GAL 4:29", "GAL 4:30" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q671872", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-isaac-q671872-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "isaac-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:7", "ROM 9:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:9" ] }, { "id": "isaac-gal", "document": "GAL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "GAL 4:28" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "GAL 4:22", "GAL 4:23", "GAL 4:29", "GAL 4:30" ] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "isaac-shared-scriptural-referent", "partitionIds": [ "isaac-rom", "isaac-gal" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "isaac-parent-of-jacob", "targetPersonId": "jacob", "predicate": "parent-of", "claimId": "father-in-family-example" }, { "id": "isaac-parent-of-esau", "targetPersonId": "esau", "predicate": "parent-of", "claimId": "father-in-family-example" } ], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-isaac" }, { "id": "isaiah", "name": "Isaiah", "summary": "Isaiah appears in Acts as the prophet whose words an Ethiopian traveller is reading and whom Paul later cites. Romans likewise invokes Isaiah in arguments about Israel, response to the good news and hope for the nations. These references present Isaiah as a scriptural authority. The reading scenes and citation formulas concern prophetic words being interpreted, rather than Isaiah's physical presence among the New Testament participants.", "anchors": [ { "id": "traveller-reading", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:28-35", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "paul-citation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 28:25-27", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "romans-remnant", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:27-29", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "romans-response", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 10:16-20", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "romans-nations", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 15:12", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "reading-and-explanation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "traveller-reading" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes a traveller reading Isaiah and asking about the prophet's subject, after which Philip explains the passage in relation to Jesus.", "limit": "The narrative reports the reading of prophetic Scripture, not Isaiah's presence in the chariot." }, { "id": "acts-prophetic-citation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "paul-citation" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts presents Paul as attributing a warning about failed hearing and understanding to the Spirit speaking through Isaiah.", "limit": "The attribution concerns a prophetic message being applied to the scene, not a new speech delivered by Isaiah in Paul's time." }, { "id": "romans-prophetic-uses", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "romans-remnant", "romans-response", "romans-nations" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans cites Isaiah concerning a remnant, responses to the good news and the nations' hope in a ruler associated with Jesse.", "limit": "These New Testament citation formulas do not settle the composition or authorship of every part of the source work." }, { "id": "isaiah-shared-scriptural-referent", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "traveller-reading", "paul-citation", "romans-remnant", "romans-response", "romans-nations" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts and Romans explicitly name Isaiah as a prophetic scriptural authority. The citations and reading scene conventionally refer to the same scriptural prophet; identifying that referent does not establish a modern theory of the source work's composition.", "limit": "This identifies the scriptural or literary referent used across the documents. It does not independently corroborate the recalled events, erase document-specific uses, or carry an authority binding." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Isaiah" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:28", "ACT 8:30", "ACT 28:25", "ROM 9:27", "ROM 9:29", "ROM 10:16", "ROM 10:20", "ROM 15:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:34", "ROM 9:28", "ROM 10:21" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q188794", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-isaiah-q188794-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "isaiah-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:28", "ACT 8:30", "ACT 28:25" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:34" ] }, { "id": "isaiah-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:27", "ROM 9:29", "ROM 10:16", "ROM 10:20", "ROM 15:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:28", "ROM 10:21" ] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "isaiah-shared-scriptural-referent", "partitionIds": [ "isaiah-act", "isaiah-rom" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-isaiah" }, { "id": "jacob", "name": "Jacob", "summary": "Jacob appears on the favoured side of a scriptural contrast with Esau in Romans. The passage returns to Rebekah's children and explains that divine choice precedes their actions. The ancestral pair serves an argument about God's calling and promise. Jacob's place here is in the letter's reading of Israel's story, rather than in a retelling of his travels or family conflicts.", "anchors": [ { "id": "family-and-election", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:10-13", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "family-and-calling", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "family-and-election" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans pairs Jacob with his sibling Esau in the account of Rebekah's children and uses their scriptural contrast to discuss divine calling before human achievement.", "limit": "The scriptural contrast can refer both to the ancestors and to the peoples associated with them; these meanings should remain distinct." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Jacob" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:11", "ROM 9:12" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q289957", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-jacob-q289957-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "jacob-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:11", "ROM 9:12" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "jacob-sibling-of-esau", "targetPersonId": "esau", "predicate": "sibling-of", "claimId": "family-and-calling" } ], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-jacob" }, { "id": "jambres", "name": "Jambres", "summary": "Second Timothy names Jambres beside Jannes as men who opposed Moses. It uses the pair as a precedent for people who now resist the truth and predicts that current opponents will likewise be exposed. The force of the reference is the comparison: earlier resistance becomes a warning about the present, with the pair's eventual failure marking a limit to opposition.", "anchors": [ { "id": "opposition-comparison", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 3:8-9", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "opposed-moses", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "opposition-comparison" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy names Jambres and Jannes as opponents of Moses.", "limit": "The passage assigns them no profession, family relationship or association with Pharaoh." }, { "id": "warning-by-comparison", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "opposition-comparison" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letter uses the pair's exposed folly as the precedent for its warning that present resistance to truth will not prevail indefinitely.", "limit": "The comparison supplies no account of Jambres's death or of a particular contest." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Jambres" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 3:8" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2TI 3:9" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q21582218", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-jambres-q21582218-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "jambres-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 3:8" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2TI 3:9" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-jambres" }, { "id": "jannes", "name": "Jannes", "summary": "Jannes is paired with Jambres in Second Timothy's comparison between opposition to Moses and resistance to truth in the letter's own setting. The older pair's failure becomes an example for the predicted exposure of current opponents. Jannes functions in this warning as a figure whose resistance has limits, while the passage concentrates on the comparison rather than offering a separate narrative about him.", "anchors": [ { "id": "opposition-comparison", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 3:8-9", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "opposed-moses", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "opposition-comparison" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy recalls Jannes together with Jambres as men who opposed Moses.", "limit": "Their shared opposition does not establish that they were brothers or assign either man a profession." }, { "id": "exposure-comparison", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "opposition-comparison" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letter compares the eventual exposure of present opponents with the earlier pair's evident folly.", "limit": "The comparison does not describe a death, a location or the details of an encounter with Moses." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Jannes" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 3:8" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2TI 3:9" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q21582214", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-jannes-q21582214-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "jannes-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 3:8" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2TI 3:9" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-jannes" }, { "id": "jesse", "name": "Jesse", "summary": "Acts identifies Jesse as David's father within its retelling of Israel's royal history. Romans invokes Jesse again through a prophetic image of a ruler in whom the nations place their hope. His name therefore serves both a direct family identification and a genealogical image in a christological argument. These brief references concentrate on the Davidic line rather than on Jesse's own activities.", "anchors": [ { "id": "david-father", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:22", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "root-image", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 15:8-12", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "father-of-david", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "david-father" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts identifies Jesse as David's father in the speech describing David's appointment as king.", "limit": "" }, { "id": "ruler-and-nations-image", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "root-image" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans cites Isaiah's image of a ruler associated with Jesse's line as a basis for the nations' hope.", "limit": "The image does not describe Jesse himself ruling the nations or make him Jesus's immediate father." }, { "id": "jesse-shared-scriptural-referent", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "david-father", "root-image" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts explicitly makes Jesse David's father, while Romans invokes the prophetic Jesse-line image within a passage about Christ and the nations. The conventional royal-family referent links the two uses without requiring an extended biography.", "limit": "This identifies the scriptural or literary referent used across the documents. It does not independently corroborate the recalled events, erase document-specific uses, or carry an authority binding." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Jesse" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:22", "ROM 15:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q45090", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-jesse-q45090-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "jesse-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:22" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "jesse-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 15:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "jesse-shared-scriptural-referent", "partitionIds": [ "jesse-act", "jesse-rom" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "jesse-parent-of-david", "targetPersonId": "david", "predicate": "parent-of", "claimId": "father-of-david" } ], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-jesse" }, { "id": "kish", "name": "Kish", "summary": "Acts mentions Kish within a summary of Israel's past, identifying Saul as his son. The line comes after the account of the judges and before David's appointment. Kish functions as a family identifier for the king in this brief retelling. The tribal affiliation and forty-year period belong to Saul's description, rather than to a separate account of Kish.", "anchors": [ { "id": "saul-family-identification", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:20-22", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "father-of-saul", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "saul-family-identification" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts identifies Kish as the father of Saul, the king described in the speech's account of Israel's past.", "limit": "The Benjamin affiliation and forty-year interval in the verse describe Saul, not a separate tenure or tribal statement about Kish." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Kish" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q2915270", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-kish-q2915270-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "kish-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "kish-parent-of-saul-king", "targetPersonId": "saul-king", "predicate": "parent-of", "claimId": "father-of-saul" } ], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-kish" }, { "id": "moses", "name": "Moses", "summary": "Moses is a recurring scriptural authority in Acts and several letters. His name appears in disputes about law and circumcision, in citations, and in explanations of the message about Jesus. First and Second Corinthians also draw on Israel's association with Moses and the account of his shining, veiled face. Romans and Second Timothy use him as a point of comparison, giving the same recalled figure several distinct argumentative roles.", "anchors": [ { "id": "acts-justification", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:39", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "acts-circumcision-custom", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "acts-law-demand", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "acts-public-reading", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "reported-accusation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "prophetic-expectation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 26:22", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "jesus-from-scripture", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 28:23", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "romans-chronological-comparison", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 5:14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "romans-mercy-citation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "romans-law-citation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 10:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "romans-israel-citation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 10:19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "corinthian-law-citation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 9:9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "israel-moses-association", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 10:1-5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "glory-and-veil", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 3:7-16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "opposition-example", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 3:8-9", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "law-and-scriptural-authority", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "acts-justification", "acts-circumcision-custom", "acts-law-demand", "acts-public-reading", "reported-accusation", "prophetic-expectation", "jesus-from-scripture", "romans-mercy-citation", "romans-law-citation", "romans-israel-citation", "corinthian-law-citation" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts and the letters invoke Moses as an authority for law and Scripture in arguments about circumcision, righteousness, communal obligations and the message about Jesus.", "limit": "Reading or preaching Moses refers to Scripture associated with him. Acts 21:21 reports an accusation about Paul's teaching rather than simply affirming that accusation." }, { "id": "corinthian-figural-uses", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "israel-moses-association", "glory-and-veil" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First and Second Corinthians use Israel's association with Moses and the account of his glorious, veiled face in arguments about community and ministry.", "limit": "The association with Moses does not mean he personally baptized the Corinthians, and the later veil imagery is an interpretive application rather than a new event in his life." }, { "id": "historical-and-opposition-comparisons", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "romans-chronological-comparison", "opposition-example" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans places Moses after Adam in its account of death, while Second Timothy invokes resistance to Moses as a precedent for resistance to truth.", "limit": "These are separate comparisons with different purposes, not a continuous itinerary or a claim that Moses participated in the letters' present circumstances." }, { "id": "moses-shared-scriptural-referent", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "acts-justification", "acts-circumcision-custom", "acts-law-demand", "acts-public-reading", "reported-accusation", "prophetic-expectation", "jesus-from-scripture", "romans-chronological-comparison", "romans-mercy-citation", "romans-law-citation", "romans-israel-citation", "corinthian-law-citation", "israel-moses-association", "glory-and-veil", "opposition-example" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The documents consistently invoke the scriptural Moses through Mosaic law, Israel's founding story, the shining and veiled face, or opposition to him. These are characteristic uses of the same literary figure, not evidence for unrelated personal namesakes.", "limit": "This identifies the scriptural or literary referent used across the documents. It does not independently corroborate the recalled events, erase document-specific uses, or carry an authority binding." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.moses", "aliases": [ "Moses" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:39", "ACT 15:1", "ACT 15:5", "ACT 15:21", "ACT 21:21", "ACT 26:22", "ACT 28:23", "ROM 5:14", "ROM 9:15", "ROM 10:5", "ROM 10:19", "1CO 9:9", "1CO 10:2", "2CO 3:7", "2CO 3:13", "2TI 3:8" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q9077", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-moses-q9077-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "moses-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:39", "ACT 15:1", "ACT 15:5", "ACT 15:21", "ACT 21:21", "ACT 26:22", "ACT 28:23" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "moses-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 5:14", "ROM 9:15", "ROM 10:5", "ROM 10:19" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "moses-1co", "document": "1CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 9:9", "1CO 10:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "moses-2co", "document": "2CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2CO 3:7", "2CO 3:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "moses-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 3:8" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "moses-shared-scriptural-referent", "partitionIds": [ "moses-act", "moses-rom", "moses-1co", "moses-2co", "moses-2ti" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-moses" }, { "id": "rebekah", "name": "Rebekah", "summary": "Romans recalls Rebekah's conception by Isaac when developing its argument about divine choice. The message concerning her children is placed before their birth and before their actions, leading into the contrast between Jacob and Esau. Rebekah's role is as the mother receiving that word within the ancestral story. The letter concentrates on calling and promise rather than recounting her wider life.", "anchors": [ { "id": "children-and-calling", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:10-13", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "mother-in-family-example", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "children-and-calling" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans presents Rebekah as the mother of the children subsequently named Jacob and Esau, conceived by Isaac.", "limit": "The family example is introduced to discuss divine choice, not to give a full genealogy." }, { "id": "word-before-birth", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "children-and-calling" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans says the word about the older and younger children was given to Rebekah before their birth or actions.", "limit": "The passage's emphasis is the priority of divine calling rather than a report of the children's later behaviour." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Rebekah" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:12" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q40520", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-rebekah-q40520-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "rebekah-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:12" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "rebekah-parent-of-jacob", "targetPersonId": "jacob", "predicate": "parent-of", "claimId": "mother-in-family-example" }, { "id": "rebekah-parent-of-esau", "targetPersonId": "esau", "predicate": "parent-of", "claimId": "mother-in-family-example" } ], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-rebekah" }, { "id": "samuel", "name": "Samuel", "summary": "Samuel marks a transition in the speech recorded in Acts. He is identified as a prophet at the end of the period of judges, before the account moves to the people's request for a king and the appointment of Saul. His name helps locate the beginning of monarchy within this compact retelling of Israel's past. The notice emphasizes his prophetic role and place in the sequence.", "anchors": [ { "id": "judges-to-monarchy", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:20-21", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "prophet-at-transition", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "judges-to-monarchy" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes the period of judges as extending to Samuel the prophet, before recounting the request for a king.", "limit": "The brief transition does not assign Samuel every action connected with Saul in other sources." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Samuel" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:20" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q6577515", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-samuel-q6577515-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "samuel-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:20" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-samuel" }, { "id": "sarah", "name": "Sarah", "summary": "Romans names Sarah in recollections of Abraham’s trust and the promise of a son. Galatians does not use her name, but its contrast between Abraham’s two maternal lines and its reference to Isaac support recognizing the same scriptural mother behind its allusion. The letter develops this family contrast allegorically. These references identify the represented literary subject without treating the communities in the argument as Sarah herself or supplying independent confirmation of the remembered events.", "anchors": [ { "id": "abraham-trust-and-sarah", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 4:18-22", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "isaac-birth-promise", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:7-9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "galatian-maternal-allusion", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 4:22-31", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "childbearing-and-trust", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "abraham-trust-and-sarah" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans recalls Sarah's inability to bear a child while describing Abraham's trust in God's promise.", "limit": "The recollection describes Abraham's trust; it does not assign Sarah the same stated thoughts or response." }, { "id": "promised-motherhood", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "isaac-birth-promise" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans names Sarah in its recollection of the promised birth associated with Isaac and the family line of promise.", "limit": "The passage recalls the promise without providing a separate account of the birth or a complete family chronology." }, { "id": "sarah-shared-scriptural-referent", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "reconstructed", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "isaac-birth-promise", "galatian-maternal-allusion" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The maternal allusion in Galatians 4:22–23,30–31 refers to the scriptural mother named Sarah in Romans 9:9, within the shared Abraham and Isaac family account.", "limit": "Galatians supplies no literal Sarah name. This is a source-supported literary identification, not independent historical confirmation, an equation of Sarah with a community, or a personal identity for the allegorical Jerusalem figure." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Sarah" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 4:19", "ROM 9:9" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "GAL 4:22", "GAL 4:23", "GAL 4:30", "GAL 4:31" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q194808", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-sarah-q194808-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "sarah-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 4:19", "ROM 9:9" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "sarah-gal", "document": "GAL", "namedVerseKeys": [], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "GAL 4:22", "GAL 4:23", "GAL 4:30", "GAL 4:31" ] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "sarah-shared-scriptural-referent", "partitionIds": [ "sarah-rom", "sarah-gal" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "sarah-parent-of-isaac", "targetPersonId": "isaac", "predicate": "parent-of", "claimId": "promised-motherhood" } ], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-sarah" }, { "id": "saul-king", "name": "Saul (king)", "summary": "Acts recalls Saul as the king given to the people after their request for one. The speech identifies him as Kish's son and associates him with Benjamin and a forty-year period, then moves to David's appointment. This is the earlier royal Saul within Israel's recalled past. He remains distinct from the travelling Saul who is also called Paul elsewhere in Acts.", "anchors": [ { "id": "royal-saul", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:20-22", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "king-in-recalled-history", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "royal-saul" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts presents Saul, Kish's son from Benjamin, as the king given to the people for a forty-year period before David's appointment.", "limit": "This recalled king is not the Saul also called Paul in the surrounding Acts narrative." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.saul-king", "aliases": [ "Saul" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:22" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q28730", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-saul-king-q28730-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "saul-king-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:22" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-saul-king" }, { "id": "pontius-pilate", "name": "Pontius Pilate (1 Timothy 6:13)", "summary": "First Timothy recalls Jesus's confession in connection with Pontius Pilate while charging its recipient to remain faithful to the command. Pilate's name belongs to the recollected setting of Christ's example, rather than to the present scene of the correspondence. The passage draws its force from Jesus's witness and the recipient's responsibility; it does not reproduce the words of the confession or tell the surrounding trial narrative.", "anchors": [ { "id": "confession-and-charge", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Timothy 6:13-14", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "confession-setting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "confession-and-charge" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Timothy connects Christ Jesus's confession with Pontius Pilate as part of a charge to the recipient.", "limit": "The brief reference does not reproduce the confession or narrate the surrounding proceedings." }, { "id": "example-for-recipient", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "confession-and-charge" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The recollection of Christ's witness accompanies the instruction that the recipient preserve the command until Christ's appearing.", "limit": "Pilate is part of the recalled setting, not a participant in the letter's present instruction." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Pontius Pilate" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "1TI 6:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "pontius-pilate-1ti", "document": "1TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1TI 6:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-pontius-pilate" }, { "id": "aeneas", "name": "Aeneas", "summary": "Aeneas appears in Acts during Peter's visit to Lydda. He is introduced as a man whose paralysis had kept him in bed for eight years. Peter addresses him, attributes his healing to Jesus Christ and tells him to rise. Aeneas immediately gets up, and the account connects what people see with a wider response to the Lord in Lydda and Sharon.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-9-32-35", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:32-35", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "healing-at-lydda", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-9-32-35" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places Aeneas at Lydda and reports that he rose immediately after Peter addressed his eight-year paralysis.", "limit": "This is the narrative's healing report; it supplies no medical record or account of Aeneas's earlier religious allegiance." }, { "id": "regional-response", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-9-32-35" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts connects the sight of Aeneas after the healing with a response to the Lord among people of Lydda and Sharon.", "limit": "The collective response does not establish Aeneas's birthplace or a separate journey by him to Sharon." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Aeneas" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:33", "ACT 9:34" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:35" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q3725177", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-aeneas-wikidata-candidate" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "aeneas-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:33", "ACT 9:34" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:35" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "lydda", "claimId": "healing-at-lydda" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-aeneas" }, { "id": "agabus", "name": "Agabus", "summary": "Acts presents Agabus in two prophetic scenes. At Antioch, his warning about famine precedes the disciples' decision to provide relief for believers in Judea. Later, at Caesarea, he uses Paul's belt in a gesture warning of imprisonment at Jerusalem. The account treats both warnings as Spirit-directed. These scenes establish his narrated prophetic role without providing a continuous itinerary or a history of the intervening years.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-11-27-30", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 11:27-30", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-21-8-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:8-14", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "famine-warning", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-11-27-30" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names Agabus among prophets who came to Antioch and credits him with a Spirit-directed famine warning before a relief effort.", "limit": "The narrator associates the famine with Claudius's time; the passage does not provide an independently verified famine chronology." }, { "id": "belt-warning", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-21-8-14" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "At Caesarea, Acts describes Agabus using Paul's belt to illustrate a warning about Paul's imprisonment at Jerusalem.", "limit": "This claim reports the warning as narrated, without equating every detail with a reconstructed sequence of later arrests." }, { "id": "narrative-prophet-identification", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-11-27-30", "a-act-21-8-14" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts presents the prophet named Agabus in the Antioch famine notice and again in the Caesarea warning scene.", "limit": "Indexing these narrated appearances together does not supply a continuous career or information about the intervening years." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.agabus", "aliases": [ "Agabus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 11:28", "ACT 21:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 11:27", "ACT 21:11" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q335127", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-agabus-wikidata-candidate" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "agabus-antioch-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 11:28" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 11:27" ] }, { "id": "agabus-caesarea-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 21:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 21:11" ] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "narrative-prophet-identification", "partitionIds": [ "agabus-antioch-act", "agabus-caesarea-act" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "antioch", "claimId": "famine-warning" }, { "placeId": "caesarea", "claimId": "belt-warning" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-agabus" }, { "id": "alexander", "name": "Alexander (Acts 19:33)", "summary": "Alexander appears during the disturbance at Ephesus after others have gathered in the theater. Acts describes Jews putting him forward and his attempt to gain the crowd's attention for a defense. The crowd's reaction to his Jewish identity prevents the account from recording such a speech. His brief appearance establishes a role in this episode without explaining his relationship to Paul or the purpose of his intended defense.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-19-33-34", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:33-34", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "attempted-defense", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-19-33-34" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Alexander being put forward by Jews and attempting to address the Ephesian crowd in defense.", "limit": "The account does not record the intended speech or say whose interests Alexander meant to defend." }, { "id": "crowd-reaction", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-19-33-34" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The narrative connects the crowd's prolonged acclaim of Artemis with its recognition that Alexander was Jewish.", "limit": "His Jewish identification does not establish that he supported or opposed Paul's mission." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.alexander", "aliases": [ "Alexander" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:33" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:34" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "alexander-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:33" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:34" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-alexander" }, { "id": "alexander-1timothy-1-20", "name": "Alexander (First Timothy 1:20)", "summary": "First Timothy names Alexander with Hymenaeus after warning Timothy about abandoning faith and conscience. The speaker describes a severe disciplinary response involving Satan and gives the response a corrective purpose concerning blasphemy. Alexander's role is confined to this warning. The passage supplies no occupation, location or account of the conduct behind the judgment, and it does not connect him with other people named Alexander.