---
title: "Hvor tidligt Paulus' breve blev læst"
canonical: "https://paulineletters.com/da/explore/articles/how-early-pauls-letters-were-read"
published: "2026-10-23"
updated: "2026-10-23"
language: "da"
license: "https://paulineletters.com/da/explore/license"
source: "Paulusbrevene · Pauline Letters"
---

# Hvor tidligt Paulus' breve blev læst

> Den tidlige reception af de paulinske breve træder frem brev for brev gennem vidner, hvis forskellige former for genkendelse bør bevare deres forskellige vægt som evidens.

**Hvor tidligt var Paulus' breve kendt, og hvad fastslår deres tidligste vidner faktisk?**

Første Clemensbrev minder udtrykkeligt om Paulus' brev om grupperingerne i Korinth, efter den sædvanlige datering til slutningen af det første århundrede. Andre tidlige forfattere citerer bestemte breve eller giver genklang af dem; samlinger fra det andet århundrede og papyrusser omkring 200 e.Kr. tilføjer andre belæg. Tilsammen daterer de dokumenteret brug, mens usikre dateringer og muligt fælles sprog begrænser nogle sammenligninger.

## Et brev tages frem igen i Korinth

I kapitel 47 af Første Clemensbrev henviser menigheden i Rom korintherne til Paulus' tidligere brev om deres grupperinger. Paulus, Kefas og Apollos gør emnet genkendeligt som Første Korintherbrev 1,10–12. Her nævner en forfatter Paulus og minder om argumentet i et bestemt brev. Belægget er mere specifikt end en generel hyldest til en apostel: menigheden i Rom kendte brevet og forventede, at menigheden i Korinth genkendte det.

Første Clemensbrev dateres normalt til omkring 95–97 e.Kr., selv om forslagene strækker sig fra omkring 70 til 140. Det tidlige vidne bærer derfor usikkerheden ved sin egen datering med sig. Dets vægt er stadig betydelig: et identificerbart paulinsk brev blev taget frem for at behandle en ny strid i menigheden. Det følger ikke deraf, at forfatteren havde alle tretten breve, som traditionelt tilskrives Paulus, eller at enhver passage, der ligner et senere brev, må stamme fra det.

## Citat, hentydning og genklang

Oversigterne over brevenes tidlige brug skelner mellem et tydeligt citat, en sandsynlig hentydning og en mulig genklang. Ignatius' brev til menigheden i Efesos gengiver i kapitel 18 ordlyd fra Første Korintherbrev 1,20 meget tæt i en sammenhæng, der også ligner brevets drøftelse af korset. Ord kan være genkendelige, selv uden at kilden nævnes. Hans breve dateres traditionelt til omkring 105–117 e.Kr., selv om nogle placerer dem senere.

En genklang kræver større tilbageholdenhed. Ignatius' brev til menigheden i Smyrna forbinder Kristus' afstamning fra David med hans status som Guds søn i et sprog, der ligner Romerbrevet 1,3–4. Fordi Paulus selv kan bruge en tidligere bekendelse her, kan Ignatius dele denne bekendelse uden at låne fra Romerbrevet. Lastelisten i Første Clemensbrev hentyder sandsynligvis til Romerbrevet, men sådanne lister var også almindelige. Omkring 180 e.Kr. nævner Irenæus udtrykkeligt Romerbrevet: den tilskrivning besvarer et andet spørgsmål end en tidligere sproglig lighed.

I sit brev til Filippi, som normalt dateres til omkring 110–140 e.Kr., har Polykarp fra Smyrna udsagn om penge, som sandsynligvis bygger på Første Timotheusbrev 6,7 og 6,10. Paralleller i ordsprog giver plads til fælles undervisning. Hans sandsynlige kendskab til denne ordlyd har betydning for receptionen. Det kan ikke afgøre det omstridte spørgsmål, om Paulus skrev Første Timotheusbrev.

## Hold forfatter, modtager og navne adskilt

Titler kan skjule en nærliggende forveksling. Polykarps Brev til filipperne er et vidne til paulinske skrifter snarere end Paulus' eget Filipperbrevet. På samme måde er Ignatius' Til romerne et andet værk end Romerbrevet. Når forfatteren nævnes sammen med modtagerstedet, forbliver belægget knyttet til det rette dokument.

Fælles personnavne kræver samme omhu. Ignatius nævner en biskop ved navn Onesimos tæt på en ordlyd, der muligvis giver genklang af Filemonbrevet. Denne kombination har ført til en foreslået identifikation med Onesimos i Paulus' brev. Navnet var imidlertid almindeligt, og identifikationen er stadig ubevist. En mulig litterær genklang kan ikke gøre to navngivne personer til én fastslået biografi.

## Samlinger viser, hvad læserne modtog

Marcions udgave fra midten af det andet århundrede samlede ti paulinske breve, herunder Filemonbrevet, men udelod Første Timotheusbrev, Andet Timotheusbrev og Titusbrevet. Udgaven er gået tabt; indholdet kendes gennem modstandere, især Tertullian, som skrev tidligt i det tredje århundrede. Hans fjendtlige beretning må forblive synlig i enhver fremstilling af, hvad Marcion modtog eller ændrede.

Det Muratoriske Fragment anerkender tretten breve under Paulus' navn. Det dateres normalt til omkring 170–200 e.Kr., men nogle forskere placerer det i det fjerde århundrede. Det er optegnelser over accepterede samlinger på hver deres til dels omstridte tidspunkt. Marcions udeladelser kan ikke alene datere pastoralbrevene: afvisning, ukendskab og senere affattelse er fortsat foreslåede forklaringer. En listes tilskrivning til Paulus dokumenterer ligeledes en vurdering af forfatterskabet snarere end at afgøre det.

## Den bevarede afskrift er endnu et vidne

Papyrus 46, som normalt dateres ud fra håndskriften til omkring 200 e.Kr., bevarer en omfattende samling af paulinske breve. Den placerer Hebræerbrevet efter Romerbrevet. Rækkefølgen viser, hvordan kodeksens brugere grupperede skrifterne; den kan ikke fastslå, hvem der skrev Hebræerbrevet. Manglende slutblade forhindrer også sikkerhed om, hvorvidt bogen engang indeholdt Filemonbrevet eller pastoralbrevene.

Filemonbrevet illustrerer forskellen mellem litterær reception og fysisk bevaring. Det tidligste sikre belæg for, at brevet var i brug, er Marcions samling, som Tertullian senere beretter om. Dets ældste kendte håndskrift, Papyrus 87, dateres ud fra håndskriften til det tredje århundrede. Fragmentet dokumenterer afskrivning senest på dette tidspunkt snarere end at fastlægge brevets affattelsesdato. Når disse to tidslinjer holdes adskilt, kan hvert vidne bidrage med det, det faktisk bevarer.

## Litteratur og kilder

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- Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 (Marcion's Apostolicon) <https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm>
- Anonymous (Muratorian Fragment), Muratorian Fragment (Canon Muratorianus) (S. D. F. Salmond, 1886) — Muratorian Fragment, sec. 3 (ANF 5 numbering) <https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0510.htm>
- Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts, CSNTM manuscript catalogue: GA P87 — GA P87 (3rd century; Köln, Institut für Altertumskunde, Inv. Nr. 12) <https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P87>
- Tertullian, Against Marcion (Peter Holmes, 1885) — Adv. Marc. 5.21.1 (Philemon's brevity) <https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03125.htm>


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Kanonisk: https://paulineletters.com/da/explore/articles/how-early-pauls-letters-were-read