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-1ti-1-18-20", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Timothy 1:18-20", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "disciplinary-warning", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1ti-1-18-20" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Timothy places Alexander with Hymenaeus in a warning about faith and conscience and reports a disciplinary response intended to correct blasphemy.", "limit": "The brief statement does not explain the procedure, give an occasion or describe the eventual outcome." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Alexander" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "1TI 1:20" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "1TI 1:19" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "alexander-1timothy-1-20-1ti", "document": "1TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1TI 1:20" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "1TI 1:19" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-alexander-1timothy-1-20" }, { "id": "alexander-2timothy-4-14", "name": "Alexander (Second Timothy 4:14)", "summary": "Second Timothy describes Alexander as a coppersmith and presents him as someone who seriously harmed the speaker. The recipient is warned to be cautious because Alexander opposed the speakers' message. The letter also expresses confidence that the Lord will respond to his actions. This passage reports hostility and a warning, without describing the harmful acts or identifying Alexander with namesakes in Acts or First Timothy.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-2ti-4-14-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:14-15", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "harm-and-occupation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2ti-4-14-15" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy identifies Alexander as a coppersmith and says that he caused the speaker considerable harm.", "limit": "The statement gives neither a detailed incident nor independent evidence of a legal charge or prosecution." }, { "id": "warning-about-opposition", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2ti-4-14-15" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letter warns its recipient about Alexander and explains that he strongly opposed their words.", "limit": "The warning does not report his later fate or establish identity with another Alexander." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Alexander" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:15" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q106310727", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-alexander-2timothy-4-14-wikidata-candidate" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "alexander-2timothy-4-14-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:15" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-alexander-2timothy-4-14" }, { "id": "ananias", "name": "Ananias (Damascus)", "summary": "Ananias is introduced in Acts as a disciple at Damascus who receives instructions concerning Saul. Although he voices concern about Saul's earlier conduct, he goes to him and lays hands on him. Saul's sight is then restored. Paul's later account recalls Ananias's visit, describes his good standing among local Jews and repeats his instruction about baptism. The retelling connects these appearances without making them independent historical witnesses.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-9-10-18", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:10-18", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-22-12-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 22:12-16", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "damascus-visit", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-9-10-18" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Ananias at Damascus responding to instructions, visiting Saul and laying hands on him before the report of restored sight.", "limit": "The account does not explicitly identify Ananias as the person who administered Saul's baptism." }, { "id": "recalled-in-speech", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-22-12-16" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Paul's later speech in Acts recalls Ananias as a devout Damascus figure who visited him and urged baptism.", "limit": "This is a speech within the same narrative, not independent external corroboration." }, { "id": "damascus-retelling-identification", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-9-10-18", "a-act-22-12-16" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The Ananias recalled in Paul's Damascus account corresponds to the visitor in Acts 9 through the repeated setting, visit and restoration-of-sight episode.", "limit": "This literary identification does not join the disciple to the high priest Ananias or to an earlier Jerusalem namesake." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.ananias", "aliases": [ "Ananias" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:10", "ACT 9:12", "ACT 9:13", "ACT 9:17", "ACT 22:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:11", "ACT 9:14", "ACT 9:15", "ACT 9:16", "ACT 22:13", "ACT 22:14", "ACT 22:15", "ACT 22:16" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "ananias-damascus-act-9", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:10", "ACT 9:12", "ACT 9:13", "ACT 9:17" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:11", "ACT 9:14", "ACT 9:15", "ACT 9:16" ] }, { "id": "ananias-retelling-act-22", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 22:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 22:13", "ACT 22:14", "ACT 22:15", "ACT 22:16" ] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "damascus-retelling-identification", "partitionIds": [ "ananias-damascus-act-9", "ananias-retelling-act-22" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "damascus", "claimId": "damascus-visit" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-ananias" }, { "id": "blastus", "name": "Blastus", "summary": "Blastus is mentioned in Acts as a personal aide to the king during a dispute involving Tyre and Sidon. The people of those cities secure his friendship while seeking peace with Herod. The account connects their initiative with dependence on the king's country for food. Blastus's position explains his place in the approach to the ruler, but the text gives no separate account of his advice or actions.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-12-20", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 12:20", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "royal-aide-and-approach", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-12-20" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Blastus as the king's personal aide and says that the people of Tyre and Sidon secured his friendship while seeking peace.", "limit": "The passage does not state that they bribed him or describe what he did in response." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Blastus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 12:20" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q33100712", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-blastus-wikidata-candidate" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "blastus-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 12:20" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-blastus" }, { "id": "candace-acts-8-27", "name": "Candace (Acts 8:27)", "summary": "Candace is the designation attached in Acts to the queen of the Ethiopians whose treasury is entrusted to the official encountered by Philip. The queen enters the account through that description of the traveller's responsibilities. His journey to Jerusalem and his return provide the setting for the encounter, while the passage gives no corresponding journey, religious response or personal history for the queen herself.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-8-27-28", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:27-28", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "queen-and-treasury", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-8-27-28" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes the Ethiopian traveller as an official responsible for the treasury of the queen designated Candace.", "limit": "This identifies the royal association in the narrative, without deciding whether Candace is a personal name or a dynastic title." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Candace" ], "namedVerseKeys": [], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:27" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "candace-acts-8-27-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:27" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-candace-acts-8-27" }, { "id": "cornelius", "name": "Cornelius", "summary": "Cornelius is introduced in Acts at Caesarea as a centurion associated with the Italian Regiment. The narrative describes his household's devotion and his own generosity and prayer. After a vision directs him to seek Peter, he sends messengers to Joppa. Cornelius later receives Peter with relatives and close friends gathered around him, giving the visit a wider audience than Cornelius alone.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-10-1-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 10:1-4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-10-7-8", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 10:7-8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-10-17-25", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 10:17-25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-10-30-31", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 10:30-31", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "caesarea-profile", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-10-1-4" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts presents Cornelius at Caesarea as a centurion and describes his devotion, generosity and prayer.", "limit": "The regiment designation does not establish a birthplace, citizenship history or a complete military career." }, { "id": "summoning-peter", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-10-7-8", "a-act-10-17-25", "a-act-10-30-31" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The account connects Cornelius's messengers to a vision directing him to invite Peter from Joppa.", "limit": "Peter and the tanner named Simon are different people in the surrounding account; no identity between them is implied." }, { "id": "gathered-audience", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-10-17-25" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Cornelius waiting for Peter with relatives and close friends whom he had assembled.", "limit": "The group description does not identify every participant or establish a later church office for Cornelius." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Cornelius" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 10:1", "ACT 10:3", "ACT 10:7", "ACT 10:17", "ACT 10:22", "ACT 10:24", "ACT 10:25", "ACT 10:30", "ACT 10:31" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 10:2", "ACT 10:4", "ACT 10:5", "ACT 10:6", "ACT 10:8", "ACT 10:26", "ACT 10:27", "ACT 10:28", "ACT 10:29", "ACT 10:32", "ACT 10:33", "ACT 10:34", "ACT 10:35", "ACT 10:36", "ACT 10:37", "ACT 10:38", "ACT 10:39", "ACT 10:40", "ACT 10:41", "ACT 10:42", "ACT 10:43", "ACT 10:44", "ACT 10:45", "ACT 10:46", "ACT 10:47", "ACT 10:48", "ACT 11:1", "ACT 11:3", "ACT 11:12", "ACT 11:13", "ACT 11:14", "ACT 11:15", "ACT 11:17", "ACT 11:18", "ACT 15:8", "ACT 15:9" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q435987", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-cornelius-wikidata-candidate" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "cornelius-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 10:1", "ACT 10:3", "ACT 10:7", "ACT 10:17", "ACT 10:22", "ACT 10:24", "ACT 10:25", "ACT 10:30", "ACT 10:31" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 10:2", "ACT 10:4", "ACT 10:5", "ACT 10:6", "ACT 10:8", "ACT 10:26", "ACT 10:27", "ACT 10:28", "ACT 10:29", "ACT 10:32", "ACT 10:33", "ACT 10:34", "ACT 10:35", "ACT 10:36", "ACT 10:37", "ACT 10:38", "ACT 10:39", "ACT 10:40", "ACT 10:41", "ACT 10:42", "ACT 10:43", "ACT 10:44", "ACT 10:45", "ACT 10:46", "ACT 10:47", "ACT 10:48", "ACT 11:1", "ACT 11:3", "ACT 11:12", "ACT 11:13", "ACT 11:14", "ACT 11:15", "ACT 11:17", "ACT 11:18", "ACT 15:8", "ACT 15:9" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "caesarea", "claimId": "caesarea-profile" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-cornelius" }, { "id": "crispus", "name": "Crispus (Acts and First Corinthians)", "summary": "Acts names Crispus as a synagogue ruler in the Corinthian episode and reports belief involving him and his household. First Corinthians separately remembers a Crispus among the people baptized by its speaker. The shared name and Corinthian setting make comparison appropriate, but each passage retains its own contribution. This record keeps the proposed identification visible without treating the combined references as an independently established biography.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-18-8", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-1-1-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:1-2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-1-14-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:14-16", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "acts-synagogue-ruler", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-18-8" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts identifies Crispus as a synagogue ruler and reports that he and his household believed.", "limit": "The following statement about Corinthian baptisms does not explicitly name who baptized this Crispus." }, { "id": "letter-baptism-memory", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-1-14-16" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Corinthians names Crispus among the people whom its speaker recalls baptizing.", "limit": "The letter does not identify his office or explicitly connect him with the synagogue ruler in Acts." }, { "id": "proposed-corinthian-identification", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "reconstructed", "confidence": "medium", "supports": [ "a-act-18-8", "a-1co-1-1-2", "a-1co-1-14-16" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The shared name and Corinthian context support considering Acts's Crispus and the letter's Crispus together.", "limit": "This remains a cross-document identity proposal; the baptism and synagogue statements must not be silently fused into a proven biography." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.crispus", "aliases": [ "Crispus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:8", "1CO 1:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "comparison-cluster", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "crispus-corinth-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:8" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "crispus-corinth-1co", "document": "1CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 1:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "proposed-corinthian-identification", "partitionIds": [ "crispus-corinth-act", "crispus-corinth-1co" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-crispus" }, { "id": "damaris", "name": "Damaris", "summary": "Damaris is named among people who respond positively after Paul's speech at Athens. Acts identifies her as a woman and includes her with Dionysius and other believers following a mixed reaction to the message. Her individual mention gives her a place in the account's response to the speech. The passage does not describe her occupation, family connections or any subsequent activity.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-17-32-34", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:32-34", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "athenian-response", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-17-32-34" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names Damaris among those who joined Paul and believed after the Athenian speech.", "limit": "The shared mention with Dionysius does not identify them as spouses or otherwise specify a family relationship." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.damaris", "aliases": [ "Damaris" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 17:34" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q466687", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-damaris-wikidata-candidate" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "damaris-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 17:34" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-damaris" }, { "id": "demetrius", "name": "Demetrius (Acts 19)", "summary": "Demetrius is introduced in Acts as a silversmith whose production of Artemis shrines provides business for craftsmen. He gathers workers and warns that Paul's teaching threatens both their trade and the goddess's standing. Later, the town clerk points Demetrius and the craftsmen toward legal channels. The account distinguishes Demetrius's economic and religious arguments from the clerk's response to the disturbance.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-19-24-27", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:24-27", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-19-38-41", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:38-41", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "craft-and-speech", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-19-24-27" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Demetrius's silver-shrine business and records his warning to fellow workers about threats to their trade and Artemis's standing.", "limit": "The speech presents Demetrius's argument; it is not an independent measurement of commercial losses or the reach of Paul's work." }, { "id": "legal-direction", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-19-38-41" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The town clerk directs Demetrius and associated craftsmen toward the available legal process for any complaint.", "limit": "The passage does not report a subsequent case or identify Demetrius with a namesake in another document." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.demetrius", "aliases": [ "Demetrius" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:24", "ACT 19:38" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:25", "ACT 19:26", "ACT 19:27" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "demetrius-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:24", "ACT 19:38" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:25", "ACT 19:26", "ACT 19:27" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-demetrius" }, { "id": "dionysius", "name": "Dionysius (Acts 17:34)", "summary": "Dionysius is identified in Acts with the designation Areopagite and is named among people who join Paul and believe after the Athenian speech. His response follows the account's description of mixed reactions to the message. Damaris and others are included alongside him. The brief notice recognizes Dionysius personally without narrating his earlier career, his precise public duties or his later activity.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-17-32-34", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:32-34", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "designation-and-response", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-17-32-34" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names Dionysius, designates him an Areopagite and includes him among those responding with belief.", "limit": "The designation alone does not establish that he presided over a hearing or explain the character of Paul's appearance." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.dionysius", "aliases": [ "Dionysius" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 17:34" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "dionysius-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 17:34" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-dionysius" }, { "id": "elymas", "name": "Elymas / Bar Jesus", "summary": "Acts introduces Bar Jesus at Paphos as a Jewish sorcerer and false prophet associated with the proconsul Sergius Paulus. The confrontation then uses the designation Elymas for the figure trying to turn the proconsul from the faith. Paul addresses him, and the narrative reports temporary blindness. These linked designations identify the figure within the episode without requiring a new etymology or a later biography.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-13-6-8", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:6-8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-13-9-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:9-12", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "linked-designations", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-13-6-8" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts introduces Bar Jesus and uses Elymas for the opponent associated with the proconsul in the same scene.", "limit": "The narrative linkage supports these two source designations; it does not supply an independently verified linguistic derivation." }, { "id": "opposition-and-blindness", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-13-6-8", "a-act-13-9-12" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Elymas opposing the mission and reports blindness after Paul's response.", "limit": "The episode's report does not establish a permanent condition or a subsequent career." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.elymas", "aliases": [ "Bar Jesus", "Elymas" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:6", "ACT 13:8" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:7", "ACT 13:9", "ACT 13:10", "ACT 13:11" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q982942", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-elymas-wikidata-candidate" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "elymas-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:6", "ACT 13:8" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:7", "ACT 13:9", "ACT 13:10", "ACT 13:11" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "paphos", "claimId": "linked-designations" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-elymas" }, { "id": "eutychus", "name": "Eutychus", "summary": "Eutychus appears in the account of a nighttime gathering at Troas while Paul speaks at length. Acts describes the young man falling asleep at a window and falling from the third floor. He is initially described as taken up dead. After Paul's intervention, the narrative later describes him being brought in alive, and the people are comforted. These are the account's successive reports, rather than an independent medical explanation.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-20-6-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:6-12", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "fall-and-recovery", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-20-6-12" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports Eutychus's fall during the Troas gathering, describes him as dead when taken up and later describes the boy being brought in alive.", "limit": "This preserves the narrative's sequence without replacing either report with a speculative diagnosis." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.eutychus", "aliases": [ "Eutychus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:9" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:10", "ACT 20:12" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q3438613", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-eutychus-wikidata-candidate" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "eutychus-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:9" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:10", "ACT 20:12" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "troas", "claimId": "fall-and-recovery" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-eutychus" }, { "id": "herod-tetrarch", "name": "Herod the tetrarch (Acts 13:1)", "summary": "Herod the tetrarch is mentioned in Acts through Manaen, one of the prophets and teachers named at Antioch. The passage identifies Manaen by a foster-brother connection with this Herod. Herod himself is not presented as a member of the Antioch group or as participating in its activity. The reference supplies a personal association and a ruling designation without naming a territory or recounting Herod's career.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-13-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:1", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "manaen-association", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-13-1" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts identifies Manaen through a foster-brother relationship with Herod, whom it designates tetrarch.", "limit": "The relationship does not make Herod a member of the Antioch assembly or establish biological siblinghood." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Herod" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "herod-tetrarch-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-herod-tetrarch" }, { "id": "imperial-appeal-addressee-acts-25-28", "name": "Caesar (the appeal in Acts 25-28)", "summary": "Caesar is the imperial designation used in Acts when Paul appeals beyond the hearing conducted by Festus. The appeal shapes the account's discussion of sending Paul onward and is recalled in later speeches. During the voyage, Paul also reports a message that he must appear before Caesar. These references concern the appeal's imperial addressee; they do not name that ruler personally or narrate a completed imperial hearing.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-25-8-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 25:8-12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-25-21", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 25:21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-26-32", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 26:32", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-27-23-24", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:23-24", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-28-17-19", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 28:17-19", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "imperial-appeal", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-25-8-12", "a-act-25-21" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts records Paul's appeal to Caesar and Festus's decision to send him for the imperial decision.", "limit": "The designation identifies the appeal's imperial addressee without supplying the ruler's personal name." }, { "id": "continuing-appeal-context", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-26-32", "a-act-27-23-24", "a-act-28-17-19" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Later passages in Acts recall the appeal, and Paul's voyage speech reports an expected appearance before Caesar.", "limit": "These references do not themselves describe a completed audience, verdict or acquittal before an emperor." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Caesar" ], "namedVerseKeys": [], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 25:8", "ACT 25:10", "ACT 25:11", "ACT 25:12", "ACT 25:21", "ACT 25:25", "ACT 25:26", "ACT 26:32", "ACT 27:24", "ACT 28:19" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "imperial-appeal-addressee-acts-25-28-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 25:8", "ACT 25:10", "ACT 25:11", "ACT 25:12", "ACT 25:21", "ACT 25:25", "ACT 25:26", "ACT 26:32", "ACT 27:24", "ACT 28:19" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-imperial-appeal-addressee-acts-25-28" }, { "id": "imperial-designation-acts-17-7", "name": "Caesar (the accusation in Acts 17:7)", "summary": "Caesar appears as an imperial designation in the accusation brought before Thessalonica's city rulers. The accusers connect Jason's reception of the visitors with alleged disobedience to imperial decrees and with the proclamation of another king, Jesus. Acts then describes alarm and the taking of security. The reference reports the accusers' political framing; it does not identify the emperor personally or establish the accusation as a judicial finding.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-17-5-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:5-9", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "accusation-invokes-caesar", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-17-5-9" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The accusation in Acts invokes Caesar's decrees while alleging that the visitors proclaim Jesus as another king.", "limit": "This is the reported accusation, not an independently verified violation or a final judicial determination." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Caesar" ], "namedVerseKeys": [], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 17:7" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "imperial-designation-acts-17-7-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 17:7" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-imperial-designation-acts-17-7" }, { "id": "judah-acts-9-11", "name": "Judah (Acts 9:11)", "summary": "Judah is named in Acts through the house where Ananias is directed to inquire for Saul at Damascus. The street is identified as Straight, making the household reference part of the directions in the vision. Judah does not speak or act separately in this scene. The mention locates the requested visit without explaining Judah's relationship to Saul, his religious allegiance or his role in receiving him.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-9-10-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:10-12", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "house-in-directions", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-9-10-12" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names Judah's house in the Damascus directions given to Ananias concerning Saul.", "limit": "The house reference does not by itself identify Judah as a believer, a relative of Saul or a church host." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Judah" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:11" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "judah-acts-9-11-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:11" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "damascus", "claimId": "house-in-directions" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-judah-acts-9-11" }, { "id": "judas-barsabbas", "name": "Judas called Barsabbas", "summary": "Judas called Barsabbas is chosen with Silas to accompany Paul and Barnabas to Antioch after the Jerusalem deliberations. Acts presents the two as trusted messengers who can confirm the written communication orally. It also describes Judas and Silas as prophets whose words encourage the believers. Their service belongs to this mission, and the account later describes their peaceful dismissal without supplying Judas's subsequent career.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-15-22-27", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:22-27", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-15-30-33", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:30-33", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "chosen-messenger", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-15-22-27" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names Judas called Barsabbas with Silas among the leading believers chosen to accompany the mission to Antioch and confirm its message.", "limit": "Their role in this dispatch does not establish a later office or identify Judas with another bearer of the name." }, { "id": "prophetic-encouragement", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-15-30-33" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Judas and Silas as prophets who encourage and strengthen the believers before being dismissed in peace.", "limit": "The shared description does not allocate a separate speech or later destination to Judas." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.judas-barsabbas", "aliases": [ "Barsabbas", "Judas" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 15:22", "ACT 15:27", "ACT 15:32" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 15:23", "ACT 15:30", "ACT 15:33" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q1710870", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-judas-barsabbas-wikidata-candidate" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "judas-barsabbas-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 15:22", "ACT 15:27", "ACT 15:32" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 15:23", "ACT 15:30", "ACT 15:33" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-judas-barsabbas" }, { "id": "archippus", "name": "Archippus", "summary": "Colossians asks that Archippus attend to the ministry he has received, while Philemon includes him among its addressees with an image of shared service. Their overlapping named community supports a connected literary identification. Each notice contributes its own description, without identifying a particular church office, establishing neglect or assigning Archippus ownership of the house mentioned in Philemon.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-col-4-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phm-1-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "identity-context-01", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:9-17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "identity-context-02", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:1-2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "identity-context-03", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "identity-context-04", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:23-24", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "ministry-instruction", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-col-4-17" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Colossians instructs its recipients to tell Archippus to fulfill the ministry he has received in the Lord.", "limit": "The instruction does not identify a particular church office or establish that Archippus had neglected the task." }, { "id": "philemon-addressee", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-phm-1-2" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Philemon addresses Archippus with an image of shared military service.", "limit": "The description is not evidence of literal military enlistment or proof that Archippus owned the house mentioned in the same address." }, { "id": "cross-document-identity", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "reconstructed", "confidence": "medium-high", "supports": [ "a-col-4-17", "a-phm-1-2", "identity-context-01", "identity-context-02", "identity-context-03", "identity-context-04" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The two notices and their overlapping named community support a reconstructed identification of Archippus as one represented literary figure.", "limit": "The notices retain their separate settings; this inference does not independently prove historical identity, a particular office or ownership of a household. Neither passage explicitly identifies its Archippus with the figure in the other letter; each notice retains its own setting and description." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.archippus", "aliases": [ "Archippus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:17", "PHM 1:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:3" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q468856", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-archippus-wikidata-candidate" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "archippus-col", "document": "COL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:17" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "archippus-phm", "document": "PHM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:3" ] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "cross-document-identity", "partitionIds": [ "archippus-col", "archippus-phm" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-archippus" }, { "id": "aretas", "name": "Aretas", "summary": "Aretas is named as a king in Second Corinthians' recollection of an escape from Damascus. The speaker describes a governor under Aretas attempting an arrest, followed by escape through an opening in the city wall. The king serves as the official's point of political reference. The passage does not state that Aretas personally ordered the arrest or explain the extent of his authority in Damascus.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-2co-11-32", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 11:32", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-11-33", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 11:33", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "subordinate-official", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2co-11-32" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Corinthians places the official seeking the speaker's arrest under King Aretas.", "limit": "The relation does not establish that Aretas personally initiated the action or exercised complete rule over Damascus." }, { "id": "escape-account", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2co-11-32", "a-2co-11-33" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The account continues with an escape by basket through an opening in the wall.", "limit": "The king is not described as being present at the attempted arrest or escape." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.aretas", "aliases": [ "Aretas" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2CO 11:32" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "aretas-2co", "document": "2CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2CO 11:32" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "damascus", "claimId": "subordinate-official" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-aretas" }, { "id": "aristarchus", "name": "Aristarchus", "summary": "Acts presents Aristarchus as a Macedonian and Thessalonian companion associated with the Ephesian disturbance and a voyage beside Paul. Colossians describes him as a fellow prisoner, and Philemon includes him among coworkers. The overlapping named associates support a connected literary identification while each account retains its own claims. The voyage does not itself identify Aristarchus as a prisoner.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-19-29", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:29", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-20-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-27-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-col-4-10", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phm-1-24", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:24", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "identity-context-01", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:10-14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "identity-context-02", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "identity-context-03", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:23-24", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "acts-travel", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-19-29", "a-act-20-4", "a-act-27-2" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts associates Aristarchus with Macedonia and Thessalonica, describes his seizure during the Ephesian disturbance and places him on a voyage with Paul's party.", "limit": "His presence on the voyage does not itself establish that he was a prisoner." }, { "id": "letter-descriptions", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-col-4-10", "a-phm-1-24" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Colossians describes an Aristarchus as a fellow prisoner, while Philemon includes an Aristarchus among the speaker's coworkers.", "limit": "The descriptions belong to separate letters and do not identify a shared imprisonment episode or its date." }, { "id": "cross-document-identity", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "reconstructed", "confidence": "medium-high", "supports": [ "a-act-19-29", "a-act-20-4", "a-act-27-2", "a-col-4-10", "a-phm-1-24", "identity-context-01", "identity-context-02", "identity-context-03" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The repeated travel-companion notices and overlapping letter associates support a reconstructed literary identification of Aristarchus across the three documents.", "limit": "The Acts voyage and the letter's prisoner description remain separate claims; this identification does not establish a shared imprisonment episode, chronology or common authorship. The proposal does not turn each document's roles into an accepted continuous biography or establish common authorship." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.aristarchus", "aliases": [ "Aristarchus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:29", "ACT 20:4", "ACT 27:2", "COL 4:10", "PHM 1:24" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:37", "ACT 20:5", "ACT 20:6", "ACT 27:4", "ACT 27:5", "ACT 27:6", "ACT 27:7", "ACT 27:8", "ACT 27:10", "ACT 27:15", "ACT 27:18", "ACT 27:20", "ACT 27:22", "ACT 27:23", "ACT 27:24", "ACT 27:25", "ACT 27:26", "ACT 27:27", "ACT 27:29", "ACT 27:33", "ACT 27:34", "ACT 27:35", "ACT 27:36", "ACT 27:37", "ACT 27:38", "ACT 27:44", "ACT 28:1", "ACT 28:2", "ACT 28:7", "ACT 28:10", "COL 4:11" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "aristarchus-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:29", "ACT 20:4", "ACT 27:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:37", "ACT 20:5", "ACT 20:6", "ACT 27:4", "ACT 27:5", "ACT 27:6", "ACT 27:7", "ACT 27:8", "ACT 27:10", "ACT 27:15", "ACT 27:18", "ACT 27:20", "ACT 27:22", "ACT 27:23", "ACT 27:24", "ACT 27:25", "ACT 27:26", "ACT 27:27", "ACT 27:29", "ACT 27:33", "ACT 27:34", "ACT 27:35", "ACT 27:36", "ACT 27:37", "ACT 27:38", "ACT 27:44", "ACT 28:1", "ACT 28:2", "ACT 28:7", "ACT 28:10" ] }, { "id": "aristarchus-col", "document": "COL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:11" ] }, { "id": "aristarchus-phm", "document": "PHM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:24" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "cross-document-identity", "partitionIds": [ "aristarchus-act", "aristarchus-col", "aristarchus-phm" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "macedonia", "claimId": "acts-travel" }, { "placeId": "thessalonica", "claimId": "acts-travel" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-aristarchus" }, { "id": "demas", "name": "Demas", "summary": "Colossians and Philemon include Demas in greetings alongside Luke and other associates. Second Timothy also names Demas and Luke, reporting Demas's departure for Thessalonica while Luke remains with the speaker. These correspondences support a connected literary identification. The departure and its explanation remain the letter's account, without supplying a permanent apostasy, later restoration or a complete personal history.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-col-4-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phm-1-24", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:24", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2ti-4-10", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "identity-context-01", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:10-11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "identity-context-02", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:23-24", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "greetings-and-work", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-col-4-14", "a-phm-1-24" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Colossians includes Demas among greeting senders; Philemon includes Demas among the speaker's coworkers.", "limit": "Luke's physician designation in Colossians is not applied to Demas, and no shared office is specified." }, { "id": "timothy-departure", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2ti-4-10" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy reports that Demas left the speaker for Thessalonica and attributes the departure to love for the present world.", "limit": "This records the letter's explanation, not an independently established motive, permanent apostasy or later outcome." }, { "id": "cross-document-identity", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "reconstructed", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-col-4-14", "a-2ti-4-10", "a-phm-1-24", "identity-context-01", "identity-context-02" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The recurring Luke/Demas pairing and overlapping named associates support identifying Demas as one represented literary figure across the three letters.", "limit": "The identification does not independently establish the letters' relative dates, their authorship or the historical truth of the speaker's account of Demas's motives. The proposal does not establish the letters' relative dates, authorship or a complete account of Demas's beliefs." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.demas", "aliases": [ "Demas" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:14", "2TI 4:10", "PHM 1:24" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "demas-col", "document": "COL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "demas-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "demas-phm", "document": "PHM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:24" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "cross-document-identity", "partitionIds": [ "demas-col", "demas-2ti", "demas-phm" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "thessalonica", "claimId": "timothy-departure" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-demas" }, { "id": "erastus", "name": "Erastus (Acts 19:22)", "summary": "Erastus is named with Timothy in Acts as one of two people sent into Macedonia while Paul remains in Asia. Their dispatch follows Paul's stated intention to travel through Macedonia and Achaia. Erastus is presented through this practical service to the mission, not through a civic title. The notice does not identify him with the Erastus greeted in Romans, the one mentioned in Second Timothy or a person named on an inscription.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-19-22", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:22", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "macedonia-dispatch", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-19-22" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports Paul sending Timothy and Erastus, described as serving him, into Macedonia while he remains in Asia.", "limit": "The verse does not state what they did after arrival or give Erastus a civic office." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.erastus", "aliases": [ "Erastus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:22" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "erastus-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:22" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "macedonia", "claimId": "macedonia-dispatch" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-erastus" }, { "id": "erastus-2timothy-4-20", "name": "Erastus (2 Timothy 4:20)", "summary": "Second Timothy names Erastus in a short report that he remained at Corinth. The same verse gives a different location and circumstance for Trophimus, who was left ill at Miletus. Erastus's notice supplies a location within the letter's closing communications, without explaining why he stayed. It neither assigns him Trophimus's illness nor establishes his identity with the Erastus of Acts, Romans or an inscription.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-2ti-4-20", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:20", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "corinth-stay", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2ti-4-20" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy reports that Erastus remained at Corinth.", "limit": "The verse does not explain the reason, length or result of the stay; its illness report concerns Trophimus instead." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.erastus", "aliases": [ "Erastus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:20" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "erastus-2timothy-4-20-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:20" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "corinth", "claimId": "corinth-stay" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-erastus-2timothy-4-20" }, { "id": "erastus-romans-16-23", "name": "Erastus (Romans 16:23)", "summary": "Erastus sends greetings in Romans with a description of responsibility for the city's finances. His mention appears alongside Gaius's hospitality and Quartus's greeting, giving each person a different description. The civic role belongs to this Erastus within the letter's account. The verse does not name the city, specify the office's full legal duties or identify its holder with a similarly named person in another document or inscription.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-16-23", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:23", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "civic-greeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-23" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans includes Erastus among greeting senders and calls him the city's treasurer.", "limit": "The English title does not by itself establish a precise ancient office equivalence or an identification with an inscribed officeholder." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.erastus", "aliases": [ "Erastus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:23" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "erastus-romans-16-23-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:23" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-erastus-romans-16-23" }, { "id": "gaius-1corinthians-1-14", "name": "Gaius (1 Corinthians 1:14)", "summary": "First Corinthians recalls Gaius as one of the people Paul baptized, naming him alongside Crispus. The recollection belongs to an argument against divisions organized around prominent figures and against treating baptism as personal allegiance to Paul. Gaius is not assigned a leadership role in this discussion. The passage does not identify him with the host in Romans or with either Gaius in the Acts travel accounts.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-1co-1-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-1-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-1-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-1-13", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-1-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:15", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "baptism-recollection", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-1-1", "a-1co-1-14" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Corinthians recalls Paul baptizing Gaius and Crispus.", "limit": "The recollection does not establish a date, household composition or identity with another named Gaius." }, { "id": "division-context", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-1-12", "a-1co-1-13", "a-1co-1-14", "a-1co-1-15" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The recollection addresses the risk of treating baptism as allegiance to the person who administered it.", "limit": "This is the letter's argument about divided loyalties, not a separate accusation against Gaius." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.gaius", "aliases": [ "Gaius" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 1:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "gaius-1corinthians-1-14-1co", "document": "1CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 1:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-gaius-1corinthians-1-14" }, { "id": "gaius-acts-19-29", "name": "Gaius (Acts 19:29)", "summary": "Acts names Gaius with Aristarchus among Paul's travel companions seized during the Ephesian disturbance. The two men are described as Macedonians and are taken into the theater as the city falls into confusion. This Gaius is presented through a dangerous episode in the mission narrative. The passage does not identify him with the Gaius associated with Derbe in the later travel list or with a Gaius in the letters.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-19-29", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:29", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "seized-companion", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-19-29" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Gaius and Aristarchus as Macedonian travel companions of Paul who are seized and taken into the theater during the disturbance.", "limit": "The regional description does not specify a birthplace or establish identity with another Gaius." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.gaius", "aliases": [ "Gaius" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:29" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:37" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "gaius-acts-19-29-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:29" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:37" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "macedonia", "claimId": "seized-companion" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-gaius-acts-19-29" }, { "id": "gaius-acts-20-4", "name": "Gaius (Acts 20:4)", "summary": "Gaius appears in Acts' travel list with an association to Derbe. He is named among the companions accompanying Paul toward Asia, and the group then goes ahead to wait at Troas. The notice gives Gaius a place within a traveling party without describing an individual assignment. Its Derbe association is retained separately from the Macedonian Gaius in the earlier disturbance account.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-20-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-20-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:5", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "derbe-companion", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-20-4" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts lists Gaius of Derbe among the people accompanying Paul toward Asia.", "limit": "The association with Derbe does not establish a birthplace or equate him with the Macedonian Gaius of Acts 19:29." }, { "id": "group-ahead", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-20-4", "a-act-20-5" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The next verse describes the listed companions going ahead and waiting at Troas.", "limit": "This is a group action, not a separately described mission or itinerary for Gaius alone." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.gaius", "aliases": [ "Gaius" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:4" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:5", "ACT 20:6" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "gaius-acts-20-4-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:4" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:5", "ACT 20:6" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "derbe", "claimId": "derbe-companion" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-gaius-acts-20-4" }, { "id": "gaius-romans-16-23", "name": "Gaius (Romans 16:23)", "summary": "Romans includes a greeting from Gaius and describes him as host both to the speaker and to the whole assembly. Hospitality is the personal contribution attached to his name in this verse. The description connects an individual with practical support for communal life, but it does not specify the building or identify the city. It also leaves his relationship to the other Gaius notices unestablished.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-1-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-16-23", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:23", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "host-greeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-1-1", "a-rom-16-23" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans presents Gaius as the host of its speaker, Paul, and of the whole assembly, and includes his greeting.", "limit": "The wording does not prove ownership of a particular building or identify this Gaius with another biblical namesake." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.gaius", "aliases": [ "Gaius" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:23" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "gaius-romans-16-23-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:23" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "gaius-romans-host-of-paul", "targetPersonId": "paul", "predicate": "host-of", "claimId": "host-greeting" } ], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-gaius-romans-16-23" }, { "id": "hymenaeus-1timothy-1-20", "name": "Hymenaeus (1 Timothy 1:20)", "summary": "First Timothy names Hymenaeus with Alexander while warning about the abandonment of faith and a good conscience. The speaker describes a severe disciplinary action involving Satan and states a corrective purpose concerning blasphemy. Hymenaeus is presented through this judgment within the letter, not through his own account. The passage does not identify him with the Hymenaeus criticized for a resurrection teaching in Second Timothy.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-1ti-1-19", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Timothy 1:19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1ti-1-20", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Timothy 1:20", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "disciplinary-example", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1ti-1-19", "a-1ti-1-20" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Timothy names Hymenaeus and Alexander as examples within its warning about faith and conscience.", "limit": "The named pairing does not establish identity with another Alexander or the Hymenaeus of Second Timothy." }, { "id": "corrective-purpose", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1ti-1-20" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The speaker describes disciplinary action involving Satan with the stated purpose that the men learn to stop blaspheming.", "limit": "The passage does not report the outcome or authorize a reconstructed account of the men's later lives." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Hymenaeus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "1TI 1:20" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "1TI 1:19" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "hymenaeus-1timothy-1-20-1ti", "document": "1TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1TI 1:20" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "1TI 1:19" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-hymenaeus-1timothy-1-20" }, { "id": "hymenaeus-2timothy-2-17", "name": "Hymenaeus (2 Timothy 2:17)", "summary": "Second Timothy names Hymenaeus with Philetus in a warning about destructive speech. The following verse attributes to the men a claim that resurrection has already occurred and says that this teaching undermines some people's faith. The notice identifies a criticized teaching and its alleged effect, without giving the men's full argument. It does not explicitly equate this Hymenaeus with the person disciplined in First Timothy.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-2ti-2-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 2:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2ti-2-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 2:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2ti-2-18", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 2:18", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "named-warning", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2ti-2-16", "a-2ti-2-17" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy identifies Hymenaeus and Philetus as examples in its warning about destructive teaching.", "limit": "The warning is the letter's evaluation and does not establish a formal school or a complete biography." }, { "id": "resurrection-teaching", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2ti-2-17", "a-2ti-2-18" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The next verse attributes to the pair the claim that resurrection is already past and says that some people's faith is unsettled.", "limit": "The passage does not preserve their detailed explanation or explicitly connect Hymenaeus with the First Timothy subject." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Hymenaeus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 2:17" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2TI 2:18" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "hymenaeus-2timothy-2-17-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 2:17" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2TI 2:18" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-hymenaeus-2timothy-2-17" }, { "id": "jason", "name": "Jason (Acts 17)", "summary": "Jason is drawn into the Thessalonian conflict in Acts when a crowd attacks his house while seeking the missionaries. Jason and other believers are brought before the city authorities, where the accusers say he received the men and connect their message with a rival claim to kingship. The authorities obtain security and release them. This narrative subject remains distinct from the Jason sending greetings in Romans.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-17-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-17-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-17-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-17-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-17-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:1", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "house-and-accusation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-17-5", "a-act-17-6", "a-act-17-7" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes an attack on Jason's house and his removal with other believers before the authorities; the accusers say that he received the missionaries.", "limit": "The accusation is reported as speech within the narrative, not independent corroboration of every charge or a reason to blame all Jewish people." }, { "id": "security-and-release", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-17-9" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The authorities take security from Jason and the others before releasing them.", "limit": "The passage does not give the amount, full legal conditions or a later outcome for Jason." }, { "id": "thessalonian-setting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-17-1", "a-act-17-5", "a-act-17-9" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The episode occurs within the narrative's Thessalonian visit.", "limit": "The setting does not prove Jason's birthplace or permanent residence." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.jason", "aliases": [ "Jason" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 17:5", "ACT 17:6", "ACT 17:7", "ACT 17:9" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "jason-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 17:5", "ACT 17:6", "ACT 17:7", "ACT 17:9" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "thessalonica", "claimId": "thessalonian-setting" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-jason" }, { "id": "jason-romans-16-21", "name": "Jason (Romans 16:21)", "summary": "Jason sends greetings in Romans alongside Timothy, Lucius and Sosipater. The verse describes Jason with the kinship language also attached to Lucius and Sosipater, while Timothy receives a coworker designation. Jason's notice places him within the letter's circle of greeting senders. It does not explain the degree of kinship or identify him with the Jason whose house becomes a focus of conflict in Acts.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-16-21", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:21", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "kinship-greeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-21" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans includes Jason among greeting senders and describes him through kinship language.", "limit": "The wording need not establish a close family relationship and does not transfer Timothy's individual coworker description to Jason." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.jason", "aliases": [ "Jason" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "jason-romans-16-21-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-jason-romans-16-21" }, { "id": "jesus-justus-colossians-4-11", "name": "Jesus called Justus (Colossians 4:11)", "summary": "Colossians names a Jesus who is also called Justus among its greeting senders and coworkers. The passage places him with workers identified through circumcision and credits the group with bringing comfort to the speaker. The additional name distinguishes this person within the greeting. It does not identify him with Jesus Christ or with the Justus whose house appears in the Corinthian narrative of Acts.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-col-4-11", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-col-1-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-col-4-10", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:10", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "paired-names", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-col-4-11" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Colossians explicitly presents Jesus and Justus as names for the same person in this greeting.", "limit": "The alias belongs to this passage and does not connect the subject with Jesus Christ or another person called Justus." }, { "id": "coworker-and-comfort", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-col-1-1", "a-col-4-10", "a-col-4-11" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letter includes Jesus called Justus among circumcised coworkers for God's kingdom who have brought comfort to its speaker, Paul.", "limit": "The group commendation does not specify an individual task, a particular office or a broader account of Jewish Christian workers." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Jesus", "Justus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:11" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q6188194", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-jesus-justus-colossians-4-11-wikidata-candidate" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "jesus-justus-colossians-4-11-col", "document": "COL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:11" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "jesus-justus-coworker-of-paul", "targetPersonId": "paul", "predicate": "coworker-of", "claimId": "coworker-and-comfort" } ], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-jesus-justus-colossians-4-11" }, { "id": "lois", "name": "Lois", "summary": "Lois is named as Timothy's grandmother in Second Timothy's recollection of sincere faith within his family. The letter places that faith first in Lois and in Timothy's mother Eunice before expressing confidence about Timothy himself. The notice emphasizes continuity of faith across generations. It does not narrate Lois's conversion, identify her husband or explicitly state that she was Eunice's mother.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-2ti-1-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 1:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2ti-1-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 1:5", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "grandmother-and-faith", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2ti-1-2", "a-2ti-1-5" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy calls Lois the recipient's grandmother and recalls sincere faith in her alongside faith in his mother Eunice.", "limit": "The relationship is explicit, but the verse does not identify which side of the family Lois belonged to or describe a conversion sequence." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.lois", "aliases": [ "Lois" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 1:5" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q25344412", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-lois-wikidata-candidate" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "lois-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 1:5" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-lois" }, { "id": "lucius-cyrene", "name": "Lucius of Cyrene", "summary": "Acts names Lucius of Cyrene among the prophets and teachers in the Antioch assembly. He appears with Barnabas, Simeon, Manaen and Saul in the setting that leads into the commissioning of Barnabas and Saul. The group description places Lucius within the community's recognized ministry without separating his particular activity. The Cyrene association is retained without turning it into a birthplace claim or identifying him with Luke or the Lucius in Romans.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-13-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:1", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "antioch-ministry-group", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-13-1" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts includes Lucius of Cyrene among prophets and teachers in the Antioch assembly.", "limit": "The collective description does not establish whether Lucius exercised one named role, both roles or a particular leadership office." }, { "id": "cyrene-association", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-13-1" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The name is accompanied by an association with Cyrene.", "limit": "The description does not prove a birthplace or identify this Lucius with Luke or the Romans greeting sender." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Lucius" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:2" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "lucius-cyrene-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:2" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "antioch", "claimId": "antioch-ministry-group" }, { "placeId": "cyrene", "claimId": "cyrene-association" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-lucius-cyrene" }, { "id": "lucius-romans-16-21", "name": "Lucius (Romans 16:21)", "summary": "Lucius is one of the greeting senders near the close of Romans, named with Timothy, Jason and Sosipater. The verse associates Lucius, Jason and Sosipater with the speaker through kinship language. It supplies no separate work assignment or place of origin for Lucius. The shared personal name does not establish that he is the Lucius associated with Cyrene in Acts, and it does not make him Luke.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-16-21", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:21", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "kinship-greeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-21" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans names Lucius among greeting senders and describes him through kinship language.", "limit": "The verse does not specify a close family relationship, establish a birthplace or identify him with another Lucius or with Luke." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Lucius" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "lucius-romans-16-21-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-lucius-romans-16-21" }, { "id": "lydia", "name": "Lydia", "summary": "Acts introduces Lydia as a seller of purple associated with Thyatira who listens to Paul at the Philippian prayer gathering. The narrative attributes her receptiveness to the Lord, then describes her household's baptism and her successful invitation to the travelers. After the prison episode, the missionaries return to Lydia's house and encourage believers there. These scenes show hospitality and community connection without establishing a formal church office or a complete account of her prior religious status.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-16-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-16-13", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-16-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-16-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-16-40", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:40", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "trade-and-response", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-16-12", "a-act-16-13", "a-act-16-14" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Lydia as a seller of purple from Thyatira, a worshiper of God who listens to Paul in the Philippian setting.", "limit": "The occupation does not establish wealth, enslavement status or membership in a particular guild, and worshiping God does not by itself settle a formal proselyte category." }, { "id": "baptism-and-hospitality", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-16-14", "a-act-16-15" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The narrative describes Lydia and her household being baptized, followed by her invitation persuading Paul's party to stay at her house.", "limit": "The household's members and ages are not given; the invitation does not identify a church office or prove ownership arrangements." }, { "id": "house-after-prison", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-16-40" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes a return to Lydia's house after the prison episode, where the visitors encourage believers before leaving.", "limit": "The meeting does not identify Lydia as a presbyter, bishop or permanent leader of every Philippian believer." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.lydia", "aliases": [ "Lydia" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:14", "ACT 16:40" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:15" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q292282", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-lydia-wikidata-candidate" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "lydia-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:14", "ACT 16:40" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:15" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "lydia-host-of-paul", "targetPersonId": "paul", "predicate": "host-of", "claimId": "baptism-and-hospitality" } ], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "thyatira", "claimId": "trade-and-response" }, { "placeId": "philippi", "claimId": "trade-and-response" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-lydia" }, { "id": "apollos", "name": "Apollos (Acts)", "summary": "Acts introduces Apollos as a Jewish speaker of Alexandrian background who arrives at Ephesus with strong knowledge of Scripture. Priscilla and Aquila give him further private instruction. He then receives encouragement for a journey to Achaia, where the narrative values his help and scriptural argument about Jesus. Acts subsequently places him at Corinth. His portrayal combines learning, instruction and public advocacy.", "anchors": [ { "id": "ephesus-profile", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:24-25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "private-instruction", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:26", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "achaia-and-corinth", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:27-19:1", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "scriptural-speaker", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "ephesus-profile" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Apollos as a Jewish speaker of Alexandrian background who arrives at Ephesus skilled in Scripture and teaching accurately about Jesus, although his baptismal knowledge extends only to John's baptism.", "limit": "The description gives an origin association, not an exact birthplace or an account of his education." }, { "id": "further-instruction", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "private-instruction" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Priscilla and Aquila take Apollos aside and explain the way of God to him with greater precision.", "limit": "The private explanation does not establish a formal teaching office or a conversion ceremony." }, { "id": "achaia-service", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "achaia-and-corinth" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Apollos's journey to Achaia, his help to believers and his public scriptural case concerning Jesus, then places him at Corinth.", "limit": "The Apollos notices in First Corinthians and Titus have their own settings; this episode alone does not establish their relation to the Acts figure." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.apollos", "aliases": [ "Apollos" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:24", "ACT 19:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:25", "ACT 18:26", "ACT 18:27", "ACT 18:28" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q335114", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-apollos-q335114-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "apollos-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:24", "ACT 19:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:25", "ACT 18:26", "ACT 18:27", "ACT 18:28" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "alexandria", "claimId": "scriptural-speaker" }, { "placeId": "ephesus", "claimId": "scriptural-speaker" }, { "placeId": "achaia", "claimId": "achaia-service" }, { "placeId": "corinth", "claimId": "achaia-service" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-apollos" }, { "id": "apollos-1corinthians", "name": "Apollos (1 Corinthians)", "summary": "First Corinthians invokes Apollos in its criticism of competing personal loyalties, then presents his work alongside Paul's through an agricultural comparison. The letter also uses the two men as examples in teaching against pride. Near the close, the speaker reports urging Apollos to visit, while explaining that the visit has been postponed. These passages distinguish shared service from the rivalry attached to their names.", "anchors": [ { "id": "party-slogans", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:12-13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "shared-service", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 3:4-9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "belonging-and-example", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 3:21-4:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "proposed-visit", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 16:12", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "service-against-rivalry", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "party-slogans", "shared-service", "belonging-and-example" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Corinthians rejects rivalry around Apollos and Paul, describing them as servants with complementary work and using them as examples against pride.", "limit": "The farming comparison describes their contributions to the community; it is not a literal agricultural occupation." }, { "id": "visit-postponed", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "proposed-visit" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The speaker says he strongly encouraged Apollos to visit with other believers, but reports a postponement until a suitable opportunity.", "limit": "The passage does not explain Apollos's reason or turn the postponement into a personal dispute with Paul." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Apollos" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 1:12", "1CO 3:4", "1CO 3:5", "1CO 3:6", "1CO 3:22", "1CO 4:6", "1CO 16:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "1CO 3:7", "1CO 3:8", "1CO 3:9", "1CO 4:1" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "apollos-1corinthians-1co", "document": "1CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 1:12", "1CO 3:4", "1CO 3:5", "1CO 3:6", "1CO 3:22", "1CO 4:6", "1CO 16:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "1CO 3:7", "1CO 3:8", "1CO 3:9", "1CO 4:1" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "apollos-corinthian-coworker-of-paul", "targetPersonId": "paul", "predicate": "coworker-of", "claimId": "service-against-rivalry" } ], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-apollos-1corinthians" }, { "id": "apollos-titus-3-13", "name": "Apollos (Titus 3:13)", "summary": "Titus names Apollos together with Zenas in an instruction to provide for their onward journey. The request emphasizes prompt assistance and adequate supplies, then connects practical help with the community's learning to meet necessary needs. Apollos appears here as a traveller who should receive support. The passage gives no destination or completed itinerary, and assigns him no separate title in the instruction.", "anchors": [ { "id": "travel-support", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 3:13-14", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "support-for-journey", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "travel-support" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Titus asks its recipient to help Apollos and Zenas continue their journey with their needs provided for.", "limit": "The request does not identify a destination, report completion of the journey or give Apollos Zenas's professional designation." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Apollos" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "TIT 3:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "apollos-titus-3-13-tit", "document": "TIT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "TIT 3:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-apollos-titus-3-13" }, { "id": "aquila", "name": "Aquila", "summary": "Acts introduces Aquila as a Jewish man associated with Pontus, newly arrived from Italy alongside Priscilla, his wife. Paul stays and works with them, and the couple later helps instruct Apollos. Romans, First Corinthians and Second Timothy also name Aquila in greetings beside Prisca or Priscilla. Those letters recall shared work, personal risk and a household congregation, adding distinct views of this network of service.", "anchors": [ { "id": "corinth-household", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:1-3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "travel-and-instruction", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:18-26", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "romans-coworkers", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:3-5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "corinthian-greeting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 16:19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "timothy-greeting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:19", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "household-and-work", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "corinth-household" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts introduces Aquila with his wife Priscilla, associates him with Pontus and recent travel from Italy, and describes Paul living and working with them at Corinth.", "limit": "The regional description does not give Aquila an exact birthplace, and the expulsion notice is not a conversion account." }, { "id": "apollos-instruction", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "travel-and-instruction" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places Aquila and Priscilla in Paul's travel company and describes the pair giving Apollos further private instruction.", "limit": "The explanation to Apollos does not establish a formal school or an ecclesiastical office." }, { "id": "letter-greetings", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "romans-coworkers", "corinthian-greeting", "timothy-greeting" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans calls Aquila and Prisca coworkers who risked themselves for the speaker; First Corinthians greets with Aquila, Priscilla and their household congregation, while Second Timothy greets Aquila and Prisca.", "limit": "The different documents retain their own settings; a greeting alone supplies no visit by the letter's speaker." }, { "id": "aquila-shared-literary-subject", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "reconstructed", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "corinth-household", "travel-and-instruction", "romans-coworkers", "corinthian-greeting", "timothy-greeting" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The four documents name Aquila in a closely matching service network and consistently pair him with Priscilla or Prisca. This supports a proposed shared literary subject while preserving each document's distinct testimony.", "limit": "This identifies the represented literary subject while retaining every document partition and attributed claim. It does not independently prove historical events, determine composition or authorship, or carry an authority binding." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.aquila", "aliases": [ "Aquila" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:2", "ACT 18:18", "ACT 18:26", "ROM 16:3", "1CO 16:19", "2TI 4:19" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:3", "ACT 18:19", "ROM 16:4", "ROM 16:5" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "aquila-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:2", "ACT 18:18", "ACT 18:26" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:3", "ACT 18:19" ] }, { "id": "aquila-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:3" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:4", "ROM 16:5" ] }, { "id": "aquila-1co", "document": "1CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 16:19" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "aquila-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:19" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "aquila-shared-literary-subject", "partitionIds": [ "aquila-act", "aquila-rom", "aquila-1co", "aquila-2ti" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "aquila-spouse-of-priscilla", "targetPersonId": "priscilla", "predicate": "spouse-of", "claimId": "household-and-work" }, { "id": "aquila-host-of-paul", "targetPersonId": "paul", "predicate": "host-of", "claimId": "household-and-work" }, { "id": "aquila-teacher-of-apollos", "targetPersonId": "apollos", "predicate": "teacher-of", "claimId": "apollos-instruction" }, { "id": "aquila-coworker-of-paul", "targetPersonId": "paul", "predicate": "coworker-of", "claimId": "letter-greetings" } ], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "pontus", "claimId": "household-and-work" }, { "placeId": "italia", "claimId": "household-and-work" }, { "placeId": "corinth", "claimId": "household-and-work" }, { "placeId": "ephesus", "claimId": "apollos-instruction" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-aquila" }, { "id": "barnabas", "name": "Barnabas", "summary": "Acts presents Barnabas as a bridge between Saul and other believers and as an important partner in the Antioch mission. It also recounts his later separation from Paul over John Mark. The letters recall Barnabas in discussions of missionary work, agreement and table fellowship, while Colossians names him in a family identification for Mark. These portrayals preserve several roles rather than reducing him to a single journey.", "anchors": [ { "id": "saul-introduction", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:27", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "antioch-service", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 11:22-26", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "mission-partnership", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:1-4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "john-mark-disagreement", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:36-39", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "work-rights", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 9:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "galatian-partnership", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 2:1-9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "table-dispute", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 2:11-14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "colossian-kinship", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:10", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "acts-mission-partner", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "saul-introduction", "antioch-service", "mission-partnership" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Barnabas introducing Saul to the apostles, serving at Antioch and entering a shared mission with Saul.", "limit": "Acts' paired service supports a coworker relationship without supplying a complete itinerary for either man." }, { "id": "distinct-conflict-scenes", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "john-mark-disagreement", "table-dispute" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports Barnabas and Paul separating over John Mark, whereas Galatians criticizes Barnabas's participation in withdrawal from shared meals.", "limit": "These are different episodes and reasons for criticism; neither should be substituted for the other." }, { "id": "letter-network", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "work-rights", "galatian-partnership", "colossian-kinship" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letters associate Barnabas with Paul in missionary rights and agreement, and Colossians identifies its Mark as Barnabas's cousin.", "limit": "The Colossians family description does not by itself identify that Mark with the John Mark of Acts." }, { "id": "barnabas-shared-literary-subject", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "reconstructed", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "saul-introduction", "antioch-service", "mission-partnership", "john-mark-disagreement", "work-rights", "galatian-partnership", "table-dispute", "colossian-kinship" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts, First Corinthians and Galatians present Barnabas in a distinctive partnership with Paul; Colossians places the name in the related Mark network. These compatible textual roles support a shared-subject proposal without merging the separate Mark records.", "limit": "This identifies the represented literary subject while retaining every document partition and attributed claim. It does not independently prove historical events, determine composition or authorship, or carry an authority binding." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.barnabas", "aliases": [ "Barnabas" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:27", "ACT 11:22", "ACT 11:25", "ACT 11:30", "ACT 12:25", "ACT 13:1", "ACT 13:2", "ACT 13:7", "ACT 13:43", "ACT 13:46", "ACT 13:50", "ACT 14:12", "ACT 14:14", "ACT 14:20", "ACT 15:2", "ACT 15:12", "ACT 15:22", "ACT 15:25", "ACT 15:35", "ACT 15:36", "ACT 15:37", "ACT 15:39", "1CO 9:6", "GAL 2:1", "GAL 2:9", "GAL 2:13", "COL 4:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 11:23", "ACT 11:24", "ACT 11:26", "ACT 13:3", "ACT 13:4", "ACT 13:5", "ACT 13:6", "ACT 13:8", "ACT 13:13", "ACT 13:14", "ACT 13:15", "ACT 13:47", "ACT 13:51", "ACT 14:1", "ACT 14:3", "ACT 14:4", "ACT 14:5", "ACT 14:6", "ACT 14:7", "ACT 14:11", "ACT 14:15", "ACT 14:16", "ACT 14:17", "ACT 14:18", "ACT 14:21", "ACT 14:22", "ACT 14:23", "ACT 14:24", "ACT 14:25", "ACT 14:26", "ACT 14:27", "ACT 14:28", "ACT 15:3", "ACT 15:4", "ACT 15:13", "ACT 15:26", "ACT 15:30", "ACT 15:38", "GAL 2:10", "GAL 2:14" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "barnabas-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:27", "ACT 11:22", "ACT 11:25", "ACT 11:30", "ACT 12:25", "ACT 13:1", "ACT 13:2", "ACT 13:7", "ACT 13:43", "ACT 13:46", "ACT 13:50", "ACT 14:12", "ACT 14:14", "ACT 14:20", "ACT 15:2", "ACT 15:12", "ACT 15:22", "ACT 15:25", "ACT 15:35", "ACT 15:36", "ACT 15:37", "ACT 15:39" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 11:23", "ACT 11:24", "ACT 11:26", "ACT 13:3", "ACT 13:4", "ACT 13:5", "ACT 13:6", "ACT 13:8", "ACT 13:13", "ACT 13:14", "ACT 13:15", "ACT 13:47", "ACT 13:51", "ACT 14:1", "ACT 14:3", "ACT 14:4", "ACT 14:5", "ACT 14:6", "ACT 14:7", "ACT 14:11", "ACT 14:15", "ACT 14:16", "ACT 14:17", "ACT 14:18", "ACT 14:21", "ACT 14:22", "ACT 14:23", "ACT 14:24", "ACT 14:25", "ACT 14:26", "ACT 14:27", "ACT 14:28", "ACT 15:3", "ACT 15:4", "ACT 15:13", "ACT 15:26", "ACT 15:30", "ACT 15:38" ] }, { "id": "barnabas-1co", "document": "1CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 9:6" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "barnabas-gal", "document": "GAL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "GAL 2:1", "GAL 2:9", "GAL 2:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "GAL 2:10", "GAL 2:14" ] }, { "id": "barnabas-col", "document": "COL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "barnabas-shared-literary-subject", "partitionIds": [ "barnabas-act", "barnabas-1co", "barnabas-gal", "barnabas-col" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "barnabas-coworker-of-paul", "targetPersonId": "paul", "predicate": "coworker-of", "claimId": "acts-mission-partner" } ], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "antioch", "claimId": "acts-mission-partner" }, { "placeId": "cyprus", "claimId": "distinct-conflict-scenes" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-barnabas" }, { "id": "james", "name": "James (Jerusalem, Acts)", "summary": "James appears in Acts as a person who should receive Peter's report after the prison escape, as a speaker in the Jerusalem discussion about Gentile believers, and as a participant in Paul's later meeting with the elders. These scenes give him a prominent place in the Jerusalem community. They do not supply the family identification attached to James in Galatians or recount the death of John's brother.", "anchors": [ { "id": "peter-message", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 12:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "jerusalem-speech", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:13-21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "paul-and-elders", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:17-25", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "recipient-of-report", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "peter-message" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts has Peter ask that the account of his escape be reported to James and the other believers.", "limit": "The request names James but does not state his parentage." }, { "id": "gentile-discussion", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "jerusalem-speech" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts presents James responding to the Gentile mission reports and proposing practical requirements for Gentile believers.", "limit": "His speech is part of the meeting's discussion, not an independent account of every community's practice." }, { "id": "jerusalem-meeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "paul-and-elders" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places James with the elders when Paul meets them at Jerusalem and reports his work among Gentiles.", "limit": "This scene does not itself identify James as Jesus's brother." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.james", "aliases": [ "James" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 12:17", "ACT 15:13", "ACT 21:18" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 15:14", "ACT 15:15", "ACT 15:16", "ACT 15:17", "ACT 15:18", "ACT 15:19", "ACT 15:20", "ACT 15:21", "ACT 21:19", "ACT 21:20", "ACT 21:21", "ACT 21:22", "ACT 21:23", "ACT 21:24", "ACT 21:25" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q26925", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-james-q26925-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "james-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 12:17", "ACT 15:13", "ACT 21:18" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 15:14", "ACT 15:15", "ACT 15:16", "ACT 15:17", "ACT 15:18", "ACT 15:19", "ACT 15:20", "ACT 15:21", "ACT 21:19", "ACT 21:20", "ACT 21:21", "ACT 21:22", "ACT 21:23", "ACT 21:24", "ACT 21:25" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "jerusalem", "claimId": "jerusalem-meeting" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-james" }, { "id": "james-1corinthians-15-7", "name": "James (1 Corinthians 15:7)", "summary": "First Corinthians names James in its sequence of appearances of the risen Christ. His place follows the report concerning a larger group and precedes the reference to all the apostles. The list contributes to the letter's case for resurrection and to the speaker's account of received proclamation. James is identified only by his name in this notice, without a family description or a location.", "anchors": [ { "id": "appearance-sequence", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 15:3-8", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "appearance-recipient", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "appearance-sequence" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Corinthians reports an appearance of the risen Christ to James within its sequence of witnesses.", "limit": "The notice does not identify his family, give a location or independently equate him with a James in Acts or Galatians." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "James" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 15:7" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "james-1corinthians-15-7-1co", "document": "1CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 15:7" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-james-1corinthians-15-7" }, { "id": "james-galatians", "name": "James (Galatians)", "summary": "Galatians identifies James as the Lord's brother during the speaker's account of a Jerusalem visit. It later names him with Cephas and John in an agreement recognizing different fields of mission. James's name also appears when people associated with him arrive before a dispute over table fellowship. The letter distinguishes his recognition of the mission from that later scene; it does not say that he ordered the withdrawal.", "anchors": [ { "id": "lord-identification", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 1:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "jerusalem-visit", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 1:18-19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "mission-agreement", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 2:7-10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "people-from-james", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 2:11-14", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "lords-brother", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "lord-identification", "jerusalem-visit" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Galatians identifies James as the Lord's brother in the account of the speaker's Jerusalem visit.", "limit": "This family identification belongs to Galatians; it does not automatically identify every other New Testament James." }, { "id": "mission-recognition", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "mission-agreement" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Galatians names James with Cephas and John in the recognition of the speaker's and Barnabas's mission.", "limit": "Their agreement does not make the three names interchangeable or assign all of them the same activity." }, { "id": "associated-arrivals", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "people-from-james" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Galatians associates an arriving group with James before describing Peter's withdrawal from meals with Gentiles.", "limit": "The phrase of association does not state that James commanded the withdrawal." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "James" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "GAL 1:19", "GAL 2:9", "GAL 2:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "GAL 2:2", "GAL 2:6", "GAL 2:7", "GAL 2:10" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "james-galatians-gal", "document": "GAL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "GAL 1:19", "GAL 2:9", "GAL 2:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "GAL 2:2", "GAL 2:6", "GAL 2:7", "GAL 2:10" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "james-galatians-sibling-of-jesus", "targetPersonId": "jesus-of-nazareth", "predicate": "sibling-of", "claimId": "lords-brother" } ], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "jerusalem", "claimId": "lords-brother" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-james-galatians" }, { "id": "james-zebedee", "name": "James (John's brother, Acts 12)", "summary": "Acts identifies this James as John's brother and reports that King Herod had him killed by the sword. His death appears within the account of pressure on the believing community, immediately before Peter's detention. The scene gives a specific family distinction and a violent end, separating this James from the later James whom Peter wants informed and who speaks in the Jerusalem discussion.", "anchors": [ { "id": "death-and-brother", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 12:1-3", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "death-of-johns-brother", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "death-and-brother" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports that Herod killed James, identified as John's brother, by the sword.", "limit": "The passage names the sibling relationship but does not name Zebedee as the father." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.james-zebedee", "aliases": [ "James" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 12:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q43999", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-james-zebedee-q43999-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "james-zebedee-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 12:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "james-acts12-sibling-of-john", "targetPersonId": "john-zebedee", "predicate": "sibling-of", "claimId": "death-of-johns-brother" } ], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-james-zebedee" }, { "id": "jesus-of-nazareth", "name": "Jesus of Nazareth", "summary": "Acts and the Pauline letters centre their proclamation and communal life on Jesus. Acts identifies him with Nazareth and recalls his ministry, death and resurrection; the letters invoke him as Christ and Lord in greetings, teaching and hope for the future. Death, resurrection and exaltation are recurring themes, while individual passages use the same person in different narrative and theological settings.", "anchors": [ { "id": "acts-proclamation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 10:36-43", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "romans-opening", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 1:1-7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "corinthian-resurrection", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 15:3-8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "corinthian-identification", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 15:57", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "second-corinthian-opening", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 1:1-3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "galatian-opening", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 1:1-5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "ephesian-opening", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 1:1-5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "philippian-portrait", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 2:5-11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "colossian-opening", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 1:1-4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "first-thessalonian-hope", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 1:9-10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "second-thessalonian-hope", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Thessalonians 1:7-12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "first-timothy-mediator", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Timothy 2:5-6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "second-timothy-salvation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 1:9-10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "titus-salvation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 2:11-14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "philemon-opening", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:1-7", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "acts-message", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "acts-proclamation" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts presents Jesus of Nazareth as the subject of the apostles' proclamation about ministry, death, resurrection and forgiveness.", "limit": "Reports, prayers and invocations of Jesus's name do not imply his ordinary physical presence in every narrated scene." }, { "id": "death-resurrection-exaltation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "corinthian-resurrection", "corinthian-identification", "philippian-portrait" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Corinthians recalls Jesus's death, burial, resurrection and appearances; Philippians presents his obedience and divine exaltation.", "limit": "These are the texts' christological affirmations, preserved in their own literary settings." }, { "id": "lordship-and-community", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "romans-opening", "second-corinthian-opening", "galatian-opening", "ephesian-opening", "colossian-opening", "first-thessalonian-hope", "second-thessalonian-hope", "first-timothy-mediator", "second-timothy-salvation", "titus-salvation", "philemon-opening" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letters invoke Jesus as Christ and Lord in greetings, instruction and accounts of salvation, hope and communal belonging.", "limit": "Their shared personal referent does not erase the different claims and emphases of individual passages." }, { "id": "jesus-of-nazareth-shared-literary-subject", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "acts-proclamation", "romans-opening", "corinthian-resurrection", "corinthian-identification", "second-corinthian-opening", "galatian-opening", "ephesian-opening", "philippian-portrait", "colossian-opening", "first-thessalonian-hope", "second-thessalonian-hope", "first-timothy-mediator", "second-timothy-salvation", "titus-salvation", "philemon-opening" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts explicitly names Jesus of Nazareth and presents him as Christ and Lord. The letters' Jesus Christ or Lord Jesus is the same clearly intended central literary subject, linked with death, resurrection, salvation and communal allegiance; separate documents do not by themselves create an identity dispute.", "limit": "This identifies the represented literary subject while retaining every document partition and attributed claim. It does not independently prove historical events, determine composition or authorship, or carry an authority binding." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.jesus", "aliases": [ "Jesus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 7:59", "ACT 8:12", "ACT 8:16", "ACT 8:35", "ACT 9:5", "ACT 9:27", "ACT 9:29", "ACT 9:34", "ACT 10:36", "ACT 10:38", "ACT 10:48", "ACT 11:17", "ACT 11:20", "ACT 13:33", "ACT 15:11", "ACT 15:26", "ACT 16:18", "ACT 16:31", "ACT 17:3", "ACT 17:7", "ACT 17:18", "ACT 18:5", "ACT 18:25", "ACT 18:28", "ACT 19:4", "ACT 19:5", "ACT 19:10", "ACT 19:13", "ACT 19:15", "ACT 19:17", "ACT 20:21", "ACT 20:24", "ACT 20:35", "ACT 21:13", "ACT 22:8", "ACT 24:24", "ACT 25:19", "ACT 26:9", "ACT 26:15", "ACT 28:23", "ACT 28:31", "ROM 1:1", "ROM 1:4", "ROM 1:6", "ROM 1:7", "ROM 1:8", "ROM 2:16", "ROM 3:22", "ROM 3:24", "ROM 3:26", "ROM 4:24", "ROM 5:1", "ROM 5:11", "ROM 5:15", "ROM 5:17", "ROM 5:21", "ROM 6:3", "ROM 6:11", "ROM 6:23", "ROM 7:25", "ROM 8:1", "ROM 8:2", "ROM 8:11", "ROM 8:39", "ROM 10:9", "ROM 13:14", "ROM 14:14", "ROM 14:24", "ROM 14:26", "ROM 15:5", "ROM 15:6", "ROM 15:16", "ROM 15:17", "ROM 15:30", "ROM 16:3", "ROM 16:18", "ROM 16:20", "ROM 16:24", "1CO 1:1", "1CO 1:2", "1CO 1:3", "1CO 1:4", "1CO 1:7", "1CO 1:8", "1CO 1:9", "1CO 1:10", "1CO 1:30", "1CO 2:2", "1CO 3:11", "1CO 4:15", "1CO 5:4", "1CO 5:5", "1CO 6:11", "1CO 8:6", "1CO 9:1", "1CO 11:23", "1CO 12:3", "1CO 15:31", "1CO 15:57", "1CO 16:22", "1CO 16:23", "1CO 16:24", "2CO 1:1", "2CO 1:2", "2CO 1:3", "2CO 1:14", "2CO 1:19", "2CO 4:5", "2CO 4:6", "2CO 4:10", "2CO 4:11", "2CO 4:14", "2CO 5:18", "2CO 8:9", "2CO 11:31", "2CO 13:5", "2CO 13:14", "GAL 1:1", "GAL 1:3", "GAL 1:12", "GAL 2:4", "GAL 2:16", "GAL 3:1", "GAL 3:14", "GAL 3:22", "GAL 3:26", "GAL 3:28", "GAL 4:14", "GAL 5:6", "GAL 6:14", "GAL 6:15", "GAL 6:17", "GAL 6:18", "EPH 1:1", "EPH 1:2", "EPH 1:3", "EPH 1:5", "EPH 1:15", "EPH 1:17", "EPH 2:6", "EPH 2:7", "EPH 2:10", "EPH 2:13", "EPH 2:20", "EPH 3:1", "EPH 3:6", "EPH 3:9", "EPH 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"document": "COL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 1:1", "COL 1:2", "COL 1:3", "COL 1:4", "COL 1:28", "COL 2:6", "COL 3:17" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "COL 1:7", "COL 1:13", "COL 1:14", "COL 1:15", "COL 1:16", "COL 1:17", "COL 1:18", "COL 1:19", "COL 1:20", "COL 1:22", "COL 1:24", "COL 1:27", "COL 2:2", "COL 2:3", "COL 2:5", "COL 2:7", "COL 2:8", "COL 2:9", "COL 2:10", "COL 2:11", "COL 2:12", "COL 2:13", "COL 2:17", "COL 2:19", "COL 2:20", "COL 3:1", "COL 3:3", "COL 3:4", "COL 3:11", "COL 3:13", "COL 3:16", "COL 3:18", "COL 3:20", "COL 3:23", "COL 3:24", "COL 4:1", "COL 4:3", "COL 4:12" ] }, { "id": "jesus-of-nazareth-1th", "document": "1TH", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1TH 1:1", "1TH 1:3", "1TH 1:10", "1TH 2:14", "1TH 2:15", "1TH 2:19", "1TH 3:11", "1TH 3:13", "1TH 4:1", "1TH 4:2", "1TH 4:14", "1TH 5:9", "1TH 5:18", "1TH 5:23", "1TH 5:28" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "1TH 1:6", "1TH 2:6", "1TH 3:2", "1TH 3:8", "1TH 3:12", "1TH 4:15", "1TH 4:16", "1TH 4:17", "1TH 5:10" ] }, { "id": "jesus-of-nazareth-2th", "document": "2TH", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TH 1:1", "2TH 1:2", "2TH 1:7", "2TH 1:8", "2TH 1:12", "2TH 2:1", "2TH 2:14", "2TH 2:16", "2TH 3:6", "2TH 3:12", "2TH 3:18" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2TH 1:9", "2TH 1:10", "2TH 2:2", "2TH 2:8", "2TH 2:17", "2TH 3:5" ] }, { "id": "jesus-of-nazareth-1ti", "document": "1TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1TI 1:1", "1TI 1:2", "1TI 1:12", "1TI 1:14", "1TI 1:15", "1TI 1:16", "1TI 2:5", "1TI 3:13", "1TI 4:6", "1TI 5:21", "1TI 6:3", "1TI 6:13", "1TI 6:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "1TI 2:6", "1TI 2:7", "1TI 5:11" ] }, { "id": "jesus-of-nazareth-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 1:1", "2TI 1:2", "2TI 1:9", "2TI 1:10", "2TI 1:13", "2TI 2:1", "2TI 2:3", "2TI 2:8", "2TI 2:10", "2TI 3:12", "2TI 3:15", "2TI 4:1", "2TI 4:22" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2TI 2:11", "2TI 2:12", "2TI 2:13", "2TI 4:8" ] }, { "id": "jesus-of-nazareth-tit", "document": "TIT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "TIT 1:1", "TIT 1:4", "TIT 2:13", "TIT 3:6" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "TIT 2:14" ] }, { "id": "jesus-of-nazareth-phm", "document": "PHM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:1", "PHM 1:3", "PHM 1:5", "PHM 1:6", "PHM 1:9", "PHM 1:23", "PHM 1:25" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:8" ] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "jesus-of-nazareth-shared-literary-subject", "partitionIds": [ "jesus-of-nazareth-act", "jesus-of-nazareth-rom", "jesus-of-nazareth-1co", "jesus-of-nazareth-2co", "jesus-of-nazareth-gal", "jesus-of-nazareth-eph", "jesus-of-nazareth-phi", "jesus-of-nazareth-col", "jesus-of-nazareth-1th", "jesus-of-nazareth-2th", "jesus-of-nazareth-1ti", "jesus-of-nazareth-2ti", "jesus-of-nazareth-tit", "jesus-of-nazareth-phm" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-jesus-of-nazareth" }, { "id": "john-galatians-2-9", "name": "John (Galatians 2:9)", "summary": "Galatians names John with James and Cephas among the people regarded as pillars. The three recognize the grace given to the speaker and extend fellowship to him and Barnabas in an agreement about mission. John's role in this passage is part of that collective recognition. The notice gives no patronymic, independent speech or authorship identification for him.", "anchors": [ { "id": "mission-recognition", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 2:7-10", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "pillar-and-agreement", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "mission-recognition" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Galatians names John with James and Cephas among figures regarded as pillars who affirm fellowship with the speaker and Barnabas.", "limit": "The notice does not identify John as a son of Zebedee, John Mark, the Baptist or the author of a named work." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "John" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "GAL 2:9" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "GAL 2:2", "GAL 2:6", "GAL 2:7", "GAL 2:10" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "john-galatians-2-9-gal", "document": "GAL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "GAL 2:9" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "GAL 2:2", "GAL 2:6", "GAL 2:7", "GAL 2:10" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-john-galatians-2-9" }, { "id": "john-mark", "name": "John Mark (Acts)", "summary": "Acts explicitly connects the names John and Mark and identifies Mary as his mother. It places him with Barnabas and Saul as an assistant, later reports his return to Jerusalem, and makes his earlier withdrawal the issue in a disagreement between Paul and Barnabas. Barnabas then takes Mark to Cyprus. The linked names accompany a changing role within the travelling party.", "anchors": [ { "id": "mother-and-alias", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 12:12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "shared-service", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 12:25-13:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "return-to-jerusalem", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "disagreement-and-cyprus", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:36-39", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "john-mark-alias", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "mother-and-alias", "shared-service" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts explicitly identifies John as also called Mark and names Mary as his mother.", "limit": "The identification does not supply an authorship claim about a Gospel." }, { "id": "assistant-and-departure", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "shared-service", "return-to-jerusalem" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts presents John as an assistant in Barnabas and Saul's mission, then reports his departure from the company and return to Jerusalem.", "limit": "The departure notice gives no explanation of his motives." }, { "id": "disagreement-and-travel", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "disagreement-and-cyprus" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts makes the earlier withdrawal the issue in Paul and Barnabas's disagreement, after which Barnabas takes Mark to Cyprus.", "limit": "The account does not equate every later Mark in the letters with this Acts subject." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.john-mark", "aliases": [ "John", "Mark" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 12:12", "ACT 12:25", "ACT 13:5", "ACT 13:13", "ACT 15:37", "ACT 15:39" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:6", "ACT 15:38" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q1992340", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-john-mark-q1992340-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "john-mark-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 12:12", "ACT 12:25", "ACT 13:5", "ACT 13:13", "ACT 15:37", "ACT 15:39" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:6", "ACT 15:38" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "jerusalem", "claimId": "assistant-and-departure" }, { "placeId": "cyprus", "claimId": "disagreement-and-travel" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-john-mark" }, { "id": "john-the-baptist", "name": "John the Baptist", "summary": "Acts recalls John through his baptismal ministry and his preparation for the one who follows him. Peter remembers a distinction between John's water baptism and the gift of the Spirit, while later scenes show people whose knowledge extends only to John's baptism. John's role is therefore both preparatory and explanatory in the narrative's account of belief in Jesus and the reception of the Spirit.", "anchors": [ { "id": "preparatory-preaching", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:24-25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "water-and-spirit", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 11:16-17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "apollos-knowledge", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "ephesian-explanation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:3-7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "earlier-ministry-recall", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 10:37", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "preparatory-ministry", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "preparatory-preaching", "earlier-ministry-recall" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts recalls John preaching a baptism of repentance and directing attention to the one coming after him.", "limit": "The preparatory description does not retell John's birth, family or death." }, { "id": "baptism-and-spirit", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "water-and-spirit" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Peter's recollection in Acts contrasts John's water baptism with baptism in the Holy Spirit.", "limit": "This is a remembered saying used in Peter's explanation, not a new encounter between John and Peter." }, { "id": "later-knowledge", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "apollos-knowledge", "ephesian-explanation" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts uses knowledge of John's baptism to characterize Apollos's earlier understanding and the starting point of Paul's discussion with disciples at Ephesus.", "limit": "These references do not place John physically in Ephesus." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.john-the-baptist", "aliases": [ "John" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 10:37", "ACT 11:16", "ACT 13:24", "ACT 13:25", "ACT 18:25", "ACT 19:3", "ACT 19:4" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q40662", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-john-the-baptist-q40662-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "john-the-baptist-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 10:37", "ACT 11:16", "ACT 13:24", "ACT 13:25", "ACT 18:25", "ACT 19:3", "ACT 19:4" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-john-the-baptist" }, { "id": "john-zebedee", "name": "John (Acts 8 and 12)", "summary": "Acts places John with Peter in a mission from Jerusalem to Samaria, where they pray for believers and participate in the reception of the Spirit. The narrative later identifies the James killed by Herod as John's brother. These references supply a shared mission and a sibling identification. They do not name John's father or identify him as the writer of a Gospel or another New Testament work.", "anchors": [ { "id": "samaria-mission", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:14-17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "mission-return", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "james-brother", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 12:2", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "samaria-service", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "samaria-mission", "mission-return" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes John and Peter being sent to Samaria, praying and laying hands on believers, then returning after further proclamation.", "limit": "The shared mission does not assign every act or speech in the surrounding narrative individually to John." }, { "id": "brother-of-james", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "james-brother" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts identifies the James killed by Herod as John's brother.", "limit": "The verse does not name Zebedee or connect this John with the John named in Galatians." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.john-zebedee", "aliases": [ "John" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:14", "ACT 12:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:15", "ACT 8:17", "ACT 8:18", "ACT 8:19", "ACT 8:25" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q44015", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-john-zebedee-q44015-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "john-zebedee-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:14", "ACT 12:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:15", "ACT 8:17", "ACT 8:18", "ACT 8:19", "ACT 8:25" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "john-acts-sibling-of-james", "targetPersonId": "james-zebedee", "predicate": "sibling-of", "claimId": "brother-of-james" } ], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "samaria", "claimId": "samaria-service" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-john-zebedee" }, { "id": "luke", "name": "Luke", "summary": "Colossians names Luke as a physician and a sender of greetings. Second Timothy describes Luke as the companion still with the speaker, while Philemon includes him among coworkers who send greetings. The three notices place Luke within a network of care, companionship and shared work. They are brief, document-specific descriptions and do not identify him as the author or narrator of another writing.", "anchors": [ { "id": "colossian-physician", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "timothy-companion", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "philemon-voice", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "philemon-coworker", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:23-24", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "identity-context-01", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:10-11", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "physician-greeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "colossian-physician" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Colossians describes Luke as a valued physician and includes him with Demas in a greeting.", "limit": "The greeting supplies no authorship assignment or description of medical practice." }, { "id": "remaining-companion", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "timothy-companion" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy says Luke alone remains with the speaker in this account of companions.", "limit": "The statement concerns companionship in the passage; it does not make Luke the only person present anywhere in the wider setting." }, { "id": "philemon-coworker", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "philemon-voice", "philemon-coworker" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Philemon includes Luke among the coworkers sending greetings with its Paul speaker.", "limit": "The coworker description is local to Philemon's presented network and does not identify a narrator elsewhere." }, { "id": "luke-shared-literary-subject", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "reconstructed", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "colossian-physician", "timothy-companion", "philemon-voice", "philemon-coworker", "identity-context-01" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The three documents place Luke within the presented Paul network as physician, companion or coworker. The compatible roles support a proposed shared literary subject without assigning him authorship of Luke or Acts.", "limit": "This identifies the represented literary subject while retaining every document partition and attributed claim. It does not independently prove historical events, determine composition or authorship, or carry an authority binding." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.luke", "aliases": [ "Luke" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:14", "2TI 4:11", "PHM 1:24" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "luke-col", "document": "COL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "luke-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:11" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "luke-phm", "document": "PHM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:24" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "luke-shared-literary-subject", "partitionIds": [ "luke-col", "luke-2ti", "luke-phm" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "luke-philemon-coworker-of-paul", "targetPersonId": "paul", "predicate": "coworker-of", "claimId": "philemon-coworker" } ], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-luke" }, { "id": "paul", "name": "Paul", "summary": "Acts explicitly connects the names Saul and Paul and follows the same figure from opposition to the disciples into mission and eventual confinement at Rome. The thirteen letters also present Paul as a sender, using roles such as apostle, servant and prisoner. Their shared represented figure can be identified while each document's account remains attributed to it. That literary identification does not by itself decide the historical authorship or composition of every letter.", "anchors": [ { "id": "narrative-alias", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "damascus-turn", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:1-19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "mission-call", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:1-4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "roman-confinement", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 28:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "roman-teaching", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 28:30-31", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "romans-sender", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "first-corinthian-sender", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "second-corinthian-sender", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "galatian-sender", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "ephesian-sender", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Ephesians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "philippian-sender", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "colossian-sender", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "first-thessalonian-sender", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "second-thessalonian-sender", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Thessalonians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "first-timothy-sender", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Timothy 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "second-timothy-sender", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "titus-sender", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "philemon-sender", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "saul-paul-alias", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "narrative-alias" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts explicitly identifies Saul as also called Paul.", "limit": "The wording supplies an alias connection, not a report that a new name was first bestowed at his conversion." }, { "id": "acts-mission-and-confinement", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "damascus-turn", "mission-call", "roman-confinement", "roman-teaching" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts follows this figure from threatening the disciples into mission with Barnabas and later guarded residence and teaching at Rome.", "limit": "The story's first-person group language does not identify every companion, and these scenes do not supply a full travel chronology." }, { "id": "letters-present-paul", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "romans-sender", "first-corinthian-sender", "second-corinthian-sender", "galatian-sender", "ephesian-sender", "philippian-sender", "colossian-sender", "first-thessalonian-sender", "second-thessalonian-sender", "first-timothy-sender", "second-timothy-sender", "titus-sender", "philemon-sender" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "All thirteen letters name Paul among their senders and present him through roles including apostle, servant and prisoner.", "limit": "The named sender is the document's presented voice; that designation alone does not settle when, by whom or with what assistance each letter was composed." }, { "id": "paul-shared-literary-subject", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "narrative-alias", "damascus-turn", "mission-call", "roman-confinement", "roman-teaching", "romans-sender", "first-corinthian-sender", "second-corinthian-sender", "galatian-sender", "ephesian-sender", "philippian-sender", "colossian-sender", "first-thessalonian-sender", "second-thessalonian-sender", "first-timothy-sender", "second-timothy-sender", "titus-sender", "philemon-sender" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts explicitly co-identifies Saul and Paul, and all thirteen letters present Paul as their named apostolic or missionary sender. These texts clearly intend the same represented Paul; preserving that literary identity is distinct from proving historical authorship or every narrated event.", "limit": "This identifies the represented literary subject while retaining every document partition and attributed claim. It does not independently prove historical events, determine composition or authorship, or carry an authority binding." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.paul", "aliases": [ "Paul", "Saul" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 7:58", "ACT 8:1", "ACT 8:3", "ACT 9:1", "ACT 9:4", "ACT 9:8", "ACT 9:11", "ACT 9:17", "ACT 9:19", "ACT 9:22", "ACT 9:24", "ACT 9:26", "ACT 11:25", "ACT 11:30", "ACT 12:25", "ACT 13:1", "ACT 13:2", "ACT 13:7", "ACT 13:9", "ACT 13:13", "ACT 13:16", "ACT 13:43", "ACT 13:45", "ACT 13:46", "ACT 13:50", "ACT 14:9", "ACT 14:11", "ACT 14:12", "ACT 14:14", "ACT 14:19", "ACT 15:2", "ACT 15:12", "ACT 15:22", "ACT 15:25", "ACT 15:35", "ACT 15:36", "ACT 15:38", "ACT 15:40", "ACT 16:3", "ACT 16:9", "ACT 16:14", "ACT 16:17", "ACT 16:18", "ACT 16:19", "ACT 16:25", "ACT 16:28", "ACT 16:29", "ACT 16:36", "ACT 16:37", "ACT 17:2", "ACT 17:4", "ACT 17:10", "ACT 17:13", "ACT 17:14", "ACT 17:15", "ACT 17:16", "ACT 17:22", "ACT 17:33", "ACT 18:1", "ACT 18:5", "ACT 18:9", "ACT 18:12", "ACT 18:14", "ACT 18:18", "ACT 19:1", "ACT 19:4", "ACT 19:6", "ACT 19:11", "ACT 19:13", "ACT 19:15", "ACT 19:21", "ACT 19:26", "ACT 19:29", "ACT 19:30", "ACT 20:1", "ACT 20:7", "ACT 20:9", "ACT 20:10", "ACT 20:13", "ACT 20:16", "ACT 20:37", "ACT 21:4", "ACT 21:8", "ACT 21:11", "ACT 21:13", "ACT 21:18", "ACT 21:26", "ACT 21:29", "ACT 21:30", "ACT 21:32", "ACT 21:37", "ACT 21:39", "ACT 21:40", "ACT 22:7", "ACT 22:13", "ACT 22:25", "ACT 22:28", "ACT 22:30", "ACT 23:1", "ACT 23:3", "ACT 23:5", "ACT 23:6", "ACT 23:10", "ACT 23:11", "ACT 23:12", "ACT 23:14", "ACT 23:16", "ACT 23:17", "ACT 23:18", "ACT 23:20", "ACT 23:24", "ACT 23:31", "ACT 23:33", "ACT 24:1", "ACT 24:10", "ACT 24:23", "ACT 24:24", "ACT 24:26", "ACT 24:27", "ACT 25:2", "ACT 25:4", "ACT 25:6", "ACT 25:9", "ACT 25:10", "ACT 25:14", "ACT 25:19", "ACT 25:21", "ACT 25:23", "ACT 26:1", "ACT 26:14", "ACT 26:24", "ACT 26:28", "ACT 26:29", "ACT 27:1", "ACT 27:3", "ACT 27:9", "ACT 27:11", "ACT 27:21", "ACT 27:24", "ACT 27:31", "ACT 27:33", "ACT 27:43", "ACT 28:3", "ACT 28:8", "ACT 28:15", "ACT 28:16", "ACT 28:17", "ACT 28:25", "ACT 28:30", "ROM 1:1", "1CO 1:1", "1CO 1:12", "1CO 1:13", "1CO 3:4", "1CO 3:5", "1CO 3:22", "1CO 16:21", "2CO 1:1", "2CO 10:1", "GAL 1:1", "GAL 5:2", "EPH 1:1", "EPH 3:1", "PHI 1:1", "COL 1:1", "COL 1:23", "COL 4:18", "1TH 1:1", "1TH 2:18", "2TH 1:1", "2TH 3:17", "1TI 1:1", "2TI 1:1", "TIT 1:1", "PHM 1:1", "PHM 1:9", "PHM 1:19" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:2", "ACT 9:3", "ACT 9:5", "ACT 9:6", "ACT 9:7", "ACT 9:9", "ACT 9:12", "ACT 9:13", "ACT 9:14", "ACT 9:15", "ACT 9:16", "ACT 9:18", "ACT 9:20", "ACT 9:21", "ACT 9:23", "ACT 9:25", "ACT 9:27", "ACT 9:28", "ACT 9:29", "ACT 9:30", "ACT 11:26", "ACT 13:3", "ACT 13:4", "ACT 13:5", "ACT 13:6", "ACT 13:8", "ACT 13:10", "ACT 13:11", "ACT 13:14", "ACT 13:15", "ACT 13:17", "ACT 13:18", "ACT 13:19", "ACT 13:20", "ACT 13:21", "ACT 13:22", "ACT 13:23", "ACT 13:24", "ACT 13:25", "ACT 13:26", "ACT 13:27", "ACT 13:28", "ACT 13:29", "ACT 13:30", "ACT 13:31", "ACT 13:32", "ACT 13:33", "ACT 13:34", "ACT 13:35", "ACT 13:36", "ACT 13:37", "ACT 13:38", "ACT 13:39", "ACT 13:40", "ACT 13:41", "ACT 13:42", "ACT 13:47", "ACT 13:51", "ACT 14:1", "ACT 14:3", "ACT 14:4", "ACT 14:5", "ACT 14:6", "ACT 14:7", "ACT 14:10", "ACT 14:15", "ACT 14:16", "ACT 14:17", "ACT 14:18", "ACT 14:20", "ACT 14:21", "ACT 14:22", "ACT 14:23", "ACT 14:24", "ACT 14:25", "ACT 14:26", "ACT 14:27", "ACT 14:28", "ACT 15:3", "ACT 15:4", "ACT 15:13", "ACT 15:26", "ACT 15:30", "ACT 15:37", "ACT 15:39", "ACT 15:41", "ACT 16:1", "ACT 16:4", "ACT 16:6", "ACT 16:7", "ACT 16:8", "ACT 16:10", "ACT 16:11", "ACT 16:12", "ACT 16:13", "ACT 16:15", "ACT 16:16", "ACT 16:20", "ACT 16:21", "ACT 16:22", "ACT 16:23", "ACT 16:24", "ACT 16:26", "ACT 16:27", "ACT 16:30", "ACT 16:31", "ACT 16:32", "ACT 16:33", "ACT 16:34", "ACT 16:35", "ACT 16:38", "ACT 16:39", "ACT 16:40", "ACT 17:1", "ACT 17:3", "ACT 17:5", "ACT 17:6", "ACT 17:7", "ACT 17:17", "ACT 17:18", "ACT 17:19", "ACT 17:20", "ACT 17:23", "ACT 17:24", "ACT 17:25", "ACT 17:26", "ACT 17:27", "ACT 17:28", "ACT 17:29", "ACT 17:30", "ACT 17:31", "ACT 17:32", "ACT 17:34", "ACT 18:2", "ACT 18:3", "ACT 18:4", "ACT 18:6", "ACT 18:7", "ACT 18:10", "ACT 18:11", "ACT 18:13", "ACT 18:19", "ACT 18:20", "ACT 18:21", "ACT 18:22", "ACT 18:23", "ACT 19:2", "ACT 19:3", "ACT 19:8", "ACT 19:9", "ACT 19:12", "ACT 19:22", "ACT 19:31", "ACT 20:2", "ACT 20:3", "ACT 20:4", "ACT 20:5", "ACT 20:6", "ACT 20:8", "ACT 20:11", "ACT 20:14", "ACT 20:15", "ACT 20:17", "ACT 20:18", "ACT 20:19", "ACT 20:20", "ACT 20:21", "ACT 20:22", "ACT 20:23", "ACT 20:24", "ACT 20:25", "ACT 20:26", "ACT 20:27", "ACT 20:28", "ACT 20:29", "ACT 20:30", "ACT 20:31", "ACT 20:32", "ACT 20:33", "ACT 20:34", "ACT 20:35", "ACT 20:36", "ACT 20:38", "ACT 21:1", "ACT 21:2", "ACT 21:3", "ACT 21:5", "ACT 21:6", "ACT 21:7", "ACT 21:10", "ACT 21:12", "ACT 21:14", "ACT 21:15", "ACT 21:16", "ACT 21:17", "ACT 21:19", "ACT 21:20", "ACT 21:21", "ACT 21:22", "ACT 21:23", 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10:8", "1CO 10:9", "1CO 10:11", "1CO 10:14", "1CO 10:15", "1CO 10:16", "1CO 10:17", "1CO 10:19", "1CO 10:20", "1CO 10:22", "1CO 10:29", "1CO 10:30", "1CO 10:33", "1CO 11:1", "1CO 11:2", "1CO 11:3", "1CO 11:16", "1CO 11:17", "1CO 11:18", "1CO 11:22", "1CO 11:23", "1CO 11:31", "1CO 11:32", "1CO 11:33", "1CO 11:34", "1CO 12:1", "1CO 12:3", "1CO 12:13", "1CO 12:23", "1CO 12:24", "1CO 12:31", "1CO 13:1", "1CO 13:2", "1CO 13:3", "1CO 13:9", "1CO 13:11", "1CO 13:12", "1CO 14:5", "1CO 14:6", "1CO 14:11", "1CO 14:14", "1CO 14:15", "1CO 14:18", "1CO 14:19", "1CO 14:37", "1CO 15:1", "1CO 15:2", "1CO 15:3", "1CO 15:8", "1CO 15:9", "1CO 15:10", "1CO 15:11", "1CO 15:14", "1CO 15:15", "1CO 15:19", "1CO 15:30", "1CO 15:31", "1CO 15:32", "1CO 15:34", "1CO 15:49", "1CO 15:50", "1CO 15:51", "1CO 15:52", "1CO 15:57", "1CO 15:58", "1CO 16:1", "1CO 16:2", "1CO 16:3", "1CO 16:4", "1CO 16:5", "1CO 16:6", "1CO 16:7", "1CO 16:8", "1CO 16:9", "1CO 16:10", "1CO 16:11", "1CO 16:12", "1CO 16:15", "1CO 16:17", "1CO 16:18", "1CO 16:24" ] }, { "id": "paul-2co", "document": "2CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2CO 1:1", "2CO 10:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2CO 1:2", "2CO 1:3", "2CO 1:4", "2CO 1:5", "2CO 1:6", "2CO 1:7", "2CO 1:8", "2CO 1:9", "2CO 1:10", "2CO 1:11", "2CO 1:12", "2CO 1:13", "2CO 1:14", "2CO 1:15", "2CO 1:16", "2CO 1:17", "2CO 1:18", "2CO 1:19", "2CO 1:20", "2CO 1:21", "2CO 1:22", "2CO 1:23", "2CO 1:24", "2CO 2:1", "2CO 2:2", "2CO 2:3", "2CO 2:4", "2CO 2:5", "2CO 2:8", "2CO 2:9", "2CO 2:10", "2CO 2:11", "2CO 2:12", "2CO 2:13", "2CO 2:14", "2CO 2:15", "2CO 2:16", "2CO 2:17", "2CO 3:1", "2CO 3:2", "2CO 3:3", "2CO 3:4", "2CO 3:5", "2CO 3:6", "2CO 3:12", "2CO 3:18", "2CO 4:1", "2CO 4:2", "2CO 4:3", "2CO 4:5", "2CO 4:6", "2CO 4:7", "2CO 4:8", "2CO 4:9", "2CO 4:10", "2CO 4:11", "2CO 4:12", "2CO 4:13", "2CO 4:14", "2CO 4:16", "2CO 4:17", "2CO 4:18", "2CO 5:1", "2CO 5:2", "2CO 5:3", "2CO 5:4", "2CO 5:5", "2CO 5:6", "2CO 5:7", "2CO 5:8", "2CO 5:9", "2CO 5:10", "2CO 5:11", "2CO 5:12", "2CO 5:13", "2CO 5:14", "2CO 5:16", "2CO 5:18", "2CO 5:19", "2CO 5:20", "2CO 5:21", "2CO 6:1", "2CO 6:3", "2CO 6:4", "2CO 6:5", "2CO 6:6", "2CO 6:7", "2CO 6:8", "2CO 6:9", "2CO 6:10", "2CO 6:11", "2CO 6:12", "2CO 6:13", "2CO 7:1", "2CO 7:2", "2CO 7:3", "2CO 7:4", "2CO 7:5", "2CO 7:6", "2CO 7:7", "2CO 7:8", "2CO 7:9", "2CO 7:12", "2CO 7:13", "2CO 7:14", "2CO 7:16", "2CO 8:1", "2CO 8:3", "2CO 8:4", "2CO 8:5", "2CO 8:6", "2CO 8:7", "2CO 8:8", "2CO 8:9", "2CO 8:10", "2CO 8:17", "2CO 8:18", "2CO 8:19", "2CO 8:20", "2CO 8:21", "2CO 8:22", "2CO 8:23", "2CO 8:24", "2CO 9:1", "2CO 9:2", "2CO 9:3", "2CO 9:4", "2CO 9:5", "2CO 9:11", "2CO 10:2", "2CO 10:3", "2CO 10:4", "2CO 10:5", "2CO 10:6", "2CO 10:7", "2CO 10:8", "2CO 10:9", "2CO 10:10", "2CO 10:11", "2CO 10:12", "2CO 10:13", "2CO 10:14", "2CO 10:15", "2CO 10:16", "2CO 11:1", "2CO 11:2", "2CO 11:3", "2CO 11:4", "2CO 11:5", "2CO 11:6", "2CO 11:7", "2CO 11:8", "2CO 11:9", "2CO 11:10", "2CO 11:11", "2CO 11:12", "2CO 11:16", "2CO 11:17", "2CO 11:18", "2CO 11:21", "2CO 11:22", "2CO 11:23", "2CO 11:24", "2CO 11:25", "2CO 11:26", "2CO 11:27", "2CO 11:28", "2CO 11:29", "2CO 11:30", "2CO 11:31", "2CO 11:32", "2CO 11:33", "2CO 12:1", "2CO 12:2", "2CO 12:3", "2CO 12:5", "2CO 12:6", "2CO 12:7", "2CO 12:8", "2CO 12:9", "2CO 12:10", "2CO 12:11", "2CO 12:12", "2CO 12:13", "2CO 12:14", "2CO 12:15", "2CO 12:16", "2CO 12:17", "2CO 12:18", "2CO 12:19", "2CO 12:20", "2CO 12:21", "2CO 13:1", "2CO 13:2", "2CO 13:3", "2CO 13:4", "2CO 13:6", "2CO 13:7", "2CO 13:8", "2CO 13:9", "2CO 13:10" ] }, { "id": "paul-gal", "document": "GAL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "GAL 1:1", "GAL 5:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "GAL 1:2", "GAL 1:3", "GAL 1:4", "GAL 1:6", "GAL 1:8", "GAL 1:9", "GAL 1:10", "GAL 1:11", "GAL 1:12", "GAL 1:13", "GAL 1:14", "GAL 1:15", "GAL 1:16", "GAL 1:17", "GAL 1:18", "GAL 1:19", "GAL 1:20", "GAL 1:21", "GAL 1:22", "GAL 1:23", "GAL 1:24", "GAL 2:1", "GAL 2:2", "GAL 2:3", "GAL 2:4", "GAL 2:5", "GAL 2:6", "GAL 2:7", "GAL 2:8", "GAL 2:9", "GAL 2:10", "GAL 2:11", "GAL 2:14", "GAL 2:15", "GAL 2:16", "GAL 2:17", "GAL 2:18", "GAL 2:19", "GAL 2:20", "GAL 2:21", "GAL 3:2", "GAL 3:13", "GAL 3:14", "GAL 3:15", "GAL 3:17", "GAL 3:23", "GAL 3:24", "GAL 3:25", "GAL 4:1", "GAL 4:3", "GAL 4:5", "GAL 4:11", "GAL 4:12", "GAL 4:13", "GAL 4:14", "GAL 4:15", "GAL 4:16", "GAL 4:18", "GAL 4:19", "GAL 4:20", "GAL 4:21", "GAL 4:26", "GAL 4:28", "GAL 4:31", "GAL 5:1", "GAL 5:3", "GAL 5:5", "GAL 5:10", "GAL 5:11", "GAL 5:12", "GAL 5:16", "GAL 5:21", "GAL 5:25", "GAL 5:26", "GAL 6:9", "GAL 6:10", "GAL 6:11", "GAL 6:14", "GAL 6:17", "GAL 6:18" ] }, { "id": "paul-eph", "document": "EPH", "namedVerseKeys": [ "EPH 1:1", "EPH 3:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "EPH 1:2", "EPH 1:3", "EPH 1:4", "EPH 1:5", "EPH 1:6", "EPH 1:7", "EPH 1:8", "EPH 1:9", "EPH 1:11", "EPH 1:12", "EPH 1:14", "EPH 1:15", "EPH 1:16", "EPH 1:17", "EPH 1:19", "EPH 2:3", "EPH 2:4", "EPH 2:5", "EPH 2:6", "EPH 2:7", "EPH 2:10", "EPH 2:14", "EPH 2:18", "EPH 3:2", "EPH 3:3", "EPH 3:4", "EPH 3:7", "EPH 3:8", "EPH 3:9", "EPH 3:11", "EPH 3:12", "EPH 3:13", "EPH 3:14", "EPH 3:20", "EPH 4:1", "EPH 4:6", "EPH 4:7", "EPH 4:13", "EPH 4:14", "EPH 4:15", "EPH 4:17", "EPH 4:25", "EPH 5:2", "EPH 5:20", "EPH 5:30", "EPH 5:32", "EPH 6:12", "EPH 6:19", "EPH 6:20", "EPH 6:21", "EPH 6:22", "EPH 6:24" ] }, { "id": "paul-phi", "document": "PHI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHI 1:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "PHI 1:2", "PHI 1:3", "PHI 1:4", "PHI 1:6", "PHI 1:7", "PHI 1:8", "PHI 1:9", "PHI 1:12", "PHI 1:13", "PHI 1:14", "PHI 1:16", "PHI 1:17", "PHI 1:18", "PHI 1:19", "PHI 1:20", "PHI 1:21", "PHI 1:22", "PHI 1:23", "PHI 1:24", "PHI 1:25", "PHI 1:26", "PHI 1:27", "PHI 1:30", "PHI 2:2", "PHI 2:12", "PHI 2:16", "PHI 2:17", "PHI 2:18", "PHI 2:19", "PHI 2:20", "PHI 2:22", "PHI 2:23", "PHI 2:24", "PHI 2:25", "PHI 2:27", "PHI 2:28", "PHI 2:30", "PHI 3:1", "PHI 3:3", "PHI 3:4", "PHI 3:5", "PHI 3:6", "PHI 3:7", "PHI 3:8", "PHI 3:9", "PHI 3:10", "PHI 3:11", "PHI 3:12", "PHI 3:13", "PHI 3:14", "PHI 3:15", "PHI 3:16", "PHI 3:17", "PHI 3:18", "PHI 3:20", "PHI 3:21", "PHI 4:1", "PHI 4:2", "PHI 4:3", "PHI 4:4", "PHI 4:9", "PHI 4:10", "PHI 4:11", "PHI 4:12", "PHI 4:13", "PHI 4:14", "PHI 4:15", "PHI 4:16", "PHI 4:17", "PHI 4:18", "PHI 4:19", "PHI 4:20", "PHI 4:21" ] }, { "id": "paul-col", "document": "COL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 1:1", "COL 1:23", "COL 4:18" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "COL 1:2", "COL 1:3", "COL 1:4", "COL 1:7", "COL 1:8", "COL 1:9", "COL 1:12", "COL 1:13", "COL 1:14", "COL 1:24", "COL 1:25", "COL 1:28", "COL 1:29", "COL 2:1", "COL 2:4", "COL 2:5", "COL 2:13", "COL 2:14", "COL 3:4", "COL 4:3", "COL 4:4", "COL 4:7", "COL 4:8", "COL 4:10", "COL 4:11", "COL 4:13" ] }, { "id": "paul-1th", "document": "1TH", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1TH 1:1", "1TH 2:18" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "1TH 1:2", "1TH 1:3", "1TH 1:4", "1TH 1:5", "1TH 1:6", "1TH 1:8", "1TH 1:9", "1TH 1:10", "1TH 2:1", "1TH 2:2", "1TH 2:3", "1TH 2:4", "1TH 2:5", "1TH 2:6", "1TH 2:7", "1TH 2:8", "1TH 2:9", "1TH 2:10", "1TH 2:11", "1TH 2:13", "1TH 2:15", "1TH 2:16", "1TH 2:17", "1TH 2:19", "1TH 2:20", "1TH 3:1", "1TH 3:2", "1TH 3:3", "1TH 3:4", "1TH 3:5", "1TH 3:6", "1TH 3:7", "1TH 3:8", "1TH 3:9", "1TH 3:10", "1TH 3:11", "1TH 3:12", "1TH 3:13", "1TH 4:1", "1TH 4:2", "1TH 4:6", "1TH 4:7", "1TH 4:10", "1TH 4:11", "1TH 4:13", "1TH 4:14", "1TH 4:15", "1TH 4:17", "1TH 5:5", "1TH 5:6", "1TH 5:8", "1TH 5:9", "1TH 5:10", "1TH 5:12", "1TH 5:14", "1TH 5:23", "1TH 5:25", "1TH 5:27", "1TH 5:28" ] }, { "id": "paul-2th", "document": "2TH", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TH 1:1", "2TH 3:17" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2TH 1:2", "2TH 1:3", "2TH 1:4", "2TH 1:7", "2TH 1:8", "2TH 1:10", "2TH 1:11", "2TH 1:12", "2TH 2:1", "2TH 2:2", "2TH 2:5", "2TH 2:13", "2TH 2:14", "2TH 2:15", "2TH 2:16", "2TH 3:1", "2TH 3:2", "2TH 3:4", "2TH 3:6", "2TH 3:7", "2TH 3:8", "2TH 3:9", "2TH 3:10", "2TH 3:11", "2TH 3:12", "2TH 3:14", "2TH 3:18" ] }, { "id": "paul-1ti", "document": "1TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1TI 1:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "1TI 1:2", "1TI 1:3", "1TI 1:8", "1TI 1:11", "1TI 1:12", "1TI 1:13", "1TI 1:14", "1TI 1:15", "1TI 1:16", "1TI 1:18", "1TI 1:20", "1TI 2:1", "1TI 2:2", "1TI 2:3", "1TI 2:7", "1TI 2:8", "1TI 2:9", "1TI 2:12", "1TI 3:14", "1TI 3:15", "1TI 4:10", "1TI 4:13", "1TI 5:14", "1TI 5:21", "1TI 6:3", "1TI 6:7", "1TI 6:8", "1TI 6:13", "1TI 6:14", "1TI 6:17" ] }, { "id": "paul-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 1:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2TI 1:2", "2TI 1:3", "2TI 1:4", "2TI 1:5", "2TI 1:6", "2TI 1:7", "2TI 1:8", "2TI 1:9", "2TI 1:10", "2TI 1:11", "2TI 1:12", "2TI 1:13", "2TI 1:14", "2TI 1:15", "2TI 1:16", "2TI 1:17", "2TI 2:1", "2TI 2:2", "2TI 2:7", "2TI 2:8", "2TI 2:9", "2TI 2:10", "2TI 3:10", "2TI 3:11", "2TI 4:1", "2TI 4:6", "2TI 4:7", "2TI 4:8", "2TI 4:9", "2TI 4:10", "2TI 4:11", "2TI 4:12", "2TI 4:13", "2TI 4:14", "2TI 4:15", "2TI 4:16", "2TI 4:17", "2TI 4:18", "2TI 4:20" ] }, { "id": "paul-tit", "document": "TIT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "TIT 1:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "TIT 1:3", "TIT 1:4", "TIT 1:5", "TIT 2:8", "TIT 2:10", "TIT 2:12", "TIT 2:13", "TIT 2:14", "TIT 3:3", "TIT 3:4", "TIT 3:5", "TIT 3:6", "TIT 3:7", "TIT 3:8", "TIT 3:12", "TIT 3:14", "TIT 3:15" ] }, { "id": "paul-phm", "document": "PHM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:1", "PHM 1:9", "PHM 1:19" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:2", "PHM 1:3", "PHM 1:4", "PHM 1:5", "PHM 1:6", "PHM 1:7", "PHM 1:8", "PHM 1:10", "PHM 1:11", "PHM 1:12", "PHM 1:13", "PHM 1:14", "PHM 1:16", "PHM 1:17", "PHM 1:18", "PHM 1:20", "PHM 1:21", "PHM 1:22", "PHM 1:23", "PHM 1:24", "PHM 1:25" ] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "paul-shared-literary-subject", "partitionIds": [ "paul-act", "paul-rom", "paul-1co", "paul-2co", "paul-gal", "paul-eph", "paul-phi", "paul-col", "paul-1th", "paul-2th", "paul-1ti", "paul-2ti", "paul-tit", "paul-phm" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "paul-acts-coworker-of-barnabas", "targetPersonId": "barnabas", "predicate": "coworker-of", "claimId": "acts-mission-and-confinement" } ], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "rome", "claimId": "acts-mission-and-confinement" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-paul" }, { "id": "peter", "name": "Peter (Acts)", "summary": "Acts presents Peter as a witness and missionary whose work includes Samaria, the reception of Gentile believers and the Jerusalem discussion about their place in the community. It also recounts his imprisonment and escape. The narrative connects Peter with the name Simon, and James later refers to his report using Simeon. These connected episodes emphasize testimony, inclusion and the community's response to opposition.", "anchors": [ { "id": "samaria-service", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:14-25", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "simon-alias", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 10:5-6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "simon-alias-retold", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 10:32", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "gentile-reception", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 10:23-48", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "explanation", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 11:1-18", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "prison-and-escape", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 12:3-17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "jerusalem-and-simeon", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:7-14", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "name-and-service", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "samaria-service", "simon-alias", "simon-alias-retold", "jerusalem-and-simeon" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts explicitly connects Simon with Peter and presents Simeon's report in continuity with Peter's speech; it also places Peter with John in the Samaria mission.", "limit": "Simon the tanner and Simeon called Niger are different subjects and do not enter this alias connection." }, { "id": "gentile-inclusion", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "gentile-reception", "explanation", "jerusalem-and-simeon" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Peter witnessing the Gentiles' reception of the Spirit, explaining the event and later appealing to it in the Jerusalem discussion.", "limit": "The speech and its retelling concern this narrative episode, rather than every later practice attributed to Peter." }, { "id": "prison-escape", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "prison-and-escape" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts recounts Peter's imprisonment under Herod and an angel-led escape, followed by his report to gathered believers.", "limit": "The account remains the narrative's report and does not supply a later destination after his departure." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.peter", "aliases": [ "Peter", "Simeon", "Simon" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:14", "ACT 8:20", "ACT 9:32", "ACT 9:34", "ACT 9:38", "ACT 9:39", "ACT 9:40", "ACT 10:5", "ACT 10:9", "ACT 10:13", "ACT 10:14", "ACT 10:17", "ACT 10:18", "ACT 10:19", "ACT 10:21", "ACT 10:23", "ACT 10:25", "ACT 10:26", "ACT 10:32", "ACT 10:34", "ACT 10:44", "ACT 10:45", "ACT 10:46", "ACT 11:2", "ACT 11:4", "ACT 11:7", "ACT 11:13", "ACT 12:3", "ACT 12:5", "ACT 12:6", "ACT 12:7", "ACT 12:11", "ACT 12:13", "ACT 12:14", "ACT 12:16", "ACT 12:18", "ACT 15:7", "ACT 15:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:15", "ACT 8:17", "ACT 8:18", "ACT 8:19", "ACT 8:21", "ACT 8:22", "ACT 8:23", "ACT 8:24", "ACT 8:25", "ACT 9:33", "ACT 9:41", "ACT 9:43", "ACT 10:6", "ACT 10:10", "ACT 10:11", "ACT 10:15", "ACT 10:20", "ACT 10:22", "ACT 10:24", "ACT 10:27", "ACT 10:28", "ACT 10:29", "ACT 10:30", "ACT 10:31", "ACT 10:33", "ACT 10:35", "ACT 10:36", "ACT 10:37", "ACT 10:38", "ACT 10:39", "ACT 10:40", "ACT 10:41", "ACT 10:42", "ACT 10:43", "ACT 10:47", "ACT 10:48", "ACT 11:3", "ACT 11:5", "ACT 11:6", "ACT 11:8", "ACT 11:9", "ACT 11:10", "ACT 11:11", "ACT 11:12", "ACT 11:14", "ACT 11:15", "ACT 11:16", "ACT 11:17", "ACT 12:4", "ACT 12:8", "ACT 12:9", "ACT 12:10", "ACT 12:12", "ACT 12:15", "ACT 12:17", "ACT 12:19", "ACT 15:8", "ACT 15:9", "ACT 15:10", "ACT 15:11" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q33923", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-peter-q33923-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "peter-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:14", "ACT 8:20", "ACT 9:32", "ACT 9:34", "ACT 9:38", "ACT 9:39", "ACT 9:40", "ACT 10:5", "ACT 10:9", "ACT 10:13", "ACT 10:14", "ACT 10:17", "ACT 10:18", "ACT 10:19", "ACT 10:21", "ACT 10:23", "ACT 10:25", "ACT 10:26", "ACT 10:32", "ACT 10:34", "ACT 10:44", "ACT 10:45", "ACT 10:46", "ACT 11:2", "ACT 11:4", "ACT 11:7", "ACT 11:13", "ACT 12:3", "ACT 12:5", "ACT 12:6", "ACT 12:7", "ACT 12:11", "ACT 12:13", "ACT 12:14", "ACT 12:16", "ACT 12:18", "ACT 15:7", "ACT 15:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:15", "ACT 8:17", "ACT 8:18", "ACT 8:19", "ACT 8:21", "ACT 8:22", "ACT 8:23", "ACT 8:24", "ACT 8:25", "ACT 9:33", "ACT 9:41", "ACT 9:43", "ACT 10:6", "ACT 10:10", "ACT 10:11", "ACT 10:15", "ACT 10:20", "ACT 10:22", "ACT 10:24", "ACT 10:27", "ACT 10:28", "ACT 10:29", "ACT 10:30", "ACT 10:31", "ACT 10:33", "ACT 10:35", "ACT 10:36", "ACT 10:37", "ACT 10:38", "ACT 10:39", "ACT 10:40", "ACT 10:41", "ACT 10:42", "ACT 10:43", "ACT 10:47", "ACT 10:48", "ACT 11:3", "ACT 11:5", "ACT 11:6", "ACT 11:8", "ACT 11:9", "ACT 11:10", "ACT 11:11", "ACT 11:12", "ACT 11:14", "ACT 11:15", "ACT 11:16", "ACT 11:17", "ACT 12:4", "ACT 12:8", "ACT 12:9", "ACT 12:10", "ACT 12:12", "ACT 12:15", "ACT 12:17", "ACT 12:19", "ACT 15:8", "ACT 15:9", "ACT 15:10", "ACT 15:11" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "caesarea", "claimId": "gentile-inclusion" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-peter" }, { "id": "peter-cephas", "name": "Peter and Cephas (Pauline letters)", "summary": "First Corinthians names Cephas in discussions of personal loyalties and missionary rights, and lists him among recipients of a resurrection appearance. Galatians recalls a visit to Peter, names Peter in describing mission, and includes Cephas with James and John in an agreement. It later recounts a dispute with Peter at Antioch. The name forms occur in closely related apostolic settings, while the different passages retain their particular roles.", "anchors": [ { "id": "corinthian-party-names", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "corinthian-belonging", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 3:22", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "corinthian-rights", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 9:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "corinthian-appearance", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 15:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "galatian-visit", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 1:18-19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "galatian-mission", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 2:7-9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "antioch-dispute", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 2:11-14", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "corinthian-cephas", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "corinthian-party-names", "corinthian-belonging", "corinthian-rights", "corinthian-appearance" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Corinthians invokes Cephas in party slogans, missionary rights and its list of resurrection appearances.", "limit": "The discussion of taking a believing wife concerns a right and does not describe a particular journey or name a spouse." }, { "id": "galatian-peter-and-cephas", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "galatian-visit", "galatian-mission" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The pinned Galatians text names Peter in the visit and mission account and Cephas among the three recognized leaders in the agreement.", "limit": "The immediate context supports comparing the name forms, but the naming does not itself import the separate Acts record." }, { "id": "antioch-withdrawal", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "antioch-dispute" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Galatians recounts the speaker's challenge to Peter at Antioch over withdrawal from meals with Gentiles.", "limit": "The arrival of people associated with James does not state that James ordered Peter's action." }, { "id": "galatian-peter-cephas-comparison", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "reconstructed", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "galatian-mission" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Galatians moves from Peter's mission role in 2:7-8 to Cephas within the recognized leadership in 2:9 in the same agreement account. That continuity supports a proposed identification of the name forms, without calling the passage an explicit alias formula.", "limit": "The matching question remains visible in separate form partitions; no Acts Peter incidence or authority binding is inherited." }, { "id": "letter-cephas-comparison", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "reconstructed", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "corinthian-rights", "corinthian-appearance", "galatian-mission" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Corinthians and Galatians place Cephas among the recognized apostolic figures in the presented Paul network. The shared name and distinctive role support a cross-document comparison.", "limit": "This proposal concerns the represented figure and does not decide historical authenticity, letter authorship or an external Acts identification." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Cephas", "Peter" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 1:12", "1CO 3:22", "1CO 9:5", "1CO 15:5", "GAL 1:18", "GAL 2:7", "GAL 2:8", "GAL 2:11", "GAL 2:14", "GAL 2:9" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "GAL 2:2", "GAL 2:6", "GAL 2:10", "GAL 2:12", "GAL 2:13", "GAL 2:15", "GAL 2:16", "GAL 2:17", "GAL 2:18", "GAL 2:19", "GAL 2:20", "GAL 2:21" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "comparison-cluster", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "peter-cephas-1co", "document": "1CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 1:12", "1CO 3:22", "1CO 9:5", "1CO 15:5" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "peter-cephas-gal-peter", "document": "GAL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "GAL 1:18", "GAL 2:7", "GAL 2:8", "GAL 2:11", "GAL 2:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "GAL 2:12", "GAL 2:13", "GAL 2:15", "GAL 2:16", "GAL 2:17", "GAL 2:18", "GAL 2:19", "GAL 2:20", "GAL 2:21" ] }, { "id": "peter-cephas-gal-cephas", "document": "GAL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "GAL 2:9" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "GAL 2:2", "GAL 2:6", "GAL 2:10" ] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "galatian-peter-cephas-comparison", "partitionIds": [ "peter-cephas-gal-peter", "peter-cephas-gal-cephas" ] }, { "claimId": "letter-cephas-comparison", "partitionIds": [ "peter-cephas-1co", "peter-cephas-gal-cephas" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "antioch", "claimId": "antioch-withdrawal" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-peter-cephas" }, { "id": "priscilla", "name": "Priscilla (Acts)", "summary": "Acts introduces Priscilla as Aquila's wife when Paul encounters the couple at Corinth. Paul shares their lodging and work setting, and they later travel with him before remaining at Ephesus. Priscilla and Aquila then take Apollos aside for fuller instruction. Her role in these scenes belongs to a partnership of hospitality, travel and teaching, without a separate conversion narrative or a formal title.", "anchors": [ { "id": "corinth-household", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:1-3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "travel-to-ephesus", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:18-19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "apollos-instruction", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:26", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "wife-and-household", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "corinth-household" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts identifies Priscilla as Aquila's wife and describes Paul staying and working with the couple at Corinth.", "limit": "The shared setting does not allocate every individual task or describe when either spouse became a believer." }, { "id": "travel-company", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "travel-to-ephesus" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts places Priscilla and Aquila with Paul on the voyage from Corinth and describes the couple being left at Ephesus.", "limit": "" }, { "id": "private-instruction", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "apollos-instruction" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Priscilla and Aquila jointly explaining the way of God more precisely to Apollos.", "limit": "The joint explanation does not establish a formal teaching office for either person." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.priscilla", "aliases": [ "Priscilla" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:2", "ACT 18:18", "ACT 18:26" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:3", "ACT 18:19" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q22661413", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-priscilla-q22661413-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "priscilla-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:2", "ACT 18:18", "ACT 18:26" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:3", "ACT 18:19" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "priscilla-spouse-of-aquila", "targetPersonId": "aquila", "predicate": "spouse-of", "claimId": "wife-and-household" }, { "id": "priscilla-host-of-paul", "targetPersonId": "paul", "predicate": "host-of", "claimId": "wife-and-household" }, { "id": "priscilla-teacher-of-apollos", "targetPersonId": "apollos", "predicate": "teacher-of", "claimId": "private-instruction" } ], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "corinth", "claimId": "wife-and-household" }, { "placeId": "ephesus", "claimId": "travel-company" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-priscilla" }, { "id": "priscilla-prisca", "name": "Prisca and Priscilla (Pauline letters)", "summary": "Romans greets Prisca with Aquila as coworkers who risked themselves for the speaker and recognizes a congregation in their house. First Corinthians names Priscilla with Aquila in another household greeting, while Second Timothy greets Prisca and Aquila together. The repeated pairing gives these notices a close connection. Each letter nevertheless supplies its own description, without retelling the Acts account of the couple.", "anchors": [ { "id": "romans-coworkers", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:3-5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "corinthian-household", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 16:19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "timothy-greeting", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:19", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "romans-coworker", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "romans-coworkers" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans calls Prisca and Aquila coworkers, recalls their personal risk for the speaker and greets a congregation in their house.", "limit": "The household greeting does not identify every member or establish the speaker's presence there at the time of writing." }, { "id": "corinthian-greeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "corinthian-household" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Corinthians sends greetings from Priscilla and Aquila together with a congregation meeting in their house.", "limit": "The greeting does not describe a particular visit by the recipients or the letter's speaker." }, { "id": "timothy-greeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "timothy-greeting" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy includes Prisca and Aquila in its requested greetings.", "limit": "This brief salutation does not supply a new journey or a household history." }, { "id": "priscilla-prisca-shared-literary-subject", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "reconstructed", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "romans-coworkers", "corinthian-household", "timothy-greeting" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The three letter notices consistently pair Prisca or Priscilla with Aquila; two also refer to a household congregation. This supports a proposed shared subject across the letter name forms, while the separate Acts record awaits independent comparison.", "limit": "This identifies the represented literary subject while retaining every document partition and attributed claim. It does not independently prove historical events, determine composition or authorship, or carry an authority binding." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Prisca", "Priscilla" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:3", "1CO 16:19", "2TI 4:19" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:4", "ROM 16:5" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "priscilla-prisca-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:3" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:4", "ROM 16:5" ] }, { "id": "priscilla-prisca-1co", "document": "1CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 16:19" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "priscilla-prisca-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:19" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "priscilla-prisca-shared-literary-subject", "partitionIds": [ "priscilla-prisca-rom", "priscilla-prisca-1co", "priscilla-prisca-2ti" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "prisca-romans-coworker-of-paul", "targetPersonId": "paul", "predicate": "coworker-of", "claimId": "romans-coworker" } ], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-priscilla-prisca" }, { "id": "julius", "name": "Julius", "summary": "Julius is the centurion entrusted with Paul and other prisoners for the voyage to Italy in Acts. At Sidon he permits Paul to visit friends for care. Later, the centurion prevents the soldiers from killing the prisoners because he wants to save Paul. These narrated decisions connect custody with particular acts of consideration and protection, without supplying Julius's wider military career or personal religious commitments.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-27-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-27-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-27-42", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:42", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-27-43", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 27:43", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "custody-and-kindness", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-27-1", "a-act-27-3" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names Julius as the centurion receiving the prisoners and describes his permission for Paul to visit friends at Sidon.", "limit": "The unit designation does not by itself establish a complete military career or a particular imperial bodyguard assignment." }, { "id": "protective-intervention", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-27-1", "a-act-27-42", "a-act-27-43" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The centurion in the shipwreck account prevents the soldiers from killing the prisoners because he wants to save Paul.", "limit": "This belongs to the continuing voyage narrative; it does not establish conversion or a later career for Julius." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.julius", "aliases": [ "Julius" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:1", "ACT 27:3" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:6", "ACT 27:9", "ACT 27:10", "ACT 27:11", "ACT 27:21", "ACT 27:22", "ACT 27:23", "ACT 27:24", "ACT 27:25", "ACT 27:26", "ACT 27:31", "ACT 27:33", "ACT 27:34", "ACT 27:35", "ACT 27:36", "ACT 27:37", "ACT 27:38", "ACT 27:43", "ACT 27:44", "ACT 28:1", "ACT 28:2", "ACT 28:16" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q107303303", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "julius-wikidata-canonical-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "julius-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:1", "ACT 27:3" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 27:6", "ACT 27:9", "ACT 27:10", "ACT 27:11", "ACT 27:21", "ACT 27:22", "ACT 27:23", "ACT 27:24", "ACT 27:25", "ACT 27:26", "ACT 27:31", "ACT 27:33", "ACT 27:34", "ACT 27:35", "ACT 27:36", "ACT 27:37", "ACT 27:38", "ACT 27:43", "ACT 27:44", "ACT 28:1", "ACT 28:2", "ACT 28:16" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "sidon", "claimId": "custody-and-kindness" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-julius" }, { "id": "manaen", "name": "Manaen", "summary": "Manaen is named among the prophets and teachers in the Antioch assembly in Acts. The English passage describes him as a foster brother of Herod the tetrarch, placing a connection with Herod beside his community ministry. The list leads into the commissioning of Barnabas and Saul. It does not distinguish Manaen's individual action in that commissioning or explain the precise upbringing relationship behind the translated description.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-13-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:1", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "antioch-ministry", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-13-1" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts includes Manaen among prophets and teachers associated with the Antioch assembly.", "limit": "The group description does not allocate one specific role or a separate commissioning act to each named person." }, { "id": "herod-connection", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-13-1" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The inspected English passage describes Manaen through a foster-brother relationship with Herod the tetrarch.", "limit": "The rendering does not establish biological siblinghood or a detailed history of their upbringing." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Manaen" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:2" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q3300101", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-manaen-q3300101-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "manaen-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:2" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "antioch", "claimId": "antioch-ministry" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-manaen" }, { "id": "mary-acts-12-12", "name": "Mary (Acts 12:12)", "summary": "Mary is identified in Acts as the mother of John, also called Mark, and as the person associated with the house Peter visits after leaving prison. Many people have gathered there to pray. Her name anchors both a family connection and the setting of this gathering. The scene does not identify Mary with another biblical Mary or make the house gathering evidence of a particular church office.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-12-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 12:12", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "john-mark-mother", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-12-12" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts identifies this Mary as the mother of John who is also called Mark.", "limit": "The explicit relationship does not establish further family links or identify her with another Mary." }, { "id": "prayer-house", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-12-12" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The narrative places a gathered prayer group in Mary's house when Peter arrives.", "limit": "The house association does not by itself settle ownership arrangements or assign Mary a formal leadership office." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Mary" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 12:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q3311767", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-mary-acts-12-12-q3311767-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "mary-acts-12-12-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 12:12" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "mary-acts-parent-of-john-mark", "targetPersonId": "john-mark", "predicate": "parent-of", "claimId": "john-mark-mother" } ], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-mary-acts-12-12" }, { "id": "mary-romans-16-6", "name": "Mary (Romans 16:6)", "summary": "Mary receives a greeting in Romans accompanied by recognition of considerable labor. The salutation makes work, rather than a family relationship or office, the personal detail attached to her name. It appears within the letter's wider acknowledgment of people and their contributions. The kind of labor is not described, and the shared name does not establish that she is Mary, the mother of John Mark, or another Mary elsewhere.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-16-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:6", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "commended-labor", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-6" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans greets Mary and commends her for much labor.", "limit": "The verse does not specify the task, establish a church office or identify this Mary with a namesake in another passage." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Mary" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:6" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q6778753", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-mary-romans-16-6-q6778753-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "mary-romans-16-6-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:6" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-mary-romans-16-6" }, { "id": "mnason", "name": "Mnason", "summary": "Mnason appears in Acts during the journey from Caesarea toward Jerusalem. He is associated with Cyprus and described as an early disciple; the travelers expect to stay with him. The notice connects a named believer with planned hospitality within the journey. It does not describe his age, give a detailed conversion history or specify every stage of the travelers' route and lodging arrangements.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-21-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-21-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:15", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "early-disciple", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-21-16" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts identifies Mnason through a Cyprus association and describes him as an early disciple.", "limit": "Early discipleship is not an explicit statement of old age, birthplace or the date and circumstances of conversion." }, { "id": "planned-lodging", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-21-15", "a-act-21-16" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The travel account presents Mnason as the person with whom the party expects to stay.", "limit": "The wording states an intended lodging arrangement and does not independently describe its completion or the precise address." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Mnason" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 21:16" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 21:17" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "mnason-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 21:16" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 21:17" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "cyprus", "claimId": "early-disciple" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-mnason" }, { "id": "onesimus", "name": "Onesimus", "summary": "Colossians presents Onesimus as a trusted member of the recipients' community associated with a news-bearing dispatch. Philemon makes a personal appeal for Onesimus's return and welcome as a brother. Their overlapping named network supports a connected literary identification while each letter retains its own claims. The appeal does not establish theft, escape or completed emancipation.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-col-4-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-col-4-8", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-col-4-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phm-1-10", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phm-1-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phm-1-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phm-1-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phm-1-18", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:18", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "identity-context-01", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:7-17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "identity-context-02", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:1-2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "identity-context-03", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:10-18", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "identity-context-04", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:23-24", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "colossians-dispatch", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-col-4-7", "a-col-4-8", "a-col-4-9" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Colossians describes Onesimus as a faithful and beloved brother from the recipients' community and associates him with the dispatch carrying news.", "limit": "The letter's plan is not independent proof of completed delivery or a full itinerary." }, { "id": "philemon-appeal", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-phm-1-10", "a-phm-1-12", "a-phm-1-16", "a-phm-1-17", "a-phm-1-18" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Philemon describes Paul sending Onesimus back and asks for him to be received as a brother with the welcome Paul would receive.", "limit": "The slave language and conditional reference to a wrong or debt do not establish a theft, fugitive history or completed manumission." }, { "id": "cross-document-identity", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "reconstructed", "confidence": "medium-high", "supports": [ "a-col-4-9", "a-phm-1-10", "identity-context-01", "identity-context-02", "identity-context-03", "identity-context-04" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The dispatch and appeal notices within an overlapping named network support a reconstructed literary identification of Onesimus across the two letters.", "limit": "The separate accounts do not independently establish historical identity, relative chronology, completed delivery, theft, escape or legal emancipation. Neither letter explicitly identifies its Onesimus with the other letter's subject, so the proposed link remains qualified." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.onesimus", "aliases": [ "Onesimus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:9", "PHM 1:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:11", "PHM 1:12", "PHM 1:13", "PHM 1:15", "PHM 1:16", "PHM 1:17", "PHM 1:18" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "onesimus-col", "document": "COL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:9" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "onesimus-phm", "document": "PHM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:11", "PHM 1:12", "PHM 1:13", "PHM 1:15", "PHM 1:16", "PHM 1:17", "PHM 1:18" ] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "cross-document-identity", "partitionIds": [ "onesimus-col", "onesimus-phm" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-onesimus" }, { "id": "philemon", "name": "Philemon", "summary": "Philemon is named as a beloved coworker in the address of the letter that bears his name. Its appeal asks for Onesimus to be welcomed and stresses willing agreement rather than imposed action. The address also includes Apphia, Archippus and a house assembly. The letter's personal requests place Philemon within relationships of work and community without supplying an explicit marriage, complete household membership or a report that every requested action occurred.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-phm-1-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phm-1-10", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:10", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phm-1-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phm-1-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:17", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "coworker-addressee", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-phm-1-1" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letter's address names Philemon as a beloved coworker of its speaker, Paul.", "limit": "The work designation does not supply an office, and the neighboring names do not establish marriage or parentage." }, { "id": "willing-welcome", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-phm-1-10", "a-phm-1-14", "a-phm-1-17" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The appeal to the recipient stresses voluntary agreement and asks that Onesimus be received with the welcome Paul himself would receive.", "limit": "The requests do not document the recipient's final response or report legal emancipation." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.philemon", "aliases": [ "Philemon" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:3", "PHM 1:4", "PHM 1:5", "PHM 1:6", "PHM 1:7", "PHM 1:8", "PHM 1:9", "PHM 1:10", "PHM 1:11", "PHM 1:12", "PHM 1:13", "PHM 1:14", "PHM 1:15", "PHM 1:16", "PHM 1:17", "PHM 1:18", "PHM 1:19", "PHM 1:20", "PHM 1:21", "PHM 1:22", "PHM 1:23", "PHM 1:24", "PHM 1:25" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q709209", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-philemon-q709209-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "philemon-phm", "document": "PHM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:3", "PHM 1:4", "PHM 1:5", "PHM 1:6", "PHM 1:7", "PHM 1:8", "PHM 1:9", "PHM 1:10", "PHM 1:11", "PHM 1:12", "PHM 1:13", "PHM 1:14", "PHM 1:15", "PHM 1:16", "PHM 1:17", "PHM 1:18", "PHM 1:19", "PHM 1:20", "PHM 1:21", "PHM 1:22", "PHM 1:23", "PHM 1:24", "PHM 1:25" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "philemon-coworker-of-paul", "targetPersonId": "paul", "predicate": "coworker-of", "claimId": "coworker-addressee" } ], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-philemon" }, { "id": "philip", "name": "Philip (Acts evangelist)", "summary": "Acts presents Philip proclaiming Christ in Samaria, explaining Scripture to an Ethiopian traveler and baptizing him. The narrative then describes Philip preaching along the route to Caesarea. A later visit names him as the evangelist and one of the Seven, with four daughters who prophesy, and places Paul's party in his house. These notices concern the Acts minister and should not be expanded with a biography borrowed from the apostle Philip.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-8-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-8-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-8-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:12", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-8-27", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:27", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-8-30", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:30", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-8-35", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:35", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-8-38", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:38", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-8-40", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:40", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-21-8", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:8", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-21-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:9", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "samaria-ministry", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-8-5", "a-act-8-6", "a-act-8-12" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts depicts Philip proclaiming Christ in Samaria, with crowds responding to his message and reported signs.", "limit": "This records the narrative's presentation rather than independent verification of each reported healing." }, { "id": "traveler-and-route", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-8-27", "a-act-8-30", "a-act-8-35", "a-act-8-38", "a-act-8-40" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The narrative describes Philip explaining Scripture about Jesus to an Ethiopian official, baptizing him and later preaching from Azotus toward Caesarea.", "limit": "The narrated journey does not establish a full later mission history or supply a personal name for the traveler." }, { "id": "caesarea-household", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-21-8", "a-act-21-9" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts later identifies Philip as an evangelist and one of the Seven, describes Paul's party staying with him and mentions four daughters who prophesy.", "limit": "The daughters are not named, and this Philip is not thereby identified with the apostle of the same name." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.philip", "aliases": [ "Philip" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:5", "ACT 8:6", "ACT 8:12", "ACT 8:13", "ACT 8:26", "ACT 8:29", "ACT 8:30", "ACT 8:31", "ACT 8:34", "ACT 8:35", "ACT 8:38", "ACT 8:39", "ACT 8:40", "ACT 21:8" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:27", "ACT 8:36", "ACT 21:9" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q508571", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-philip-q508571-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "philip-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:5", "ACT 8:6", "ACT 8:12", "ACT 8:13", "ACT 8:26", "ACT 8:29", "ACT 8:30", "ACT 8:31", "ACT 8:34", "ACT 8:35", "ACT 8:38", "ACT 8:39", "ACT 8:40", "ACT 21:8" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:27", "ACT 8:36", "ACT 21:9" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "philip-host-of-paul", "targetPersonId": "paul", "predicate": "host-of", "claimId": "caesarea-household" } ], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "samaria", "claimId": "samaria-ministry" }, { "placeId": "azotus", "claimId": "traveler-and-route" }, { "placeId": "caesarea", "claimId": "caesarea-household" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-philip" }, { "id": "philologus", "name": "Philologus", "summary": "Philologus appears near the end of Romans among the people greeted by name. Julia, Nereus and his sister, Olympas and the believers with them are included in the same greeting. The list places Philologus within a shared circle of recipients without describing its organization. His position beside Julia does not establish a marriage, and the verse gives no separate assignment or office for him.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-16-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:15", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "shared-greeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-15" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans includes Philologus among named recipients in a greeting extending to believers with them.", "limit": "The sequence does not establish marriage to Julia, ownership of a meeting place or a leadership role." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Philologus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:15" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "philologus-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:15" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-philologus" }, { "id": "pilate", "name": "Pilate (Acts 13:28)", "summary": "Pilate appears in Paul's account of Jesus' death during the Pisidian Antioch speech in Acts. The speech says that Jerusalem's inhabitants and their rulers sought Jesus' death from Pilate despite finding no sufficient capital charge. Pilate is named as the person approached in that request. The passage summarizes an episode within a proclamation about Jesus rather than narrating Pilate's full hearing, motives or administrative career.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-13-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:16", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-13-27", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:27", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-13-28", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:28", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "death-request", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-13-16", "a-act-13-27", "a-act-13-28" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "In the Acts speech, Paul says that Jerusalem's inhabitants and rulers asked Pilate to have Jesus killed despite lacking a sufficient charge deserving death.", "limit": "This is the speech's portrayal of particular actors, not collective blame for Jewish people or an independent transcript of proceedings." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Pilate" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:28" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q17131", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-pilate-q17131-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "pilate-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:28" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-pilate" }, { "id": "publius", "name": "Publius", "summary": "Publius is introduced in Acts as the island's chief man after the shipwreck on Malta. He receives the travelers and provides hospitality for three days. The narrative then reports Paul visiting Publius's sick father, praying and healing him, followed by other islanders seeking healing. Publius appears through local standing, hospitality and this family episode, without a conversion account or a verified explanation of the title's institutional meaning.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-28-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 28:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-28-7", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 28:7", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-28-8", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 28:8", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "island-hospitality", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-28-1", "a-act-28-7" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Publius as the island's chief man and says that he receives and hosts the travelers for three days.", "limit": "The English description does not independently establish an exact ancient office or a later religious identity." }, { "id": "father-healing", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-28-8" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The narrative reports Publius's father being ill and Paul praying, laying hands on him and healing him.", "limit": "The father is unnamed, and the report is not independent medical verification or a biography of Publius's later life." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.publius", "aliases": [ "Publius" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 28:7", "ACT 28:8" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "publius-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 28:7", "ACT 28:8" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "publius-host-of-paul", "targetPersonId": "paul", "predicate": "host-of", "claimId": "island-hospitality" } ], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "malta", "claimId": "island-hospitality" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-publius" }, { "id": "rhoda", "name": "Rhoda", "summary": "Rhoda is the servant girl who answers Peter's knock at the gate in Acts after his escape from prison. Recognizing his voice, she runs inside with the news rather than immediately opening the gate. The gathered people initially dismiss her report, then see Peter when the gate is opened. Rhoda's role centers on recognition and announcement within this scene, not a separately narrated later ministry.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-12-13", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 12:13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-12-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 12:14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-12-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 12:15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-12-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 12:16", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "recognition-and-report", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-12-13", "a-act-12-14" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names Rhoda as the servant girl who responds to the knocking and reports Peter's presence after recognizing his voice.", "limit": "The narrative does not give her age, legal status, family or later occupation." }, { "id": "disbelief-and-opening", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-12-15", "a-act-12-16" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The people gathered inside initially reject Rhoda's report, while she insists, before the opened gate reveals Peter.", "limit": "The scene's disagreement does not establish a later conflict or a medical description of Rhoda." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Rhoda" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 12:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 12:14", "ACT 12:15" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q7320830", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-rhoda-q7320830-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "rhoda-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 12:13" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 12:14", "ACT 12:15" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-rhoda" }, { "id": "sceva", "name": "Sceva", "summary": "Sceva appears in Acts as the named father of seven sons involved in attempts to use Jesus' name in exorcism. The English account describes him as a Jewish chief priest, but the action that follows concerns his sons rather than a narrated intervention by Sceva himself. Their attempt ends in humiliation and injury. The passage does not explain the historical standing behind Sceva's title or describe his own presence.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-19-14", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:14", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-19-13", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-19-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-19-16", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:16", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "father-and-title", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-19-14" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts identifies seven sons of Sceva and describes Sceva as a Jewish chief priest in the English text.", "limit": "The wording does not by itself establish a Jerusalem high-priestly tenure, a particular office history or Sceva's presence during the attempt." }, { "id": "sons-attempt", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-19-13", "a-act-19-14", "a-act-19-15", "a-act-19-16" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The narrative places Sceva's sons within an attempt to invoke Jesus' name and describes the practitioners being overpowered.", "limit": "The action belongs to the sons, not automatically to their father; the report does not independently verify the spiritual event described." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.sceva", "aliases": [ "Sceva" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q7430863", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-sceva-q7430863-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "sceva-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:14" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-sceva" }, { "id": "secundus", "name": "Secundus", "summary": "Secundus is named in Acts' travel list beside Aristarchus, with both associated with Thessalonica. They belong to the party accompanying Paul toward Asia, and the following verse describes the companions going ahead to wait at Troas. The list gives Secundus a regional connection and a place in shared travel. It does not assign an individual mission, identify an occupation or explain how he joined the party.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-20-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-20-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:5", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "thessalonian-companion", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-20-4" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts lists Secundus with Aristarchus as Thessalonian companions in Paul's traveling party.", "limit": "The description establishes an association rather than a birthplace, citizenship or family relationship." }, { "id": "group-at-troas", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-20-4", "a-act-20-5" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The following verse places the listed companions ahead of the narrator's party, waiting at Troas.", "limit": "The group action does not give a separate itinerary or task for Secundus." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.secundus", "aliases": [ "Secundus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:4" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:5", "ACT 20:6" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "secundus-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:4" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:5", "ACT 20:6" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "thessalonica", "claimId": "thessalonian-companion" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-secundus" }, { "id": "simeon-niger", "name": "Simeon called Niger", "summary": "Acts identifies Simeon as also called Niger in its list of prophets and teachers at Antioch. He appears alongside Barnabas, Lucius, Manaen and Saul in the community from which Barnabas and Saul are commissioned. The paired naming is explicit within this passage. The list does not distinguish Simeon's individual activity or establish his ancestry, appearance, precise office or identity with another biblical Simeon or Simon.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-13-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 13:1", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "explicit-naming", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-13-1" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts presents Simeon and Niger as names or designations for the same person in the Antioch list.", "limit": "The naming does not by itself prove an ethnic identity, physical appearance or connection with another Simeon or Simon." }, { "id": "ministry-group", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-13-1" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The passage includes this Simeon among the Antioch community's prophets and teachers.", "limit": "The collective description does not allocate one role or a separate commissioning action to each named member." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Niger", "Simeon" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:2" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q7517627", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-simeon-niger-q7517627-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "simeon-niger-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 13:2" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "antioch", "claimId": "ministry-group" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-simeon-niger" }, { "id": "simon-acts-8", "name": "Simon (Acts 8)", "summary": "Acts introduces Simon as a practitioner of sorcery in Samaria, then describes him believing and being baptized during Philip's ministry. He later offers money for authority associated with giving the Spirit through the laying on of hands. Peter rebukes him, and Simon asks for prayer. The account presents both his earlier response and the subsequent conflict without reporting a final outcome or identifying him with another Simon.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-8-9", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:9", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-8-13", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-8-18", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:18", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-8-19", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-8-20", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:20", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-8-22", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:22", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-8-24", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:24", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "samaria-and-baptism", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-8-9", "a-act-8-13" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts portrays Simon as a notable practitioner of sorcery in Samaria and later describes his belief, baptism and continuing association with Philip.", "limit": "The narrative's description does not independently verify the practices' claimed effects or settle Simon's later religious history." }, { "id": "money-and-rebuke", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-8-18", "a-act-8-19", "a-act-8-20", "a-act-8-22", "a-act-8-24" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The narrative describes Simon offering money for the ability he sees associated with giving the Spirit, followed by Peter's rebuke and Simon's request for prayer.", "limit": "The passage does not narrate a later repentance, death or doctrinal school." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Simon" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:9", "ACT 8:13", "ACT 8:18", "ACT 8:24" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:10", "ACT 8:11", "ACT 8:19", "ACT 8:20", "ACT 8:21", "ACT 8:22", "ACT 8:23" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q294795", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-simon-acts-8-q294795-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "simon-acts-8-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:9", "ACT 8:13", "ACT 8:18", "ACT 8:24" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 8:10", "ACT 8:11", "ACT 8:19", "ACT 8:20", "ACT 8:21", "ACT 8:22", "ACT 8:23" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "samaria", "claimId": "samaria-and-baptism" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-simon-acts-8" }, { "id": "simon-tanner", "name": "Simon the tanner", "summary": "Simon the tanner is the person with whom Peter stays at Joppa in Acts. His house, described as near the sea, provides the location where Cornelius's messengers seek Peter. The narrative carefully distinguishes the host Simon from Simon also called Peter, including when the instructions are retold. The occupation and household setting identify this subject without supplying a fuller family history, religious standing or later career.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-9-43", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:43", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-10-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 10:6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-10-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 10:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-10-18", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 10:18", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-10-32", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 10:32", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "joppa-host", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-9-43", "a-act-10-6" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Peter staying with a tanner named Simon at Joppa, in a house near the sea.", "limit": "The house association and trade do not establish legal ownership, ritual standing or a detailed workshop reconstruction." }, { "id": "messenger-location", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-10-17", "a-act-10-18", "a-act-10-32" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Cornelius's messengers inquire for Simon's house while seeking Simon Peter, and the later reported instructions preserve that distinction.", "limit": "The two Simons are distinct narrative subjects; retelling the instructions is not a separate independent witness to the event." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Simon" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:43", "ACT 10:6", "ACT 10:17", "ACT 10:32" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q47267586", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-simon-tanner-q47267586-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "simon-tanner-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:43", "ACT 10:6", "ACT 10:17", "ACT 10:32" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "simon-tanner-host-of-peter", "targetPersonId": "peter", "predicate": "host-of", "claimId": "joppa-host" } ], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "joppa", "claimId": "joppa-host" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-simon-tanner" }, { "id": "sopater", "name": "Sopater", "summary": "Sopater is named in Acts among the people accompanying Paul toward Asia and is associated with Beroea. The traveling party includes people linked with several other places, and its members go ahead to wait at Troas. Sopater's notice concerns a regional connection and shared movement, not a separate personal assignment. The source spelling is retained without equating him with Sosipater in Romans or adding an unprinted family name.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-20-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-20-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:5", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "berean-companion", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-20-4" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts lists Sopater of Beroea among Paul's travel companions.", "limit": "The place association does not establish a birthplace, citizenship or identity with Sosipater in Romans." }, { "id": "group-ahead", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-20-4", "a-act-20-5" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The following verse describes the listed companions going ahead and waiting at Troas.", "limit": "The group description does not supply an individual assignment or an exhaustive itinerary for Sopater." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.sopater", "aliases": [ "Sopater" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:4" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:5", "ACT 20:6" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "sopater-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:4" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:5", "ACT 20:6" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "berea", "claimId": "berean-companion" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-sopater" }, { "id": "sosipater-romans-16-21", "name": "Sosipater (Romans 16:21)", "summary": "Sosipater sends greetings in Romans with Timothy, Lucius and Jason. The verse describes Sosipater, Lucius and Jason through kinship language, while Timothy is individually called a coworker. Sosipater's place in the greeting shows association with the sender's circle without specifying the closeness of the relationship or an individual assignment. The notice does not identify him with Sopater in the Acts travel list.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-16-21", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:21", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "kinship-greeting", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-16-21" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans includes Sosipater among greeting senders and describes him through kinship language.", "limit": "The wording does not specify a close family relationship, transfer Timothy's individual coworker designation or establish identity with Sopater." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Sosipater" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "sosipater-romans-16-21-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-sosipater-romans-16-21" }, { "id": "stephen", "name": "Stephen", "summary": "Stephen's death and its aftermath frame several passages in Acts. He is stoned while appealing to Jesus, prays for his attackers and is buried with mourning. Later the narrative connects persecution and scattering with his death, and Paul's reported speech recalls consenting to the killing and guarding the attackers' garments. These are connected episodes and retellings within Acts, rather than independent accounts to be counted as separate corroboration.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-7-58", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 7:58", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-7-59", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 7:59", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-7-60", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 7:60", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-8-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 8:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-11-19", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 11:19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-21-40", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:40", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-22-20", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 22:20", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "death-and-prayer", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-7-58", "a-act-7-59", "a-act-7-60" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts depicts Stephen being stoned, appealing to Jesus and praying that his attackers' sin not be held against them.", "limit": "This records the narrative's portrayal rather than an independently preserved transcript of his final words." }, { "id": "burial-and-scattering", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-8-2", "a-act-11-19" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The narrative reports Stephen's burial with mourning and later relates the scattering of believers to the persecution associated with him.", "limit": "The literary connection does not supply a complete chronology or count every displaced person." }, { "id": "paul-retelling", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-21-40", "a-act-22-20" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "In Paul's later reported speech, Acts recalls his consent to Stephen's death and his guarding of the killers' garments.", "limit": "This is a retelling within the same literary work, not automatically another independent historical witness." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.stephen", "aliases": [ "Stephen" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 7:59", "ACT 8:2", "ACT 11:19", "ACT 22:20" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 7:58", "ACT 7:60", "ACT 8:1" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "stephen-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 7:59", "ACT 8:2", "ACT 11:19", "ACT 22:20" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 7:58", "ACT 7:60", "ACT 8:1" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-stephen" }, { "id": "tabitha-dorcas", "name": "Tabitha / Dorcas", "summary": "Acts explicitly connects the names Tabitha and Dorcas for a disciple at Joppa known for good works and acts of mercy. After her death, widows show Peter garments she had made. The narrative describes Peter praying and presenting her alive to the community. Her service and the community's response shape the episode, without establishing that she herself was a widow or supplying a later institutional role.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-9-36", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:36", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-9-37", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:37", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-9-39", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:39", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-9-40", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:40", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-9-41", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 9:41", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "names-and-service", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-9-36" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts gives Tabitha and Dorcas as corresponding names for the same disciple and characterizes her through good works and mercy.", "limit": "The explicit name pairing does not require a separate-person hypothesis or establish an otherwise unverified original-language etymology." }, { "id": "death-and-garments", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-9-37", "a-act-9-39" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The narrative reports her illness and death and describes mourning widows showing garments Dorcas had made.", "limit": "The account does not say that Dorcas herself was a widow or give a complete record of recipients of her work." }, { "id": "presented-alive", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-9-40", "a-act-9-41" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Peter praying, Tabitha responding and Peter presenting her alive to the believers and widows.", "limit": "The statement records the narrative's claim rather than independent medical verification." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Dorcas", "Tabitha" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:36", "ACT 9:39", "ACT 9:40" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:37", "ACT 9:41" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q693055", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-tabitha-dorcas-q693055-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "tabitha-dorcas-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:36", "ACT 9:39", "ACT 9:40" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 9:37", "ACT 9:41" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "joppa", "claimId": "names-and-service" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-tabitha-dorcas" }, { "id": "tertullus", "name": "Tertullus", "summary": "Tertullus is the orator accompanying Ananias and elders when accusations against Paul are brought before the governor in Acts. He opens with praise of Felix and then presents charges of unrest, sectarian leadership and attempted temple profanation. The account gives Tertullus a role in speaking for the accusing delegation. His speech is a prosecution case within the narrative, not confirmation that every accusation was true.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-24-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 24:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-24-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 24:2", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-24-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 24:3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-24-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 24:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-24-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 24:6", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "delegation-orator", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-24-1", "a-act-24-2" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts introduces Tertullus as an orator accompanying Ananias and elders and describes him beginning the accusation before the governor.", "limit": "The role does not by itself establish a particular legal qualification, citizenship or ethnicity." }, { "id": "praise-and-charges", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-24-2", "a-act-24-3", "a-act-24-5", "a-act-24-6" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The reported speech praises Felix and accuses Paul of fomenting unrest, leading the Nazarene group and attempting to profane the temple.", "limit": "These are the delegation's allegations as presented by the narrative, not findings of guilt or a basis for collective blame." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.tertullus", "aliases": [ "Tertullus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 24:1", "ACT 24:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 24:3", "ACT 24:4", "ACT 24:5", "ACT 24:6", "ACT 24:8", "ACT 24:13", "ACT 24:14", "ACT 24:22" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q3518955", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-person-tertullus-q3518955-match" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "tertullus-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 24:1", "ACT 24:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 24:3", "ACT 24:4", "ACT 24:5", "ACT 24:6", "ACT 24:8", "ACT 24:13", "ACT 24:14", "ACT 24:22" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-tertullus" }, { "id": "claudius", "name": "Claudius (Acts)", "summary": "Claudius is named in Acts in connection with a famine and an order affecting Jews at Rome. The famine notice places the event in his time, while the Corinthian narrative explains Aquila and Priscilla's recent arrival from Italy through his command. These references provide chronological and political background within Acts. They do not supply a complete reign chronology or identify Claudius with the commander Claudius Lysias.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-11-27-30", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 11:27-30", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-18-1-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:1-2", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "famine-time", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-11-27-30" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts associates the famine following Agabus's warning with the time of Claudius.", "limit": "The notice does not by itself independently establish the famine's dates, extent or administrative history." }, { "id": "rome-order", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-18-1-2" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts attributes Aquila's recent departure from Italy with Priscilla to an order from Claudius affecting Jews at Rome.", "limit": "This is the narrative's explanation; the passage supplies no text of the decree or account of its enforcement." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.claudius", "aliases": [ "Claudius" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 11:28", "ACT 18:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q1411", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-people10-claudius-q1411" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "claudius-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 11:28", "ACT 18:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-claudius" }, { "id": "lysias", "name": "Claudius Lysias", "summary": "Acts identifies Claudius Lysias through the letter that its commanding officer writes when arranging Paul's transfer to Felix. The letter presents the officer's account of the dispute and explains the transfer. Later, Felix refers to Lysias by name and by his command role while postponing a decision. These narrative connections explain the names and titles without requiring an independently reconstructed military career.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-23-17-30", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 23:17-30", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-24-22", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 24:22", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "commander-identification", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-23-17-30", "a-act-24-22" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The sequence in Acts identifies the commanding officer as the writer whose letter opens with the name Claudius Lysias; Felix later calls Lysias the commanding officer.", "limit": "The identification follows the narrative's own letter introduction and later wording, not a guessed match to an external officer." }, { "id": "transfer-and-deferral", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-23-17-30", "a-act-24-22" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts connects Lysias with arrangements to send Paul to Felix, and later records Felix postponing his decision pending Lysias's arrival.", "limit": "The letter's account is attributed testimony within Acts; the later condition does not report that Lysias actually arrived or testified." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.lysias", "aliases": [ "Claudius Lysias", "Lysias" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 23:26", "ACT 24:22" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 21:31", "ACT 21:32", "ACT 21:33", "ACT 21:34", "ACT 21:37", "ACT 21:38", "ACT 21:39", "ACT 21:40", "ACT 22:24", "ACT 22:26", "ACT 22:27", "ACT 22:28", "ACT 22:29", "ACT 22:30", "ACT 23:10", "ACT 23:15", "ACT 23:17", "ACT 23:18", "ACT 23:19", "ACT 23:20", "ACT 23:21", "ACT 23:22", "ACT 23:23", "ACT 23:24", "ACT 23:25", "ACT 23:27", "ACT 23:28", "ACT 23:29", "ACT 23:30" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q2376069", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-people10-lysias-q2376069" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "lysias-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 23:26", "ACT 24:22" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 21:31", "ACT 21:32", "ACT 21:33", "ACT 21:34", "ACT 21:37", "ACT 21:38", "ACT 21:39", "ACT 21:40", "ACT 22:24", "ACT 22:26", "ACT 22:27", "ACT 22:28", "ACT 22:29", "ACT 22:30", "ACT 23:10", "ACT 23:15", "ACT 23:17", "ACT 23:18", "ACT 23:19", "ACT 23:20", "ACT 23:21", "ACT 23:22", "ACT 23:23", "ACT 23:24", "ACT 23:25", "ACT 23:27", "ACT 23:28", "ACT 23:29", "ACT 23:30" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-lysias" }, { "id": "mark-2timothy-4-11", "name": "Mark (Second Timothy 4:11)", "summary": "Second Timothy asks its recipient to bring Mark, explaining that Mark is useful to the speaker in service. The request appears among closing notices about companions, departures and intended travel. Mark's place here is therefore prospective: the letter values his contribution and asks for his presence. It does not report his arrival or connect him explicitly with people named Mark in other documents.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-2ti-4-9-12", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:9-12", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "requested-companion", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2ti-4-9-12" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy asks its recipient to bring Mark and gives his usefulness in service as the reason.", "limit": "The request does not establish that Mark arrived, assign him an office or identify him with another Mark." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Mark" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:11" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "mark-2timothy-4-11-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:11" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-mark-2timothy-4-11" }, { "id": "mark-colossians-4-10", "name": "Mark (Colossians 4:10)", "summary": "Colossians includes Mark among those sending greetings and identifies him as Barnabas's cousin. The letter also recalls instructions about welcoming him if he comes to the recipients. The surrounding greeting describes a group of coworkers who have brought comfort to the speaker. Mark's family connection and possible visit belong to this letter's presentation, without establishing a journey's completion or an identity with another Mark.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-col-4-10-11", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 4:10-11", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "greeting-and-family-connection", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-col-4-10-11" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Colossians names Mark in its greetings and identifies him as a cousin of Barnabas.", "limit": "The stated cousin relationship is retained in prose rather than converted into a different available relationship predicate." }, { "id": "conditional-welcome", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-col-4-10-11" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letter reminds its recipients of instructions to welcome Mark if he comes.", "limit": "The conditional instruction is not a report that he made the visit or proof of identity with a Mark elsewhere." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Mark" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:11" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q4281752", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-people10-mark-colossians-4-10-q4281752" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "mark-colossians-4-10-col", "document": "COL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "COL 4:11" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-mark-colossians-4-10" }, { "id": "mark-philemon-1-24", "name": "Mark (Philemon 1:24)", "summary": "Philemon names Mark among people who send greetings near the end of the letter. He appears with Aristarchus, Demas and Luke in a group described as the speaker's fellow workers. The greeting gives Mark a place in the letter's circle of service and personal contact. It does not describe his particular task, supply a family connection or identify him with another Mark.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-phm-1-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phm-1-23-24", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:23-24", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "greeting-coworker", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-phm-1-1", "a-phm-1-23-24" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Philemon includes Mark among the greeters described as the textual speaker Paul's fellow workers.", "limit": "The relationship is presented within Philemon; it does not establish a particular office, task or cross-document Mark identity." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Mark" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:24" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "mark-philemon-1-24-phm", "document": "PHM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:24" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "mark-philemon-coworker-of-paul", "targetPersonId": "paul", "predicate": "coworker-of", "claimId": "greeting-coworker" } ], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-mark-philemon-1-24" }, { "id": "silas", "name": "Silas", "summary": "Silas first appears in Acts among the men chosen to carry and explain the Jerusalem communication at Antioch. He and Judas are described as prophets who encourage the believers. Paul later chooses Silas as a travelling companion. Subsequent scenes place him with Paul during imprisonment and among companions moving through Macedonia and toward Corinth. These connected episodes describe his narrated service without adding the separate Silvanus references from letters.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-15-22-33", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:22-33", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-15-40-41", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 15:40-41", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-16-12-19", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:12-19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-16-25-39", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:25-39", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-17-1-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:1-15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-18-1-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:1-5", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "jerusalem-messenger", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-15-22-33" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts names Silas among the leading believers selected to accompany the Jerusalem communication to Antioch and describes his prophetic encouragement with Judas.", "limit": "The shared commission does not make Silas the sole author or courier of the written communication." }, { "id": "paul-companion-and-prisoner", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-15-40-41", "a-act-16-12-19", "a-act-16-25-39" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts reports Paul choosing Silas and later narrates their seizure, imprisonment and release in the Philippian episode.", "limit": "These narrative events do not independently establish a complete chronology or a wider legal biography for Silas." }, { "id": "later-movements", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-17-1-15", "a-act-18-1-5" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts follows Silas through the Thessalonian and Beroean episodes and later reports his arrival with Timothy from Macedonia in the Corinthian setting.", "limit": "The request that he come to Paul at Athens is not itself a report of a completed Athens visit." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.silas", "aliases": [ "Silas" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 15:22", "ACT 15:27", "ACT 15:32", "ACT 15:40", "ACT 16:19", "ACT 16:25", "ACT 16:29", "ACT 17:4", "ACT 17:10", "ACT 17:14", "ACT 17:15", "ACT 18:5" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 15:23", "ACT 15:30", "ACT 15:33", "ACT 16:4", "ACT 16:6", "ACT 16:7", "ACT 16:8", "ACT 16:10", "ACT 16:11", "ACT 16:12", "ACT 16:13", "ACT 16:14", "ACT 16:15", "ACT 16:16", "ACT 16:17", "ACT 16:20", "ACT 16:21", "ACT 16:22", "ACT 16:23", "ACT 16:24", "ACT 16:26", "ACT 16:27", "ACT 16:28", "ACT 16:30", "ACT 16:31", "ACT 16:32", "ACT 16:33", "ACT 16:34", "ACT 16:35", "ACT 16:36", "ACT 16:37", "ACT 16:38", "ACT 16:39", "ACT 16:40", "ACT 17:1", "ACT 17:5", "ACT 17:6", "ACT 17:7", "ACT 17:16" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "silas-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 15:22", "ACT 15:27", "ACT 15:32", "ACT 15:40", "ACT 16:19", "ACT 16:25", "ACT 16:29", "ACT 17:4", "ACT 17:10", "ACT 17:14", "ACT 17:15", "ACT 18:5" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 15:23", "ACT 15:30", "ACT 15:33", "ACT 16:4", "ACT 16:6", "ACT 16:7", "ACT 16:8", "ACT 16:10", "ACT 16:11", "ACT 16:12", "ACT 16:13", "ACT 16:14", "ACT 16:15", "ACT 16:16", "ACT 16:17", "ACT 16:20", "ACT 16:21", "ACT 16:22", "ACT 16:23", "ACT 16:24", "ACT 16:26", "ACT 16:27", "ACT 16:28", "ACT 16:30", "ACT 16:31", "ACT 16:32", "ACT 16:33", "ACT 16:34", "ACT 16:35", "ACT 16:36", "ACT 16:37", "ACT 16:38", "ACT 16:39", "ACT 16:40", "ACT 17:1", "ACT 17:5", "ACT 17:6", "ACT 17:7", "ACT 17:16" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-silas" }, { "id": "silvanus-1thessalonians-1-1", "name": "Silvanus (First Thessalonians 1:1)", "summary": "First Thessalonians opens with Silvanus named alongside Paul and Timothy in its address to the Thessalonian congregation. His name belongs to the sending group through which the letter introduces its relationship with those recipients. The opening greeting places that address within shared religious commitments. It does not describe Silvanus's individual contribution to composing the letter or identify him explicitly with Silas in Acts.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-1th-1-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "opening-sending-group", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1th-1-1" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Thessalonians names Silvanus with Paul and Timothy in its opening address to the Thessalonian congregation.", "limit": "The opening does not specify individual authorship duties or establish identity with Silas or another document's Silvanus." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Silvanus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "1TH 1:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "silvanus-1thessalonians-1-1-1th", "document": "1TH", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1TH 1:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-silvanus-1thessalonians-1-1" }, { "id": "silvanus-2corinthians-1-19", "name": "Silvanus (Second Corinthians 1:19)", "summary": "Second Corinthians names Silvanus with Timothy and the speaker in a recollection of proclaiming Jesus Christ to the recipients. The recollection contributes to an argument about the consistency of their message and God's faithfulness. Silvanus is recognized through that shared work rather than through an individual speech or itinerary. The passage does not identify him as the Silas of Acts or supply a continuous personal history.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-2co-1-18-22", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 1:18-22", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "shared-proclamation", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2co-1-18-22" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Corinthians includes Silvanus with Timothy and the speaker among those who proclaimed Jesus Christ to the recipients.", "limit": "The recollection establishes the role presented in this letter, not an identity with another Silvanus or with Silas." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Silvanus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2CO 1:19" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2CO 1:20" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "silvanus-2corinthians-1-19-2co", "document": "2CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2CO 1:19" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2CO 1:20" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-silvanus-2corinthians-1-19" }, { "id": "silvanus-2thessalonians-1-1", "name": "Silvanus (Second Thessalonians 1:1)", "summary": "Second Thessalonians names Silvanus between Paul and Timothy in the group introducing the letter. The address is directed to the Thessalonian congregation and is followed by a blessing of grace and peace. Silvanus's participation is visible in this shared opening, while his individual responsibilities remain undescribed. Neither the repeated sender names nor the setting alone supplies an accepted identity join to another document.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-2th-1-1-2", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Thessalonians 1:1-2", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "opening-sending-group", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2th-1-1-2" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Thessalonians places Silvanus with Paul and Timothy in its opening address.", "limit": "The named sending group does not assign a separate writing task or independently establish cross-document identity or authorship." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Silvanus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TH 1:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "silvanus-2thessalonians-1-1-2th", "document": "2TH", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TH 1:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-silvanus-2thessalonians-1-1" }, { "id": "sosthenes", "name": "Sosthenes (Acts 18:17)", "summary": "Acts names Sosthenes as a synagogue ruler in the Corinthian scene following Gallio's refusal to judge the dispute brought against Paul. The narrative describes Greeks seizing and beating Sosthenes before the judgment seat and notes Gallio's lack of concern. It does not explain Sosthenes's part in the earlier accusation or describe his religious response. His appearance therefore supplies no conversion account or explicit connection with First Corinthians.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-18-12-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:12-17", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "assault-before-gallio", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-18-12-17" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts identifies Sosthenes as a synagogue ruler and describes Greeks assaulting him before Gallio's judgment seat.", "limit": "The account does not explain why he was targeted, establish his part in prosecuting Paul or report a conversion." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.sosthenes", "aliases": [ "Sosthenes" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:17" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q1091308", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-people10-sosthenes-q1091308" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "sosthenes-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:17" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-sosthenes" }, { "id": "sosthenes-1corinthians-1-1", "name": "Sosthenes (First Corinthians 1:1)", "summary": "First Corinthians names Sosthenes alongside Paul in its opening address and describes him as a brother. The greeting then addresses the Corinthian congregation within a wider circle of believers. Sosthenes's name marks participation in that introduction, but the letter does not explain his role in its composition. It also leaves unstated any connection with the synagogue ruler called Sosthenes in Acts.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-1co-1-1-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 1:1-3", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "opening-association", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-1-1-3" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Corinthians includes Sosthenes with Paul in its opening address and uses a religious brother designation.", "limit": "The designation does not establish biological kinship, a writing assignment or identity with the Sosthenes in Acts." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Sosthenes" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 1:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "sosthenes-1corinthians-1-1-1co", "document": "1CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 1:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-sosthenes-1corinthians-1-1" }, { "id": "timothy", "name": "Timothy", "summary": "Timothy appears in Acts as a disciple recruited to travel with Paul and later involved in the mission's movements. Several letters name him as a fellow worker, messenger or co-sender, while First and Second Timothy address him directly. These repeated relationships support a connected literary identification, with each document kept visible. They do not by themselves establish every letter's authorship or provide a complete personal chronology.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-16-1-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 16:1-3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-17-14-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 17:14-15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-18-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-19-22", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:22", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-20-4", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:4", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-1-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-16-21", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 16:21", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-4-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 4:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1co-16-10-11", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Corinthians 16:10-11", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-1-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-1-19", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 1:19", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-1-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phi-2-19-23", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philippians 2:19-23", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-col-1-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Colossians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1th-1-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1th-3-1-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Thessalonians 3:1-6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2th-1-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Thessalonians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1ti-1-1-3", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Timothy 1:1-3", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1ti-1-18", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Timothy 1:18", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-1ti-6-20", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "1 Timothy 6:20", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2ti-1-1-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 1:1-5", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-phm-1-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Philemon 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "acts-recruitment", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-16-1-3" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts introduces Timothy as a disciple with a believing Jewish mother and a Greek father, and reports Paul recruiting him for travel.", "limit": "This profile belongs to the Acts account; it does not provide a dated birth record or independently identify every family member." }, { "id": "acts-movements", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-17-14-15", "a-act-18-5", "a-act-19-22", "a-act-20-4" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts includes Timothy in the Beroean and Corinthian episodes, a dispatch to Macedonia and the later travel-companion list.", "limit": "The notices do not supply a complete itinerary, and an instruction to travel is distinct from a reported arrival." }, { "id": "letter-coworker", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-1-1", "a-rom-16-21", "a-2co-1-19" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans calls Timothy the textual speaker Paul's fellow worker, and Second Corinthians includes him in a recollection of shared proclamation.", "limit": "These are relationships presented in the documents; they do not independently establish their authorship or a complete ministry history." }, { "id": "letter-missions", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1co-4-17", "a-1co-16-10-11", "a-phi-2-19-23", "a-1th-3-1-6" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First Corinthians discusses sending and receiving Timothy, First Thessalonians recalls his mission and return, and Philippians expresses a hope to send him.", "limit": "The prospective or conditional plans must not be treated as reports that every proposed journey occurred." }, { "id": "opening-associations", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2co-1-1", "a-phi-1-1", "a-col-1-1", "a-1th-1-1", "a-2th-1-1", "a-phm-1-1" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Timothy is named with Paul in the openings of Second Corinthians, Philippians, Colossians, both Thessalonian letters and Philemon.", "limit": "Participation in an opening address does not by itself assign composition duties or settle a document's authenticity." }, { "id": "addressed-instructions", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-1ti-1-1-3", "a-1ti-1-18", "a-1ti-6-20", "a-2ti-1-1-5" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "First and Second Timothy address Timothy directly; their instructions and family recollections are presented within those letters.", "limit": "The familial faith language and spiritual-child language must not be converted into an unrestricted historical family biography." }, { "id": "literary-network-identification", "claimType": "interpretive", "epistemicStatus": "reconstructed", "confidence": "medium-high", "supports": [ "a-act-16-1-3", "a-rom-16-21", "a-1co-4-17", "a-2co-1-1", "a-phi-1-1", "a-col-1-1", "a-1th-1-1", "a-2th-1-1", "a-1ti-1-1-3", "a-2ti-1-1-5", "a-phm-1-1" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The repeated presentation of Timothy as Paul's associate and recipient supports indexing these documents around a connected literary figure.", "limit": "The document partitions preserve their separate evidence; this identification does not establish every attributed letter's authorship, date or historical reliability." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.timothy", "aliases": [ "Timothy" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:1", "ACT 17:14", "ACT 17:15", "ACT 18:5", "ACT 19:22", "ACT 20:4", "ROM 16:21", "1CO 4:17", "1CO 16:10", "2CO 1:1", "2CO 1:19", "PHI 1:1", "PHI 2:19", "COL 1:1", "1TH 1:1", "1TH 3:2", "1TH 3:6", "2TH 1:1", "1TI 1:2", "1TI 1:18", "1TI 6:20", "2TI 1:2", "PHM 1:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:2", "ACT 16:3", "ACT 16:4", "ACT 16:6", "ACT 16:7", "ACT 16:8", "ACT 16:10", "ACT 16:11", "ACT 16:12", "ACT 16:13", "ACT 16:14", "ACT 16:15", "ACT 16:16", "ACT 16:17", "ACT 17:16", "ACT 20:5", "ACT 20:6", "1CO 16:11", "2CO 1:20", "PHI 2:20", "PHI 2:22", "PHI 2:23", "1TH 3:5", "1TI 1:3", "1TI 1:19", "1TI 3:14", "1TI 3:15", "1TI 4:6", "1TI 4:7", "1TI 4:11", "1TI 4:12", "1TI 4:13", "1TI 4:14", "1TI 4:15", "1TI 4:16", "1TI 5:1", "1TI 5:2", "1TI 5:3", "1TI 5:7", "1TI 5:11", "1TI 5:19", "1TI 5:20", "1TI 5:21", "1TI 5:22", "1TI 5:23", "1TI 6:2", "1TI 6:5", "1TI 6:11", "1TI 6:12", "1TI 6:13", "1TI 6:14", "1TI 6:17", "1TI 6:21", "2TI 1:3", "2TI 1:4", "2TI 1:5", "2TI 1:6", "2TI 1:8", "2TI 1:13", "2TI 1:14", "2TI 1:15", "2TI 1:18", "2TI 2:1", "2TI 2:2", "2TI 2:3", "2TI 2:7", "2TI 2:8", "2TI 2:14", "2TI 2:15", "2TI 2:16", "2TI 2:22", "2TI 2:23", "2TI 3:1", "2TI 3:5", "2TI 3:10", "2TI 3:11", "2TI 3:14", "2TI 3:15", "2TI 4:1", "2TI 4:2", "2TI 4:5", "2TI 4:9", "2TI 4:11", "2TI 4:13", "2TI 4:15", "2TI 4:19", "2TI 4:21", "2TI 4:22" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q212647", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-people10-timothy-q212647" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "timothy-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:1", "ACT 17:14", "ACT 17:15", "ACT 18:5", "ACT 19:22", "ACT 20:4" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 16:2", "ACT 16:3", "ACT 16:4", "ACT 16:6", "ACT 16:7", "ACT 16:8", "ACT 16:10", "ACT 16:11", "ACT 16:12", "ACT 16:13", "ACT 16:14", "ACT 16:15", "ACT 16:16", "ACT 16:17", "ACT 17:16", "ACT 20:5", "ACT 20:6" ] }, { "id": "timothy-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ROM 16:21" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "timothy-1co", "document": "1CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1CO 4:17", "1CO 16:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "1CO 16:11" ] }, { "id": "timothy-2co", "document": "2CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2CO 1:1", "2CO 1:19" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2CO 1:20" ] }, { "id": "timothy-phi", "document": "PHI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHI 1:1", "PHI 2:19" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "PHI 2:20", "PHI 2:22", "PHI 2:23" ] }, { "id": "timothy-col", "document": "COL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "COL 1:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "timothy-1th", "document": "1TH", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1TH 1:1", "1TH 3:2", "1TH 3:6" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "1TH 3:5" ] }, { "id": "timothy-2th", "document": "2TH", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TH 1:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] }, { "id": "timothy-1ti", "document": "1TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "1TI 1:2", "1TI 1:18", "1TI 6:20" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "1TI 1:3", "1TI 1:19", "1TI 3:14", "1TI 3:15", "1TI 4:6", "1TI 4:7", "1TI 4:11", "1TI 4:12", "1TI 4:13", "1TI 4:14", "1TI 4:15", "1TI 4:16", "1TI 5:1", "1TI 5:2", "1TI 5:3", "1TI 5:7", "1TI 5:11", "1TI 5:19", "1TI 5:20", "1TI 5:21", "1TI 5:22", "1TI 5:23", "1TI 6:2", "1TI 6:5", "1TI 6:11", "1TI 6:12", "1TI 6:13", "1TI 6:14", "1TI 6:17", "1TI 6:21" ] }, { "id": "timothy-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 1:2" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2TI 1:3", "2TI 1:4", "2TI 1:5", "2TI 1:6", "2TI 1:8", "2TI 1:13", "2TI 1:14", "2TI 1:15", "2TI 1:18", "2TI 2:1", "2TI 2:2", "2TI 2:3", "2TI 2:7", "2TI 2:8", "2TI 2:14", "2TI 2:15", "2TI 2:16", "2TI 2:22", "2TI 2:23", "2TI 3:1", "2TI 3:5", "2TI 3:10", "2TI 3:11", "2TI 3:14", "2TI 3:15", "2TI 4:1", "2TI 4:2", "2TI 4:5", "2TI 4:9", "2TI 4:11", "2TI 4:13", "2TI 4:15", "2TI 4:19", "2TI 4:21", "2TI 4:22" ] }, { "id": "timothy-phm", "document": "PHM", "namedVerseKeys": [ "PHM 1:1" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [ { "claimId": "literary-network-identification", "partitionIds": [ "timothy-act", "timothy-rom", "timothy-1co", "timothy-2co", "timothy-phi", "timothy-col", "timothy-1th", "timothy-2th", "timothy-1ti", "timothy-2ti", "timothy-phm" ] } ], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "timothy-coworker-of-paul", "targetPersonId": "paul", "predicate": "coworker-of", "claimId": "letter-coworker" } ], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-timothy" }, { "id": "titius-justus", "name": "Justus (Acts 18:7)", "summary": "Justus is named in Acts as a worshiper of God whose house stands beside the synagogue in the Corinthian episode. The narrative describes Paul moving into that setting after leaving the synagogue discussion. Justus's name therefore identifies an associated household and location in the story. The pinned English passage does not include Titius as part of his name or describe his subsequent religious activity.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-18-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-18-6-8", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 18:6-8", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "house-beside-synagogue", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-18-1", "a-act-18-6-8" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts describes Justus as a worshiper of God and associates his house with the setting beside the Corinthian synagogue.", "limit": "The house reference does not by itself establish ownership of a later church, a baptism or a relationship to Jesus called Justus." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.titius-justus", "aliases": [ "Justus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:7" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "titius-justus-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 18:7" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "corinth", "claimId": "house-beside-synagogue" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-titius-justus" }, { "id": "titus-2corinthians", "name": "Titus (Second Corinthians)", "summary": "Second Corinthians presents Titus as a valued colleague whose arrival and news bring comfort after a period of anxiety. The letter also associates him with work on the charitable contribution and describes him as the speaker's partner in service to the recipients. Later, his conduct is invoked in a defense against exploitation. These references describe the letter's relationship with Titus without joining him automatically to the Titus of other documents.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-2co-1-1", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 1:1", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-2-12-13", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 2:12-13", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-7-5-15", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 7:5-15", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-8-1-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 8:1-6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-8-16-24", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 8:16-24", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-2co-12-17-18", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Corinthians 12:17-18", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "arrival-and-news", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2co-2-12-13", "a-2co-7-5-15" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Corinthians recalls distress at not finding Titus and later describes comfort through his arrival and report about the recipients.", "limit": "The narrative of his absence at Troas must not be turned into a report that he visited Troas." }, { "id": "contribution-and-partnership", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2co-1-1", "a-2co-8-1-6", "a-2co-8-16-24" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letter associates Titus with completing the contribution and describes him as the textual speaker Paul's partner and fellow worker for the recipients.", "limit": "This is the letter's account of his service, not a later church office or an independent financial audit." }, { "id": "defense-of-conduct", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2co-12-17-18" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "In defending his dealings with the recipients, the speaker invokes Titus's conduct through questions rejecting exploitation.", "limit": "The questions form part of the letter's defense; they are not separate external corroboration of every transaction." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.titus", "aliases": [ "Titus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2CO 2:13", "2CO 7:6", "2CO 7:13", "2CO 7:14", "2CO 8:6", "2CO 8:16", "2CO 8:23", "2CO 12:18" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2CO 7:7", "2CO 7:15", "2CO 8:17", "2CO 8:18", "2CO 8:22", "2CO 8:24", "2CO 12:19" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "titus-2corinthians-2co", "document": "2CO", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2CO 2:13", "2CO 7:6", "2CO 7:13", "2CO 7:14", "2CO 8:6", "2CO 8:16", "2CO 8:23", "2CO 12:18" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "2CO 7:7", "2CO 7:15", "2CO 8:17", "2CO 8:18", "2CO 8:22", "2CO 8:24", "2CO 12:19" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [ { "id": "titus-2co-coworker-of-paul", "targetPersonId": "paul", "predicate": "coworker-of", "claimId": "contribution-and-partnership" } ], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-titus-2corinthians" }, { "id": "titus-2timothy-4-10", "name": "Titus (Second Timothy 4:10)", "summary": "Second Timothy mentions Titus in a short notice of companions' movements and associates him with Dalmatia. His destination appears after the account of Demas and alongside the notice about Crescens. The criticism directed at Demas is not expressly attached to Titus. The passage provides no date or purpose for Titus's movement and does not identify him with a Titus in another letter.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-2ti-4-9-11", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:9-11", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "dalmatia-notice", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2ti-4-9-11" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy associates Titus with a departure to Dalmatia in its closing travel notices.", "limit": "Demas's stated motive is not transferred to Titus, and no ministry, date or later outcome is supplied." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Titus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "titus-2timothy-4-10-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:10" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "dalmatia", "claimId": "dalmatia-notice" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-titus-2timothy-4-10" }, { "id": "titus-galatians", "name": "Titus (Galatians 2)", "summary": "Galatians recalls Titus accompanying the speaker and Barnabas on a visit to Jerusalem. It describes Titus as Greek and says that he was not compelled to undergo circumcision. His presence becomes part of the letter's argument about the gospel and pressure on Gentile believers. The passage gives these particular connections without describing Titus's later work or explicitly identifying him with namesakes in other letters.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-gal-2-1-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Galatians 2:1-5", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "jerusalem-companion", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-gal-2-1-5" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Galatians includes Titus with the speaker and Barnabas in its account of a Jerusalem visit.", "limit": "The visit account does not supply a complete travel chronology or establish every possible correspondence with an Acts visit." }, { "id": "circumcision-example", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-gal-2-1-5" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letter describes Titus as Greek and uses the fact that he was not compelled to be circumcised in its argument.", "limit": "The statement does not provide a birthplace or authorize an identity union with another document's Titus." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Titus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "GAL 2:1", "GAL 2:3" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "titus-galatians-gal", "document": "GAL", "namedVerseKeys": [ "GAL 2:1", "GAL 2:3" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "jerusalem", "claimId": "jerusalem-companion" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-titus-galatians" }, { "id": "titus-titus-1-4", "name": "Titus (recipient of Titus)", "summary": "The letter to Titus addresses its recipient through the language of shared faith and spiritual parenthood. Its speaker then recalls leaving Titus in Crete to continue organizational work and appoint elders. These statements present the recipient's task within the letter. They do not by themselves establish a completed historical itinerary for Paul, a later bishopric for Titus or an identity with every other Titus in the letters.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-tit-1-1-5", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Titus 1:1-5", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "named-recipient", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-tit-1-1-5" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The letter names Titus as its recipient and describes their connection through shared faith and spiritual-child language.", "limit": "The description does not assert biological parenthood." }, { "id": "crete-instruction", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-tit-1-1-5" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "The speaker recalls leaving the recipient in Crete with instructions to address unfinished matters and appoint elders.", "limit": "This reports the letter's presentation; it is not independent proof of a historical visit by Paul or a later episcopal title." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Titus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "TIT 1:4" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "TIT 1:5", "TIT 1:13", "TIT 2:1", "TIT 2:6", "TIT 2:7", "TIT 2:8", "TIT 2:9", "TIT 2:15", "TIT 3:1", "TIT 3:8", "TIT 3:9", "TIT 3:10", "TIT 3:11", "TIT 3:12", "TIT 3:13", "TIT 3:15" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "titus-titus-1-4-tit", "document": "TIT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "TIT 1:4" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "TIT 1:5", "TIT 1:13", "TIT 2:1", "TIT 2:6", "TIT 2:7", "TIT 2:8", "TIT 2:9", "TIT 2:15", "TIT 3:1", "TIT 3:8", "TIT 3:9", "TIT 3:10", "TIT 3:11", "TIT 3:12", "TIT 3:13", "TIT 3:15" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "crete", "claimId": "crete-instruction" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-titus-titus-1-4" }, { "id": "trophimus", "name": "Trophimus (Acts)", "summary": "Acts includes Trophimus in a list of Paul's travelling companions, with a regional connection to Asia. In the Jerusalem disturbance, he is described as an Ephesian whose earlier presence beside Paul helped prompt an accusation. The narrator explains the alleged temple entry as an inference drawn by the accusers, rather than a confirmed event. These Acts appearances remain separate from Second Timothy's notice about an ill Trophimus.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-20-3-6", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 20:3-6", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-act-21-27-30", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 21:27-30", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "travel-list", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-20-3-6" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts includes Trophimus in the travel-companion list and associates him, with Tychicus, with Asia.", "limit": "The regional designation does not specify a birthplace or permanent residence." }, { "id": "temple-assumption", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-21-27-30" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts explains that a sighting of Trophimus the Ephesian with Paul in the city led accusers to suppose he had entered the temple with Paul.", "limit": "The narrator presents the temple entry as their supposition, not as an established event." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.trophimus", "aliases": [ "Trophimus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:4", "ACT 21:29" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:5", "ACT 20:6", "ACT 21:28" ], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q4207124", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-people10-trophimus-q4207124" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "trophimus-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:4", "ACT 21:29" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ACT 20:5", "ACT 20:6", "ACT 21:28" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "asia-province", "claimId": "travel-list" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-trophimus" }, { "id": "trophimus-2timothy-4-20", "name": "Trophimus (Second Timothy 4:20)", "summary": "Second Timothy recalls Trophimus being left ill at Miletus. The notice appears beside a different location associated with Erastus and within the letter's closing instructions. Trophimus is therefore connected with a specific place and condition in the speaker's account. The brief reference does not describe his illness, report his recovery or explain whether he is the Trophimus mentioned in Acts.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-2ti-4-19-21", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "2 Timothy 4:19-21", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "illness-at-miletus", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-2ti-4-19-21" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Second Timothy's speaker reports leaving Trophimus ill at Miletus.", "limit": "The notice provides neither a diagnosis nor a later outcome and does not establish identity with Acts's Trophimus." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Trophimus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:20" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "trophimus-2timothy-4-20-2ti", "document": "2TI", "namedVerseKeys": [ "2TI 4:20" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [ { "placeId": "miletus", "claimId": "illness-at-miletus" } ], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-trophimus-2timothy-4-20" }, { "id": "tyrannus", "name": "Tyrannus", "summary": "Tyrannus enters Acts through the name attached to the school where Paul reasons regularly after withdrawing from an opposed synagogue setting. The account describes this activity continuing for two years and reaching a wider audience in Asia. Tyrannus himself is not given a speech or a separate action. The school association does not explain his occupation, ownership arrangements or religious allegiance.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-act-19-8-10", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Acts 19:8-10", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "school-association", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-act-19-8-10" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Acts locates Paul's regular discussion in a school associated with the name Tyrannus.", "limit": "The naming does not state that Tyrannus was a believer, personally taught Paul or owned a later church meeting place." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": "person.tyrannus", "aliases": [ "Tyrannus" ], "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:9" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [], "authorities": [ { "scheme": "wikidata", "id": "Q127582207", "targetKind": "person", "receiptId": "r2-people10-tyrannus-q127582207" } ], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "tyrannus-act", "document": "ACT", "namedVerseKeys": [ "ACT 19:9" ], "contextualVerseKeys": [] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-tyrannus" }, { "id": "pharaoh-romans-9-17", "name": "Pharaoh (recalled in Romans 9:17)", "summary": "Romans 9:17 recalls a ruler designated Pharaoh during the letter’s discussion of divine mercy and purpose. The verse presents him as the recipient of an attributed scriptural address, so the royal title denotes an individual within that remembered episode. This entry indexes that limited literary subject. The passage supplies no personal name or independently established historical identification. No royal chronology, reconstructed career, or identity with another ruler is added to the record.", "anchors": [ { "id": "a-rom-9-17", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:17", "bodyIncluded": false }, { "id": "a-rom-9-14-18", "kind": "scripture-reference", "reference": "Romans 9:14-18", "bodyIncluded": false } ], "claims": [ { "id": "recalled-royal-addressee", "claimType": "textual-observation", "epistemicStatus": "attested", "confidence": "high", "supports": [ "a-rom-9-17", "a-rom-9-14-18" ], "qualifies": [], "challenges": [], "alternativeIds": [], "statement": "Romans 9:17 recalls Pharaoh as the royal recipient of a scriptural address within the letter’s argument.", "limit": "The textual addressee is identified by a royal designation. No personal name, historical identification, regnal date, or independently verified event is established." } ], "alternatives": [], "protectedEntityId": null, "aliases": [ "Pharaoh" ], "namedVerseKeys": [], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:17" ], "authorities": [], "relatedCommonsIds": [], "kind": "person", "identityModel": "individual", "referencePartitions": [ { "id": "pharaoh-romans-9-17-rom", "document": "ROM", "namedVerseKeys": [], "contextualVerseKeys": [ "ROM 9:17" ] } ], "identityClaims": [], "relationshipClaims": [], "placeClaims": [], "canonicalUrl": "https://paulineletters.com/explore/people#person-pharaoh-romans-9-17" } ], "contentDigest": "6f904692506f903a55e40325adaba8c7d8478a6a376c3782d7ed9e4ca07bbe62" }